生物矿化原理与木材纳米结构复合材料

为促进传统木材改性技术产生新的发展 ,将生物矿化概念导入到木材科学与技术的研究领域中。本文综述了生物体系中生物矿化作用的基本内涵 ,探讨了基于这些原理之上的木质基纳米材料控制合成的构想 ,即通过立木形成层细胞分生的有机分子和无机离子在界面处的相互作用来设置矿化位 ,调节微环境 ,建立饱和溶液、提供有机质、搬运离子、加入添加剂等来控制生物矿化作用的方向和过程 ,实现用活立木制备木材纳米结构复合材。     

几种木材中硅石的研究

要实现木材-无机质复合材的人工模拟,其关键还是在于研究和探讨木材生物矿化的机理,因此要对木材中无机物的情况进行研究,从而获取生物矿化所形成的木材/无机质复合材料的形成机理,以此来指导木材的生物改性或木材/无机复合材的仿生合成。本文采用光学显微镜对几种木材/二氧化硅生物矿化复合材中硅石的分布进行观察发现:硅石主要分布在木射线细胞中,大量的晶体在木射线细胞以及轴向薄壁细胞中均有分布;采用重量法对几种木材/二氧化硅生物矿化复合材中二氧化硅含量情况进行测定表明:子京、山油柑、柚木、柠檬桉、山竹子等5种木材/二氧化硅生物矿化复合材中二氧化硅含量分别为1.5106%、0.8941%、0.8654%、0.2155%、0.1676%。     

柠檬桉木材中二氧化硅的分布和含量的测定

生物矿化所形成的木材-无机质复合材是当前木材科学研究的热点之一，要实现木材一无机质复合材的人工模拟，其关键还在于研究和探讨木材生物矿化的机理，因此要对木材中无机物的分布及其含量进行研究，从而获取生物矿化所形成的木材一无机质复合材料的形成机理，以此来指导木材的生物改性或木材一无机复合材的仿生合成。本研究采用光学显微镜对柠檬桉木材中二氧化硅的分布进行观察，得出柠檬桉木材中二氧化硅主要分布在射线细胞中，同时大量的晶体存在于轴向薄壁细胞中，早材中的硅石多于晚材中的硅石。采用重量法对木材轴向分布、径向分布中灰分和二氧化硅的含量进行的分析表明：柠檬桉木材中灰分和二氧化硅的含量随着高度的增加而降低，柠檬桉木材灰分和二氧化硅的含量从边材部位向心材部位逐渐减少。     

成果转化

正心肌肌钙蛋白I检测试剂盒项目简述:该项目中使用了一种新型纳米材料,这种新型纳米材料是在传统的胶体金表面涂敷功能化聚合物纳米层,这种纳米包裹的胶体金比传统的依靠电荷排斥作用维持稳定的胶体金具有更好的化学、生物稳定性和放大生产稳定性。本技术同时对表面纳米涂层进行化学改性,引入各类化学功能基团,并与生物分子如蛋白质,抗体形成稳定化学键定向标     

海外纳米新技术荟萃

生物纳米机器 法国图卢兹材料设计和结构研究中心研究院与德国柏林大学合作,首次成功研制出可旋转的"分子轮",并组装出真正意义上的第一台分子机器.分子机器是指由分子尺寸的物质构成,能行使某种加工功能的机器.     

天然木质微/纳纤丝增强纳米复合材料的研究现状

纤维素是世界上最丰富、可再生且能生物分解的天然高分子聚合物,其强度主要来源于镶嵌于木素和半纤维素形成的基质结构中的微/纳纤丝或针状晶体——一种完美的高强度的纳米晶体结构。近二十多年来,如何从纤维素中分离微/纳纤丝和用其来增强高分子聚合物受到许多学者的关注。本文简要叙述了木质微/纳纤丝的分离和性能评价方法以及其增强的纳米复合材料的制备和特性检测手段。     

纳米碳管可制新型太阳能电池

具有中空结构的纳米材料，由于其具备空腔、质轻等特殊性能，在器件制备、催化反应、存储材料、生物医用材料等方面具有独特的优势。在纳米尺度范围内，对材料进行尺寸和结构的精确控制，制备中空纳米材料，一直是材料学家所追求的热点。但是由于材料结构的特殊性，中空纳米结构的制备往往需要非常复杂的步骤，     

聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺-聚丙烯酸纳米胶囊的制备与载药性能研究

以羟丙基纤维素-聚丙烯酸(HPC-PAA)高分子复合物微粒为模板,通过自由基聚合反应在模板表面聚合单体N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAm),形成HPC-PAA-PNIPAm复合物纳米微粒,平均粒径约为130 nm.调节体系的pH值至8.0去除HPC模板后,获得中空结构的PNIPAm-PAA纳米胶囊,粒径约为500 nm.以盐酸阿霉素(Dox)作为模型药物,考察了PNIPAm-PAA纳米胶囊作为药物载体的相关性能.研究表明:PNIPAm-PAA纳米胶囊和Dox分子通过正负电荷的相互吸引实现有效结合,载药量高达130％;同时,载药纳米胶囊表现出很好的药物缓释效果.     

新型超级浮力材料

自然界中水黾等生物可以在水面自由走动,不会溺水,这一现象引起科学工作者的好奇。研究发现它们之所以不会沉没,其原因在于水黾腿部特殊的结构,被称为微纳米结构。这种结构使水黾腿部周围被     

功能性纤维素基水凝胶材料及其应用研究进展

水凝胶是一类经物理或化学交联形成具有独特三维网络结构的软物质材料,具有良好的生物相容性、优异的柔韧性、结构可设计性和功能可调性,在多功能材料领域备受关注.纤维素是自然界中含量最丰富的天然高分子材料,除了生物相容性好、可生物降解和可再生等优点,纤维素大分子链上的多羟基结构具有形成多重氢键作用的特点,易与水凝胶基体形成良好...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.