异育银鲫对十种常用饲料原料离体消化率的测定

利用异育银鲫(allogynogenetic crucian carp)的肠道为消化酶酶源,采用离体消化率的测定方法,分别测定了米糠、麦芽根、血粉、豆粕、花生粕、花生饼、棉粕、菜粕、玉米蛋白粉、鱼粉的离体消化率。异育银鲫对10种饲料原料的蛋白质消化率分别为:花生饼43.38%、玉米蛋白粉41.27%、米糠39.72%、血粉37.20%、花生粕36.85%、棉粕35.60%、鱼粉33.87%、豆粕32.69%、菜粕32.10%、麦芽根21.28%。试验结果表明:血粉、花生粕、花生饼、棉粕、玉米蛋白粉作为优质的高蛋白饲料原料替代或部分替代鱼粉在异育银鲫饲料配方中使用是可行的。     

以可消化氨基酸配合饲料的重要价值

各种饲料原料的氨基酸真消化率不同,且变动范围很大,有些饲料的氨基酸消化率很高,如大豆粕中的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸,其真消化率高达92％以上,而另一些饲料则较低,如禽类副产品中胱氨酸消化率只有54.6％。各种常见饲料氨基酸消化率见表1。多年来,从事商业的动物营养专家一直以总氨基酸进行家禽的饲料配合,并在生产实践中发现,利用不同种类饲料原料配合饲料时,在总氨基酸含量及其它各项营养指标相同的条件下,家禽的生产性能不一定相同,他们对此常常感到迷惑不解。新近有研究结果表明,可消化氨基酸比总氨基酸更接近鸡对氨基酸的需要量,并且越来越多的研究证明了应用可消化氨基酸配合饲料的重要价值,特别是应     

异育银鲫对9种饲料原料体外消化率的测定

利用异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)的肠道消化酶提取液,采用体外消化率的测定方法,分别测定了9种饲料原料的体外消化率。结果表明,异育银鲫对酵母水解物Ⅰ、酵母水解物Ⅱ的干物质和粗蛋白质体外消化率较高(干物质50%,粗蛋白60%),对豆粕、玉米蛋白粉、秘鲁蒸汽鱼粉的干物质和粗蛋白质体外消化率次之;对酵母水解物Ⅲ、啤酒酵母粉、阿根廷肉骨粉、花生粕的体外消化率较低(干物质40%,粗蛋白50%)。本实验的体外消化率结果可为异育银鲫饲料原料的选择提供参考依据。     

植酸酶在异育银鲫饲料中的应用试验

<正>以12%鱼粉的典型鲫鱼饲料配方(Dc)为对照参考,以植物蛋白源取代50%鱼粉蛋白后的配方为基础,研究添加不同剂量植酸酶(0、1000、2000、4000 FTU/kg饲料)对鲫鱼生长、机体组成、蛋白质消化率、磷消化率的影响,以及该植酸酶的热稳定性。1材料与方法1.1试验鱼苗种试验鱼苗种选用池塘培育的异育银鲫鱼苗,初始     

家禽饲料氨基酸消化率和利用率测定方法综述

饲料氨基酸消化率是评定饲料原料营养价值和可利用性的一项重要指标，也是目前动物营养领域研究的热点，饲料原料氨基酸消化率的获得为动物可消化氨基酸需要量的测定和更准确地设计日粮配方提供参考数据。氨基酸消化率主要是通过消化试验测得，该测值对家禽而言，更确切地讲应该是“氨基酸代谢率”，在研究中许多学者发现家禽尿中的氨基酸含量很少，可忽略不计，故也经常称之为“氨基酸消化率”。目前，国内外对饲料原料氨基酸消化率进行研究的很多，也很深入，从测定方法的探讨到大量饲料原料氨基酸消化率试验数据的获得都有较广泛的报道，…     

营养素在草鱼饲料中的研究进展

本文阐述了草鱼饲料中营养元素及需求比例的研究进展,重点介绍了蛋白和氨基酸、脂肪、碳水化合物、能量蛋白比、维生素、矿物元素、饲料原料消化率等研究内容,对草鱼饲料的营养配比提出了具体看法.当前草鱼养殖蓬勃发展,解决饲料中营养配比问题已成为制约养殖动物规模化和集约化的关键环节.     

营养素在草鱼饲料中研究进展(下)

本文阐述了草鱼饲料中营养元素及需求比例的研究进展,重点介绍了蛋白和氨基酸、脂肪、碳水化合物、能量蛋白比、维生素、矿物元素、饲料原料消化率等研究内容,对草鱼饲料的营养配比提出了具体看法.当前草鱼养殖蓬勃发展,解决饲料中营养配比问题已成为制约养殖动物规模化和集约化的关键环节.     

复合酶制剂对异育银鲫生长和饲料表观消化率的影响

选择360条体重6.71g左右的健康异育银鲫研究在基础饲料中分别添加0、100、200mg/kg和400mg/kg的复合酶制剂对异育银鲫生长和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验期为56d。试验结果表明,添加200mg/kg复合酶制剂组异育银鲫的增重率和特定生长率最大,显著高于对照(P<0.05);且该组异育银鲫对饲料粗蛋白质、磷及能量表观消化率最高,饲料系数最低,显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。说明添加200mg/kg复合酶制剂可显著提高异育银鲫对饲料的表观消化率,促进异育银鲫的生长,同时有效降低饲料系数。     

青鱼对8种饲料原料中营养物质的表观消化率

本试验旨在研究青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)对国产鱼粉、蝇蛆粉、玉米蛋白粉、大豆粕、花生粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕和米糠8种饲料原料干物质、粗蛋白质、氨基酸、粗脂肪、总磷和总能的表观消化率。试验饲料由70%基础饲料和30%待测饲料原料组成,并以0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y2O3)为外源指示剂。选取平均体重为(60.17±1.28)g的青鱼270尾,随机分成9组,每组3个重复,每个重复10尾鱼。对照组试验鱼饲喂基础饲料,试验组试验鱼分别饲喂1种试验饲料。饲喂1周后采用自排法收集粪便待测。结果表明:8种饲料原料的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总磷、总能以及总氨基酸的表观消化率的范围分别是62.17%～86.47%、83.34%～95.84%、78.93%～100.06%、37.33%～81.99%、66.75%～89.86%、86.33%～96.58%。在8种饲料原料中,玉米蛋白粉的干物质、总磷和总能的表观消化率最高,而大豆粕的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和总氨基酸的表观消化率最高;棉籽粕的干物质和总能的表观消化率最低,米糠的粗脂肪和总磷的表观消化率最低。各饲料原料中总氨基酸表观消化率与粗蛋白质表观消化率的变化趋势一致,其中以蝇蛆粉最低。由此可见,大豆粕和玉米蛋白粉是青鱼的优质植物蛋白质源,可适量替代鱼粉;蝇蛆粉中粗蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率都较低,在青鱼饲料中的添加量不宜过高;花生粕、棉籽粕和菜籽粕也是较好的植物性蛋白质源,在青鱼饲料中适量添加既有利于饲料的营养平衡,还可降低饲料成本;米糠作为青鱼的能量原料必须保持新鲜,并控制其在饲料中的用量。     

中华鳖幼鳖对4种饲料原料中粗蛋白质和氨基酸的表观消化率

本试验旨在研究中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)幼鳖对蚕蛹、发酵豆粕、肉骨粉和玉米蛋白粉4种饲料原料中粗蛋白质和氨基酸的表观消化率,以寻求中华鳖新型蛋白质饲料原料。试验饲料由70%的基础饲料和30%的待测饲料原料组成,并以0.5%的三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)作为外源指示剂。选取平均体重为(120.0±1.5)g的中华鳖幼鳖150只,随机分成5组(基础饲料组饲喂基础饲料,其他4组分别饲喂1种试验饲料),每组3个重复,每个重复10只,饲养1周后开始用虹吸法收集粪便,进行粗蛋白质和氨基酸表观消化率的测定。结果表明:1)中华鳖幼鳖对肉骨粉、发酵豆粕、蚕蛹中粗蛋白质的表观消化率分别为90.57%、86.34%、85.75%,显著高于玉米蛋白粉的75.98%(P<0.05)。2)动物性蛋白质源中,中华鳖幼鳖对蚕蛹中总氨基酸的表观消化率较高,为92.44%,对肉骨粉中总氨基酸的表观消化率较低,仅为82.48%;植物性蛋白质源中,中华鳖幼鳖对玉米蛋白粉中总氨基酸的表观消化率较高,为96.56%,对发酵豆粕中总氨基酸的表观消化率为87.90%。综合分析得出,蚕蛹可作为中华鳖幼鳖的优质动物性蛋白质源,发酵豆粕可作为中华鳖幼鳖较好的植物性蛋白质源。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。