西瓜枯萎病防治药剂筛选

通过室内毒力测定、盆栽试验、大田小区试验等3种方式,对22种农药进行西瓜枯萎病防治筛选,结果发现25%咪鲜胺乳油、70%恶霉灵可湿性粉剂、50%多•霉威可湿性粉剂和50%异菌脲可湿性粉剂的防治效果在74%以上,是防治西瓜枯萎病较好的药剂,可在生产上大力推广。     

Future scenarios for Fusarium wilt disease and mortality of oil palm in Nigeria,Ghana and Cameroon,extrapolated to Malaysia and Indonesia

European Journal of Plant Pathology - The significance of palm oil is high in Africa and South East Asia. Malaysia and Indonesia are the largest producers. Increased mortality and diseases of oil...     

A rapid technique for screening banana cultivars for resistance to Xanthomonas wilt

The banana Xanthomonas wilt disease (BXW) has threatened the livelihood of millions of farmers in East Africa. Use of resistant varieties is the most cost-effective method of managing this bacterial disease. A reliable and rapid screening method is needed to select resistant banana varieties. An in vitro screening method was developed for early evaluation of Xanthomonas wilt resistance using small tissue culture-grown plantlets. Eight cultivars of banana were screened with sixteen isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum using this method. There were significant differences (P < 0.0001) in susceptibility among the various banana cultivars tested, whereas no significant difference (P = 0.92) in pathogenicity was observed between the pathogen isolates. The cv. Pisang Awak (Kayinja) was found to be highly susceptible and Musa balbisiana resistant. Nakitembe was found to be moderately resistant while cvs Mpologoma, Mbwazirume, Sukali Ndiizi, FHIA-17 and FHIA-25 were susceptible. The susceptibility of these cultivars was further tested in vivo by artificial inoculation of potted plants with similar results. This study shows that an in vitro screening test can serve as a convenient, cheap and rapid screening technique to discriminate BXW-resistant from BXW-susceptible banana cultivars.     

Fusarium wilt of basil in Greece: Foliar infection and cultivar evaluation for resistance

Fusarium wilt of basil (Ocimum basilicum), caused byFusarium oxysporum f.sp.basilici, is reported for the first time in Greece. Foliage inoculation of young plants resulted in a downward movement of the pathogen to the crown and roots and 20–30% plant mortality. Of 14 commercial basil cultivars evaluated for possible disease resistance using young plants, six out of eight large-leaved cultivars were found resistant, while all six small-leaved ones were susceptible. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 23, 2004.     

不同品种香蕉抗枯萎病效果及抗性生理研究

通过盆栽试验研究了向土壤中接种尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种(FocTR4)后不同抗枯萎病香蕉品种发病率、根际可培养微生物及防御酶活性的变化。结果表明:试验处理中香蕉枯萎病发病率随着FocTR4接种浓度的增加而上升,但在相同浓度处理下,抗病品种发病率显著低于感病品种;各品种香蕉发病率与根际土壤可培养镰刀菌数量均呈显著正相关关系。抗病品种过氧化物酶(POD)、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性高于感病品种,而与多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性存在一定的相关性。说明香蕉抗病性与香蕉根际土壤微生物群落结构及香蕉本身防御酶活性有关。     

新疆棉花枯、黄萎病的发生现状及其快速分离技术

为明确新疆不同地区造成棉花萎蔫,维管束变褐的病原菌种类及其发生现状,本研究对新疆47个主要植棉区有萎蔫症状且维管束变褐的棉花病株进行了分离鉴定,并对其快速分离鉴定方法进行了改进。结果表明:南疆20个地点,得到358个纯化菌株,黄萎病菌占81.8%,枯萎病菌占18.2%;北疆27个地点,得到495个纯化菌株,黄萎病菌占93.9%,枯萎病菌占6.1%。南北疆均以黄萎病为主,枯萎病南疆重于北疆。维管束病害的快速分离方法每分离一个样品只需2 min,污染率仅为6.7%。     

番茄抗枯萎病I2基因的SNP分型

利用直接测序方法检测番茄抗感品种I-2基因的DNA序列,发现了2个SNPs。以其为3′端,设计等位基因特异引物及其互补引物,研究了特异引物3′端碱基错配类型和位置对等位基因特异PCR的影响,并对52份种质资源进行了SNP分型。结果表明在下游引物3′末端第1、2位引入错配碱基可以提高反应的准确性;引入C-T碱基错配的引物,退火温度在58℃时能把I-2基因的突变位点和感病品种的对应位点区分开来,为番茄抗枯萎病辅助育种提供了有力工具。     

AFLP as a fingerprinting tool for characterising isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis causal organism for fusarium wilt disease of oil palm in Ghana

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Fusarium wilt is a damaging disease of oil palm in Ghana. Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis (Foe) the causal organism of the disease...     

Regeneration of vascular tissues in relation to Fusarium wilt resistance of carnation

Fusarium wilt-resistant Novada carnations responded both to stem inoculation with a conidial suspension ofFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi orF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici and to root inoculation by planting in soil infected withF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi by means of a localization mechanism comprising gel formation in the xylem vessels and hyperplasia of adjacent parenchyma cells. Dye translocation experiments showed that xylem transport was limited by the presence of vascular gels, although wilting did not occur. Overcapacity of the vascular system apparently allowed for sufficient water transport to compensate for local vascular dysfunction. Also, vascular regeneration in the hyperplastic tissue next to occluded xylem vessels created new pathways for water transport to compensate for those lost by occlusion. Regeneration of xylem vessels was eventually followed by regeneration of xylem fibers, xylem parenchyma, cambium, and phloem cells.Early Sam carnations, susceptible to Fusarium wilt, responded to stem inoculation withF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici by similar localization of infection and vascular regeneration. Stem inoculation withF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi, however, resulted in colonization of the xylem vessels followed by lysis of the vascular tissues. Vascular gelation, hyperplasia of parenchyma cells, and vascular regeneration did generally not occur. However, if some hyperplasia occurred in attempted defence, some differentiation of hyperplastic cells into single xylem vessel elements was observed which only rarely resulted in complete vascular regeneration next to colonized xylem. In the absence of hyperplasia, differentiation of medulla parenchyma cells bordering destroyed vascular tissue into xylem vessel elements was even more exceptional. Apparently, vascular regeneration in carnation is a normal defence reaction to fungal invasion.Samenvatting Novada anjers, resistent tegen Fusarium-verwelkingsziekte, reageerden op stengelinoculatie met een conidiënsuspensie vanFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi of vanF. oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici en op wortelinoculatie door te planten in metF. oxysporumf.sp.dianthi besmette grond met een lokalisatiemechanisme dat onder meer bestond uit vorming van gommen in de houtvaten en hyperplasie van naburige parenchymcellen. Uit proeven over kleurstoftransport bleek dat de sapstroom door de gomvorming beperkt werd, hoewel dit geen verwelkingssymptomen veroorzaakte. Overcapaciteit van het vaatstelsel zorgde kennelijk voor voldoende compensatie aan watertransport om plaatselijke verstoring van de sapstroom op te vangen. Daarnaast werd het verlies aan functionele houtvaten ook opgevangen door vaatweefselregeneratie in het hyperplastische weefsel grenzend aan door gommen verstopte houtvaten. Na verloop van tijd werden behalve houtvaten ook houtvezels, houtparenchymcellen, cambium- en floeemcellen geregenereerd.Early Sam anjers, vatbaar voor Fusarium-verwelkingsziekte, reageerden op stengelinoculatie metF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici met eenzelfde lokalisatiemechanisme en ook met vaatweefselregeneratie. Stengelinoculatie metF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi echter had kolonisatie en vervolgens lysis van het vaatweefsel tot gevolg. Meestal trad er geen gomvorming, hyperplasie van parenchymcellen of vaatweefselregeneratie op. Als echter bij pogingen tot afweer toch enige hyperplasie optrad, bleken sommige hyperplastische cellen wel tot houtvatelementen te differentieren. Dit leidde echter maar zelden tot totale vaatweefselregeneratie parallel aan het gekoloniseerde vaatweefsel. In afwezigheid van hyperplasie differentieerden mergparenchymcellen vlak naast lyserend vaatweefsel slechts bij hoge uitzondering tot houtvatelementen. Vaatweefselregeneratie bij anjer is kennelijk een gewone afweerreactie op besmetting met pathogene schimmels.     

A rapid laboratory method for assessing the biological control potential of Penicillium oxalicum against Fusarium wilt of tomato

A rapid, simple and reliable procedure was developed to evaluate biological control of Fusarium wilt of tomato by Penicillium oxalicum . The method consists in growing tomato plants in flasks with nutrient solution in a growth chamber. Plants were previously treated in the seedbed with a conidial suspension (10⁷ conidia mL⁻¹) of P. oxalicum 7 days before transplanting. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (race 2) was added to the Hoagland solution just before transplanting. Different concentrations and several isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici were tested. Using this method, plants showed typical symptoms of the disease and the effect of the biocontrol agent was clear. Consumption of nutrient solution was reduced in diseased plants, and this reduction was diminished by treatment with P.oxalicum . Consumption of nutrient solution was correlated with other disease-related parameters (AUDPC, weight of aerial parts, stunting) and was an easy and objective parameter to measure.     

Epidemiology of Fusarium wilt in cyclamen in an ebb and flow system

Introduction ofFusarium oxysporum f. sp.cyclaminis either into the nutrient solution or into the potting soil, did not result in noticeable spread of disease in a cyclamen crop grown in pots on tables of an ebb and flow system. Immediately after its introduction, only a small amount of the inoculum was detected in the soil in the pots and in the nutrient solution flowing onto the tables.Study of the epidemiology of the disease, after introduction of the pathogen into the system, revealed a mechanical process. Within 24 hours the amount of cfu found in the out-flowing nutrient solution and halfway down the container was sharply reduced. After 5–7 days few cfu could be detected. On the contrary on the bottom of the containers the fungus was observed in increasing amounts. In the system used the spores of the fungus settled down and were not transported during floods.Samenvatting Bij cyclamenteelt op een eb-vloed-systeem werd, na introductie vanF. oxysporum f.sp.cyclaminis via de voedingsoplossing of via de grond in de potten, vrijwel geen verspreiding van het pathogeen gevonden. In vrij korte tijd na de introductie werd in de uitstromende voedingsoplossing en in de potgrond slechts een zeer gering gedeelte van de oorspronkelijk geïntroduceerde hoeveelheidFusarium teruggevonden.Bij onderzoek omtrent de epidemiologie van de ziekte na introductie in het syssteem waren op verschillende plaatsen na 24 uren slechts zeer geringe hoeveelheden en na 5–7 dagen vrijwel geenFusarium aantoonbaar. Daarentegen werden op de bodem van de voorraadtanks in toenemende mate grote hoeveelhedenFusarium aangetroffen. In het gebruikte systeem bezonken de sporen en werden niet meegevoerd tijdens de vloed.Seconded to the Research Station for Floriculture (PBN), Linnaeuslaan 2A, 1431 JV Aalsmeer, the Netherlands.     

Extracts of killedPenicillium chrysogenum Induce resistance against Fusarium wilt of melon

Dry fungal biomass ofPenicillium chrysogenum (dry mycelium), a waste product of the pharmaceutical industry, was extracted with water and applied to the roots of melon plants before or after inoculation withFusarium oxysporum f.sp.melonis (Font). Seedlings (4–6 days after emergence) treated with either acidic dry mycelium extract (DME) or neutralized dry mycelium extract (NDME) were protected against challenge infection withFom. A single drench with 2–5% DME applied 12–72 h before inoculation provided significant control of the disease compared with water-drenched, challenged seedlings. No protection was seen in plants treated 0–6 h before inoculation or 0–48 h after inoculation. Neither DME nor NDME (0.5–5%) had any effect on fungal growthin vitro, which implied that disease controlin vivo was mediated by induced resistance. The resistance induced by DME protected melon plants not only against race 1,2, but also against the three other races of the pathogen, indicating a race-non-specific resistance againstFom. Both DME and NDME significantly increased peroxidase activity and free L-proline content in seedlings 12 h and 48 h after soil drench, respectively. Resistance to Fusarium wilt was significantly associated with elevated levels of peroxidase activity but not with free L-proline content. Thus, peroxidase might be involved in the defense mechanisms activated by DME or NDME. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 31, 2001.     

Induced resistance in tomato plants against Fusarium wilt invoked by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi

Tomato plants, susceptible toFusarium oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici, were inoculated by immersing the roots in a conidial suspension ofF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici race 1,F. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi race 2 or a mixture of both fungi. Plants inoculated withF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici showed disease symptoms after 2 weeks, whereas plants inoculated withF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi or a mixture of both fungi remained symptomless for over 7 weeks, the duration of the experiment. In another experiment root systems of plants were split and each half was separately inoculated. One half was firstly inoculated withF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi or treated with water, followed after a week by a second inoculation of the other half withF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici or by a water treatment. The disease symptoms in the half firstly inoculated withF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi were significantly delayed, compared to plants of which that half had been treated with water. BecauseF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi reduced disease symptoms caused byF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici without any direct interaction with this pathogen, it is concluded thatF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi is able to induce resistance againstF. oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici in tomato plants.     

Bacterial wilt disease: Host resistance and pathogen virulence mechanisms

Bacterial wilt (BW), caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of Solanaceous species worldwide. The species infects plants in more than 200 species and 50 families and was ranked second in a list of the top 10 most scientifically and economically important bacterial plant pathogens [1]. The molecular mechanisms underlying resistance and the functions of R. solanacearum effectors are beginning to be uncovered, and much remains to be discovered. In this mini-review, we provide a summary of host resistance and R. solanacearum virulence mechanisms, with a focus on tomato.     

Rootstock resistance to Fusarium wilt and effect on watermelon fruit yield and quality

The potential of grafted watermelon for resistance toFusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum on some Curcurbitaceae,Lagenaria, Luffa, Benincasa and commercial rootstocks was evaluated. Effects of grafting on yield and quality of diseased plants were evaluated. All grafted plants and rootstocks were resistant to the three known races (0, 1, and 2) ofF. oxysporum f.sp.niveum except watermelon cv. ‘Crimson Tide’, which was susceptible to race 2. Fruit yield was positively (21–112%) affected byLagenaria rootstocks but negatively affected (200–267%) byCucurbita rootstocks when compared with the control. While only minor differences in fruit quality were determined in control and grafted plants onLagenaria rootstocks, the quality parameters for watermelon grafted ontoCucurbita rootstocks were lower than in the control. The reasons for low yield and quality might be due to an incompatibility betweenCucurbita rootstocks and watermelon. These results showed that rootstock influence on disease resistance as well as yield and quality of scion fruit is important in determining the potential use of grafting applications in watermelon. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 2, 2003.     

Population dynamics of Fusarium species on oil palm seeds following chemical and heat treatments

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. elaeidis may be present naturally on or within oil palm seeds, thus there is a risk of introducing the disease into previously wilt-free regions. A low proportion of infested seed was shown to give rise to infected plants. Populations of Fusarium spp. on seeds significantly declined after routine processing to induce seed germination, but the pathogen was not eradicated. However, vacuum infiltration and soaking for 7 days with captafol effectively eradicated the pathogen. The significance of F. oxysporum on oil palm seed as a potential inoculum source is discussed.     

Two in vitro assays to evaluate resistance in Linum usitatissimum to Fusarium wilt disease

Two types of in vitro seedling tests were developed to evaluate resistance in flax (Linum usitatissimum) against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini. In the first test a solid medium was used. The second test was based on a liquid medium. Disease severity was assessed after three weeks, using the observed reduction of plant length as a scale. Both methods proved to be useful for screening for resistance, for evaluating race specificity of resistance and for studying symptomatology. The solid medium method proved to be the more accurate for the screening, but the liquid medium method was much less time- and labour-consuming. The results of the tests were significantly correlated with observations under field conditions.     

棉花抗黄萎病生理生化机制研究进展

棉花是我国的重要经济作物,是关系我国国计民生的支柱性产业,是影响世界大宗农产品及下游纺织品贸易格局的战略性产业。由大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae引起的棉花黄萎病是棉花生产上的头号病害,严重影响棉花产量与质量。黄萎病菌侵染过程中会激发棉花植株产生一系列防御反应,如组织结构抗性变化、植物激素信号通路响应及抗病相关基因表达等。目前,已从棉花中挖掘出大量响应黄萎病菌的基因,阐明了这些抗性相关基因通过调控生理生化反应而发挥抗病功能的机制。本文从活性氧、防御酶、次生代谢产物和植物激素4个方面综述了棉花抗性相关生理生化作用机制,总结了棉花抗性相关生理生化反应的调控网络,为深入了解棉花抗黄萎病机制、选育抗病品种提供理论依据。     

与番茄枯萎病抗病基因I-1连锁的AFLP和SSR分子标记

本研究以番茄枯萎病抗病品种‘05045’与感病品种‘051451’为亲本配制杂交组合。用870对AFLP引物及319对SSR引物对348个F2代分离群体进行连锁分析,得到4个与番茄枯萎病抗病基因I-1连锁的AFLP标记和2个SSR标记,分别是E41M60-D、E41M62-C、E86M36-B、E32M44-E和SSR108、SSR276,与抗病基因I-1的连锁遗传距离分别为4.7、5.3、8.9、11.5cM和6.1、9.3cM。