Genetic expression and effects of the rolled leaf gene Rl(t) in hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)

We constructed a nearisogenic line of rolled leaf gene Rl(t), which ex-pressed incompletely dondnance for the character of rolled leaf(RL), with ge-netic background of Zhenshan 97B. Using RL Zhenshan 97B and the originalZhenshan 97B as the female parents, and Minghui 63 and Yanhui 559 as themale parents, crosses of RL Shanyu 63 (RS63) and Shanyu 63(S63), RLShanyou 559 (RS559) and Shanyou 559 (S559) were made. Inheritance andeffects of Rl(t) in hybrid rice were studied at the flowering and at the 20 d afterflowering, respectively. Results were as follow:     

QTL Mapping for Rice RVA Properties Using High-Throughput Re-sequenced Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines

The rapid visco analyser （RVA） profile is an important factor for evaluation of the cooking and eating quality of rice. To improve rice quality, the identification of new quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for RVA profiling is of great significance. We used a japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare as the recipient and indica rice 9311 as the donor to develop a population containing 38 chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSLs） genotyped by a high-throughput re-sequencing strategy. In this study, the population and the parent lines, which contained similar apparent amylose contents, were used to map the QTLs of RVA properties including peak paste viscosity （PKV）, hot paste viscosity （HPV）, cool paste viscosity （CPV）, breakdown viscosity （BKV）, setback viscosity （SBV）, consistency viscosity （CSV）, peak time （PET） and pasting temperature （PAT）. QTL analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett＇s test, and stable QTLs were identified over two years and under two environments. We identified 10 stable QTLs： qPKV2-1, qSBV2-1; qPKV5-1, qHPV5-1, qCPV5-1; qPKV7-1, qHPV7-1, qCPV7-1, qSBV7-1; and qPKV8-1 on chromosomes 2, 5, 7 and 8, respectively, with contributions ranging from -95.6% to 47.1%. Besides, there was pleiotropy in the QTLs on chromosomes 2, 5 and 7.     

Effect of Interplanting with Zero Tillage and Straw Manure on Rice Growth and Rice Quality

The interplanting with zero-tillage of rice, i.e. direct sowing rice 10-20 days before wheat harvesting, and remaining about 30-cm high stubble after cutting wheat or rice with no tillage, is a new cultivation technology in wheat-rice rotation system. To study the effects of interplanting with zero tillage and straw manure on rice growth and quality, an experiment was conducted in a wheat-rotation rotation system. Four treatments, i.e. ZIS (Zero-tillage, straw manure and rice interplanting), ZI (Zero-tillage, no straw manure and rice interplanting), PTS (Plowing tillage, straw manure and rice transplanting), and PT (Plowing tillage, no straw manure and rice transplanting), were used. ZIS reduced plant height, leaf area per plant and the biomass of rice plants, but the biomass accumulation of rice at the late stage was quicker than that under conventional transplanting cultivation. In the first year (2002), there was no significant difference in rice yield among the four treatments. However, rice yield decreased in interplanting with zero-tillage in the second year (2003). Compared with the transplanting treatments, the number of filled grains per panicle decreased but 1000-grain weight increased in interplanting with zero-tillage, which were the main factors resulting in higher yield. Interplanting with zero-tillage improved the milling and appearance qualities of rice. The rates of milled and head rice increased while chalky rice rate and chalkiness decreased in interplanting with zero-tillage. Zero-tillage and interplanting also affected rice nutritional and cooking qualities. In 2002, ZIS showed raised protein content, decreased amylose content, softer gel consistency, resulting in improved rice quality. In 2003, zero-tillage and interplanting decreased protein content and showed similar amylose content as compared with transplanting treatments. Moreover, protein content in PTS was obviously increased in comparison with the other three treatments. The rice in interplanting with zero-tillage treatments had higher peak viscosity and breakdown, lower setback, showing better rice taste quality. The straw manure had no significant effect on rice viscosity under interplanting with zero-tillage, but had the negative influence on the rice taste quality under transplanting with plowing tillage.     

Comparison of Grain Quality Characteristics Between F1 Hybrids and Their Parents in Indica Hybrid Rice

Sixteen widespread elite indica parents including seven CMS lines and nine restorer lines, and their 63 F1 hybrids were chosen to compare the eleven traits of grain quality. Overall results showed that the frequency of negative over-dominance, dominance and partial dominance was much higher than that of positive ones and heterosis, indicating that the values of F1 hybrids were generally lower than the means of their parents in quality characteristics. There existed apparent disparity in grain quality performance among F1 hybrids varied with the traits. The characteristics of chalky area percentage, chalky grain percentage, gel consistency and head rice recovery had a great variation in all kinds of tested heterosis indices including the mid-parent heterosis index, over high-value parent heterosis index and over low-value parent heterosis index, which suggested that special attention should be paid to the selection of F1 hybrids in these traits in breeding. The mean values of F1 hybrids were significantly lower than those of their higher parents in all the traits but close to or significantly lower than those of their mid-parent values except for kernel length and amylose content; and significantly higher than those of their lower parents except for brown rice recovery, milled rice recovery and gel consistency.     

Comparison of Grain Quality Characteristics Between F1 Hybrids and Their Parents in Indica Hybrid Rice

Sixteen widespread elite indica parents including seven CMS lines and nine restorer lines, and their 63 F1 hybrids were chosen to compare the eleven traits of grain quality. Overall results showed that the frequency of negative over dominance, dominance and partial dominance was much higher than that of positive ones and heterosis, indicating that the values of F1 hybrids were generally lower than the means of their parents in quality characteristics. There existed apparent disparity in grain quality performance among F1 hybrids varied with the traits. The characteristics of chalky area percentage, chalky grain percentage, gel consistency and head rice recovery had a great variation in all kinds of tested heterosis indices including the mid parent heterosis index, over high value parent heterosis index and over low value parent heterosis index, which suggested that special attention should be paid to the selection of F1 hybrids in these traits in breeding. The mean values of F1 hybrids were significantly lower than those of their higher parents in all the traits but close to or significantly lower than those of their mid parent values except for kernel length and amylose content; and significantly higher than those of their lower parents except for brown rice recovery, milled rice recovery and gel consistency.     

Effects of Phosphorus on Grain Quality of Upland and Paddy Rice under Different Cultivation

We investigated how upland and paddy japonica rice responded to phosphorous(P) fertilizer under two cultivation methods.The upland rice Zhonghan 3 and the paddy rice Yangfujing 8 were both grown under moist cultivation(MC,control) and bare dry cultivation(DC) with three P levels,low(LP,45 kg/hm2),normal(NP,90 kg/hm2) and high(HP,135 kg/hm2).As P level increased,grain yields of both upland and paddy rice increased under DC.There were no significant differences in grain yields between HP and NP for either rice,although upland rice slightly increased and paddy rice slightly decreased in grain yield.Under DC at LP,Zhonghan 3 showed a higher head milled rice rate and better appearance,cooking and eating qualities than at HP or NP.Yangfujing 8 was similar to Zhonghan 3 except that Yangfujing 8 had better appearance quality at NP.Under MC,Zhonghan 3 had a higher head milled rice rate at LP and better cooking and eating qualities at NP.Yangfujing 8 was similar to Zhonghan 3 except in appearance quality.DC improved head milled rice rate and appearance quality of both upland and paddy rice,and cooking and nutrient qualities of paddy rice.Compared with paddy rice,upland rice had better processing,nutrient and eating qualities.The results suggest that upland and paddy rice respond differently to cultivation method and phosphorus level.     

Discovery of and Preliminary studies on a Rapid-Leafing Rice Genotype at the Vegetative Growth Stage

The leafing rates of fourteen rice varieties were measured in a sowing-time experiment, and a rapid leafing genotype at the vegetative growth stage was discovered in an indica variety Yanhui 559. The leaf number on the main culm of Yanhui 559 was always 4-5 leaves more than that of Lemont, and the leafing rate of Yanhui 559 was significantly higher than that of Lemont based on similar growth durations from sowing to heading. Furthermore, the difference of the leafing rate was significant at the vegetative growth stage, but not distinctive at the panicle initiation stage. Genetic analysis of the leafing rates in the two backcross populations of Yanhui 559 and Lemont showed that major and quantitative genes controlled the expression of rapid leafing character. Based on results of investigation for some plants with similar growth durations in the backcrossing populations, the rapid leafing genotypes exhibited earlier tillering and more tiller numbers per plant, and its yield components including the number of panicles per plant and number of grains per panicle were superior to those of the slow leafing genotypes. Further research and application feasibility of the rapid leafing genotype in breeding were discussed.     

Changes in Activities of Glutamine Synthetase during Grain Filling and Their Relation to Rice Quality

Four japonica rice varieties differed in cooking and eating qualities were used in a pot experiment to study the relationship between the activities of glutamine synthetase during grain filling and rice quality. The activities of glutamine synthetase gradually increased and then declined as a single peak curve in the course of grain filling. The 15th day after heading was a turning point, before which the enzymatic activities in the inferior rice varieties with high protein content were higher than those in the superior rice varietie with low protein content, and after which it was converse. The activity of glutamine synthetase in grain was correlated with the taste meter value, peak viscosity and breakdown negatively at the early stage of grain filling whereas positively at the middle and late stages. Moreover, it was correlated with the protein content of rice grain and setback positively at the early stage and negatively at the middle and late stages. The correlation degree varied with the course of grain filling. From 15 days to 20 days after heading was a critical stage, in which the direction of correlation between the activity of glutamine synthetase and taste meter value and RVA properties of rice changed.     

Simulation of Canopy Leaf Inclination Angle in Rice

A leaf inclination angle distribution model, which is applicable to simulate leaf inclination angle distribution in six heights of layered canopy at different growth stages, was established by component factors affecting plant type in rice. The accuracy of the simulation results was validated by measured values from a field experiment. The coefficient of determination （R2） and the root mean square error （RMSE） between the simulated and measured values were 0.9472 and 3.93%, respectively. The simulation results showed that the distribution of leaf inclination angles differed among the three plant types. The leaf inclination angles were larger in the compact variety Liangyoupeijiu with erect leaves than in the loose variety Shanyou 63 with droopy leaves and the intermediate variety Liangyou Y06. The leaf inclination angles were distributed in the lower range in Shanyou 63, which matched up with field measurements. The distribution of leaf inclination angles in the same variety changed throughout the seven growth stages. The leaf inclination angles enlarged gradually from transplanting to booting. During the post-booting period, the leaf inclination angle increased in Shanyou 63 and Liangyou Y06, but changed little in Liangyoupeijiu. At every growth stage of each variety, canopy leaf inclination angle distribution on the six heights of canopy layers was variable. As canopy height increased, the layered leaf area index （LAI） decreased in all the three plant types. However, while the leaf inclination angles showed little change in Liangyoupeijiu, they became larger in Shanyou 63 but smaller in Liangyou Y06. The simulation results used in the constructed model were very similar to the actual measurement values. The model provides a method for estimating canopy leaf inclination angle distribution in rice production.     

Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels on Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn Concentrations in Shoot and Grain Quality in Rice （Oryza sativa）

In a pot experiment, effects of N fertilizer application on the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in shoot of rice and the quality of brown rice were studied. In the treatments with N fertilizer application, the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in most parts of rice shoot increased compared with control (no N fertilizer application). This indicated that the transportation ability of microelements from root to shoot in rice was improved with N fertilizer application. Effect of N fertilizer on IR68144 was similar to that of on IR64, but the concentrations of the microelements in plant differed, suggesting that the characteristic expression of the two rice genotypes was not controlled by the amount of N fertilizer supplied. The concentrations of those microelements in brown rice increased at first and then decreased with increasing N fertilizer application, reaching the highest at 160 kg/ha, at which the Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations in brown rice increased by 28.96%, 41.34%, 58.31% and 16.0% for IR64, and by 22.16%, 13.75%, 8.75% and 20.21% for IR68144 compared with control, respectively. Moreover, N fertilizer promoted the accumulation of protein, decreased the accumulation of amylose in grain, and enhanced gel consistency of brown rice. These results indicate that appropriate N fertilizer management could increase micronutrient contents in grain and improve nutrition quality of rice.     

卷叶基因Rl（t）对杂交稻稻米品质性状的影响

 以3对卷叶近等基因系杂交组合为研究对象，设置两种施肥水平处理，研究Rl(t)卷叶基因对杂交稻稻米品质性状的影响。在正常肥力水平下，卷叶组合的精米率显著或极显著高于其对应组合，整精米率高于其对应组合，垩白率和垩白度均低于其对应组合。稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值中，卷叶组合的最高粘度、热浆粘度和崩解值均大于其对应组合，其他性状指标值在对应组合间的差异表现趋势不一致。增施穗肥，除汕优63外，各组合的糙米率、精米率和整精米率都有提高的趋势，各组合最高粘度、热浆粘度和崩解值均降低，消减值均增大，其他性状指标值变化趋势因组合而异。增施穗肥，卷叶组合的精米率和整精米率都高于其对应组合，其中卷叶汕优559与汕优559的整精米率差异达显著水平，其他性状指标值在对应组合间的差异没有明显的规律性，说明Rl(t)基因在一定条件下有利于提高稻米品质。     

Genetic expression and effects of the rolled leaf gene Rl(t)in hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.)

We constructed a near isogenic line of rolled leaf gene Rl(t), which expressed incompletely dominance for the character of rolled leaf(RL), with genetic background of Zhenshan 97B. Using RL Zhenshan 97B and the original Zhenshan 97B as the female parents,and Minghui 63 and Yanhui 559 as the male parents, crosses of RL Shanyou 63 (RS63) and Shanyou 63(S63), RL Shanyou 559 ( RS559) and Shanyou 559 (S559) were made. Inheritance and effects of Rl(t) in hybrid rice were studied at the flowering and at the 20 d after flowering, respectively. Results were as follows:     

用糙米粉代替精米粉测定淀粉粘滞性的效果研究

研究了利用糙米粉代替精米粉测定RVA谱的效果,发现用3.0 g的糙米粉测得的RVA谱的最高粘度、热浆粘度和冷胶粘度约是用3.0 g精米粉相应值的76%,而用3.3 g糙米粉测定的RVA谱则基本与用3.0 g精米粉测得的RVA谱相近。在育种中,用糙米粉代替精米粉测定RVA谱可节省大量的人力和物力,从而可大大提高早期选择效率。     

施硅量对粳稻品种武育粳3号产量和品质的影响

以迟熟中粳稻武育粳3号为材料,研究了不同硅肥水平对粳稻产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,大田基施硅肥0~450 kg/hm2范围内,随着施硅量的增加,穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重、产量先增后降,精米率、回复值有增加的趋势,整精米率显著增加,RVA谱曲线降低,直链淀粉含量、峰值黏度、热浆黏度、冷胶黏度、到达峰值黏度时间呈下降的趋势,消减值则先下降然后上升。施硅对出糙率、透明度无明显影响。适量施硅可以降低垩白米率、垩白大小和垩白度,改善稻米的外观品质。施硅能提高稻米胶稠度、崩解值,有提高稻米蛋白质含量的趋势。综合产量和品质性状,以施硅肥225 kg/hm2的处理较好。     

不同氮肥水平下优质高产软米粳稻的产量与品质差异

【目的】明确优质高产软米粳稻的产量和品质对氮肥的响应特征。【方法】在前期品种筛选的基础上，选择2个优质食味高产型软米品种为研究对象，设置60 kg/hm²(N1)、120 kg/hm²(N2)、180 kg/hm²(N3)、240 kg/hm²(N4)、300 kg/hm²(N5)与360 kg/hm²(N6) 6个氮肥(以纯氮计)水平，对其产量性状和品质指标进行了测定与分析。【结果】依赖于单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和群体颖花量的协同增加，软米产量在N5下最高，但与N4间无显著差异。随施氮量增加，米粒的外观、黏度、平衡度和食味值呈先增后减，而硬度则先减后增，并在N4或N5下出现峰值;出糙率、出精率和整精米率均随施氮量增加而提高，但垩白米率和垩白度呈先降后增，并在N5水平下最低。随施氮量的增加，直链淀粉含量和胶稠度下降，蛋白质含量升高。米粉峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度随施氮量的增加呈先增后减，在N4或N5下最高。【结论】因此，优质食味软米在240 kg/hm²和300 kg/hm²条件下取得产量和品质的协调，240 kg/hm²是品质、产量和效益兼顾的最佳施氮量。     

卷叶水稻的光分布模拟及适宜叶面卷曲度分析

 以叶面高度卷曲的水稻组合两优E32、中等卷曲组合两优培九和不卷曲组合汕优63为材料,引入叶面卷曲度因子,用有效叶面积指数代替传统的叶面积指数（LAI）,模拟水稻冠层内的辐射传输,比较了不同叶面卷曲度因子材料的光合有效辐射截获率、转化率和利用率,探讨了不同材料的最适叶面卷曲度及最佳群体密度。结果表明,有效叶面积指数比传统的叶面积指数能更准确地预测冠层内光合有效辐射的分布。两优E32叶片过度卷曲,有效叶面积指数偏小,光合有效辐射利用率不高;而汕优63叶片平展且披散,下层叶片长期受光条件不良,光合能力弱,光合有效辐射利用率也不高。相比之下,两优培九的光合有效辐射截获率、转换率分布较为合理,光合有效辐射的利用率也较高,最适LAI为7.6,与常规栽培条件下的群体密度（LAI=7.9）接近。两优E32和汕优63的最适LAI分别为9.8和6.2,而常规栽培条件下的群体密度过小或过大,导致光合有效辐射利用率不高。利用孕穗期至齐穗期有效辐射利用率的实测值,通过输入不同的叶面卷曲度因子,得到两优E32、两优培九和汕优63的最佳叶面卷曲度因子分别为0.12、0.11和0.08,均非常接近两优培九的实际叶面卷曲度因子（0.11）。     

施氮量对机插稻主要米质性状的影响

以粳型超级稻宁粳3号和常规粳稻镇稻11号为材料,在机械插秧条件下,研究施氮量(0、90、180、270、360 kg/hm2)对粳型超级稻主要米质性状及淀粉粘滞谱(RVA谱)特征的影响。结果表明:施氮量对两个品种的稻米加工品质、营养品质、蒸煮食味品质及淀粉RVA谱3个曲线峰值的影响达到显著或极显著水平,对淀粉RVA谱其他特征参数的影响因不同品种而异;增加施氮量使两品种外观品质变差。随施氮量的增加,两个品种的糙米率、精米率、整精米、精米蛋白质含量呈增加趋势,而稻米的直链淀粉含量、食味值和淀粉RVA谱曲线峰值(峰值黏度、热浆黏度和冷胶黏度)呈现下降趋势。表明增施氮肥在提高粳型超级稻和常规粳稻加工和营养品质的同时,降低了稻米食味品质,并使稻米淀粉粘性变劣。     

Effect of Cold-Water Irrigation on Grain Quality Traits in japonica Rice Varieties from Yunnan Province, China

The response of grain quality traits to cold-water irrigation and its correlation with cold tolerance were studied in 11 japonica rice varieties from Yunnan Province, China. The results indicated that the response of grain quality traits to the cold-water stress varied with rice varieties and grain quality traits. Under the cold-water stress, grain width, chalky rice rate, whiteness, 1000-grain weight, brown rice rate, taste meter value, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity and final viscosity significantly decreased, whereas grain length-width ratio, head rice rate, alkali digestion value, protein content and setback viscosity markedly increased. However, the other traits such as grain length, amylose content, milled rice rate, peak viscosity time and pasting temperature were not significantly affected by the cold-water stress. Significant correlations were discovered between phenotypic acceptability and cold response indices of taste meter value, protein content, peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity. Therefore, it would be very important to improve the cold tolerance of Yunnan rice varieties in order to stabilize and improve their eating quality.     

云南高原粳稻与韩国粳稻品质特性比较分析

对10个韩国粳稻品种和10个云南粳稻品种进行了品质特性比较及相关性分析。云南粳稻和韩国粳稻在外观及碾磨品质指标中的粒宽、长宽比方面存在显著差异,云南粳稻比韩国粳稻籽粒细长;透明度、垩白粒率、糙米率、精米率、整精米率差异不显著。云南粳稻的直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量显著或极显著高于韩国粳稻,而味度值则相反,碱消值差异不显著。 韩国粳稻的最高黏度值、崩解值极显著高于云南粳稻,消减值极显著低于云南粳稻。 相关分析表明,直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量与消减值呈极显著正相关,与最高黏度值、最低黏度值、崩解值及最终黏度值呈显著或极显著负相关,味度值与淀粉RVA谱特征值则表现出相反的相关性,即与消减值呈负相关,而与最高黏度值、最低黏度值、崩解值呈正相关。针对试验结果,对改良云南粳稻品质的途径进行了探讨。     

辽宁水稻新品系产量与米质的关系及高食味品系特征分析

以辽宁省参加联合品比试验的89个水稻新品系为试材,比较不同品系间的产量结构、穗部性状和米质性状的差异,分析性状间的相关性,明确高食味值品系的典型特征。结果表明,新品系平均产量为612.24 kg/667 m2,符合国标2级和3级优质米的新品系分别有10个和17个;稻穗越长的品系,粒型越长,垩白越少,糙米率和精米率越低;一次枝梗结实率越高的品系,整精米率和精米率越高;粒型越长的品系,二次枝梗结实率越高。一次枝梗数和穗粒数越多、着粒越密、籽粒越偏向穗轴下部分布的品系;蛋白质含量越高。产量越高的品系,米饭的外观越好,硬度偏软,食味越好。蛋白质含量越高的品系,米饭外观越差,硬度高、黏度低、平衡度差,食味值下降。直链淀粉含量越高的品系,热浆粘度、最终粘度越大,峰值时间越长,糊化温度越低,崩解值越小。消减值越低的品系,米饭外观越好,食味值越高。高食味值品系的典型特征是粒型较长,蛋白质含量和消减值较低,当消减值为1 005.5 cP时食味表现最好。结果可为培育优质高产高效水稻新品种提供理论依据。