保护和改善草原生态环境实现呼伦贝尔畜牧业的可持续发展

针对呼伦贝尔草原利用现状和存在的问题，提出了草原生态保护和建设的发展对策，实行依法治草，积极开展以人工草地建设和治理退化草地为重点，大力加强牧草种子工程建设等技术措施，解决畜草矛盾，维护草原生态平衡，实现草地畜牧业的可持续发展。     

草原生态保护与畜牧业可持续发展的探讨

笔者针对草原存在的生态问题,对于草原生态环境日趋恶化的情况,提出对草原生态的保护及发展对策,实行依法治草,加强建设人工草地,解决因草地退化而产生的畜草问题,使得草原生态平衡,实现畜牧业的可持续发展。     

保护和改善草原生态环境实现呼伦贝尔畜牧业的可持续发展

针对呼伦贝尔草原利用现状和存在的问题,提出了草原生态保护和建设的发展对策,实行依法治草,积极开展以人工草地建设和治理退化草地为重点,大力加强牧草种子工程建设等技术措施,解决畜草矛盾,维护草原生态平衡,实现草地畜牧业的可持续发展.     

吉林省草原生态建设现状分析、问题诊断和措施建议

<正>1现状分析多年来,我省在治理草原"三化",遏制草原生态逆向发展方面做出了艰苦的努力。特别是十一届三中全会以来,先后实施了人工种草、飞播牧草、草原围栏、草原改良、西部治碱、退耕还草、"生态草"建设、草地治虫灭鼠、草原防火、草种基地建设、天然草原保护和草原禁牧舍饲等重大工程项目,取得了阶段性成果。     

新疆阿勒泰地区草原生态保护和建设措施浅谈

阿勒泰地区是全国重大牧区之一,也是新疆重要的畜牧业生产基地,草原生态在阿勒泰地区的经济建设中起重要的作用,针对草原生态面临的问题,提出保护和建设措施:加强草地生态置换保护体系建设、草地科学管理、草地资源与生态监测、草地鼠虫害防治、草原生态的宣传等,同时加大生态保护与建设力度,改善生态环境,促进畜牧业发展、牧民增收,实现阿勒泰地区经济发展、生活富裕、生态良好的可持续发展目标.进而为全国草原生态的进一步保护和建设提供依据.     

基本草原划定与保护初探

阐述了基本草原划定与保护对维护国家生态安全、促进社会与经济和谐发展的重大意义，基本草原的概念、划定的原则与程序、保护的范围与重点、基本的保护制度，加快建设、促进基本草原保护应采取的主要措施与对策，国外草地资源保护与管理经验与借鉴。     

中华人民共和国草原法

第一章总则第一条为了保护、建设和合理利用草原，改善生态环境，维护生物多样性，发展现代畜牧业，促进经济和社会的可持续发展，制定本法。第二条在中华人民共和国领域内从事草原规划、保护、建设、利用和管理活动，适用本法。本法所称草原，是指天然草原和人工草地。第三条国家对草原实行科学规划，全面保护、重点建设、合理利用的方针，促进草原的可持续利用和生态、经济、社会的协调发展。第四条各级人民政府应当加强对草原保护、建设和利用的管理，将草原的保护、建设和利用纳入国民经济和社会发展计划。各级人民政府应当加强保护、建…     

我国草原生态保护现状、存在问题及建议

本文梳理了近年来针对我国草原生态保护的主要工程项目,并在此基础上,对草原生态保护现状及存在问题进行了分析。结果显示,近年来我国草原生态保护取得了一定成效,草原综合植被盖度总体呈上升趋势,天然草地草产量有所增加,草原违法案件数量略有下降,但仍存在部分区域草原生态环境较为脆弱、农牧民草原生态保护意识仍比较淡薄、草原鼠虫害仍比较严重等问题。最后提出了保护我国草原生态的对策和建议:整合现有工程项目,推进草原生态治理,加强草原生态保护宣传力度,重视草原工程项目监管,加大草原监管查处等。     

浅议对乌昌草原生态保护和建设的措施建议

草原生态保护和建设是乌昌经济建设中的重要组成部分,提出了加强草原资源与生态监测、草原改良、已垦草原的退耕还草、草原生态置换保障体系、草原濒危野生植物等保护建设的措施。     

鄂托克旗基本草牧场发展对策

针对鄂托克旗草原利用现状和存在问题,提出草原生态保护与建设发展对策,全面贯彻落实草原"双权一制"工作,实行依法治草,积极开展人工草地建设,以治理退化草地为重点,大力加强天然草原植被恢复与建设力度,全面发展舍饲养殖、禁牧、休牧、饲草料加工调制等技术措施,实行以草定畜,解决畜草矛盾,保护草原生态,实现经济生态和社会效益的全面提高,促进鄂托克旗基本草牧场良性循环.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.