抽屉式生物滤器在漠斑牙鲆循环水养殖中的效果研究

采用自行设计的抽屉式生物滤器应用于漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma)闭合循环水养殖系统,研究其对循环养殖水的处理效果及漠斑牙鲆的增重和饲料利用率的影响。结果表明:经过60 d的循环水养殖,漠斑牙鲆从初始时的(225.4±11.9)g增加到结束时的(337.5±10.3)g,增重率49.97%;试验饲料系数1.06,养殖密度24.1 kg/m3,成活率100%;抽屉式生物滤器对于NH4+-N、NO2--N和COD去除率分别为(10.61±1.88)%、(14.90±3.06)%和(16.11±1.70)%,可满足漠斑牙鲆养殖水体的水质要求。     

循环养殖系统中牙鲆生长及营养盐状况研究

研究了一个包括鱼池、沉淀池、硝化滤器和大型海藻滤器的循环养殖系统长期运行的水质状况及养殖牙鲆的生长状况。报道了该系统中的牙鲆在一定时间内的生长情况,建立了牙鲆体重(抽样平均湿重)与生长时间的回归方程:W=4.654 e0.0181 t。同时监测系统中的NH4 -N、NO2--N、NO3--N、PO43--P浓度,其NH4 -N在实验时间内一直保持在0.4 mg/L以下,NO2--N低于0.2 mg/L以下,NO3--N、PO43--P在开始时有一定积累,后来有下降趋势。实验表明,该循环养殖系统可以满足牙鲆工厂化循环养殖的要求。     

碳源及C/N对反硝化细菌净化循环养殖废水的影响

针对目前循环养殖废水水质处理过程中存在脱氮碳源不足的问题,本文以高NO3--N降解能力和低NO2--N积累量为碳源优化指标,研究了乙醇、丙三醇、葡萄糖、蔗糖、乙酸钠和酒石酸钾钠6种碳源及不同碳氮比（C/N）对复合菌群净化循环养殖废水效果的影响。试验结果显示,不同碳源及C/N对养殖废水的NH4 -N去除率并无显著差异,且各处理组的NH4 -N去除率高达98%左右,显著地高于对照组（p<0.05）;当以葡萄糖、蔗糖等糖类物质为外加碳源时,试验过程中有明显的NO2--N积累现象;当以醇类物质为外加碳源时,NO2--N积累量几乎为零,且NO3--N去除率高达90%左右,显著地高于对照组（58.96%）;特别是以乙醇为外加碳源且C/N为3.0时,复合菌群对养殖废水的TN、NH4 -N和NO3--N去除率分别高达93.28%、98.90%和91.82%。虽然外加碳源短期内会引起水体CODMn含量大幅升高,但可被反硝化细菌迅速降解;此外,外加碳源还能改善水体pH值,经处理组净化后的水体pH值维持在7.5左右。试验结果表明,循环养殖废水水质净化过程中添加相应的碳源及并适当控制C/N比能显著改善池水水质,提高生物脱氮效率。     

pH对海水生物滤器启动阶段构建硝化功能的影响

稳定高效运行的生物滤器是循环水系统养殖过程中至关重要的部分,然而生物滤器在运行过程中会受到诸多环境因子的影响。该文分两部分对进水pH对流化床生物滤器硝化性能的影响进行研究。(1)针对流化床生物滤器挂膜启动阶段进行研究,研究在自然挂膜情况下,不同进水pH(7. 0、7. 5、8. 0、8. 5)对流化床生物滤器启动的影响,结果显示,生物滤器在pH 7. 5时启动时间最短,50 d左右便能够稳定运行,而且在此pH条件下生物滤器对TAN、NO2--N的去除效率最高。(2)生物膜成熟后,针对稳定运行的生物滤器进行试验,研究不同pH(7. 0、7. 5、7. 7、8. 0、8. 5)对生物滤器硝化性能的影响,结果显示,生物滤器在pH 7. 7时,对TAN的去除速率最高,达到(0. 58±0. 02) mg/(L·h)。另外,生物滤器在pH 7. 5时对NO2--N的处理效果最好。试验还发现各处理组皆存在不同程度的NO2--N积累现象,该现象随着pH的升高不断加剧。适宜的进水pH能够缩短生物滤器的挂膜周期并提高其硝化性能。研究结果可以为海水生物滤器的挂膜启动和稳定运行提供理论指导。     

几种环境因子对循环水养殖系统中生物膜净化效率的研究

为研究环境因子对生物膜水质净化效果,对爆炸棉为滤料的生物滤器进行了试验。采用优势菌种挂膜后,在不同水温、溶氧(DO)、盐度、p H条件下,研究生物滤器对人工加富的海水养殖废水水质的净化效果。结果显示,水温28℃时,化学需氧量(CODMn)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)、磷酸盐(PO43--P)去除率分别为69.3%、93.7%、93.7%、19.4%;DO 6.00 mg/L时,CODMn、NH4+-N、NO2--N、PO43--P去除率分别为72.8%、91.7%、97%、15.6%;盐度25时,CODMn、NH4+-N、NO2--N、硝酸盐氮(NO3--N)、PO43--P去除率分别为57.1%、98.4%、99.9%、100%、42%;p H 7.5时,CODMn、NH4+-N去除率分别为72.8%、93.3%。研究表明,水温28℃、DO 6.00mg/L、盐度25和p H 7.5为该生物滤器最适水质净化条件,此时生物膜净化效率较高,出水水质较好。     

碳源及C/N对复合菌群净化循环养殖废水的影响

为了解决循环养殖废水水质处理过程中存在的脱氮碳源不足问题,从而提高整个循环养殖废水生物脱氮效率.实验以高NO3-N降解能力和低NO2--N积累量为碳源优化指标,研究了乙醇、丙三醇、葡萄糖、蔗糖、乙酸钠和酒石酸钾钠6种碳源及不同碳氮比(C/N)对复合菌群净化循环养殖废水效果的影响.碳源初筛结果显示,当以葡萄糖、蔗糖等糖类物质为外加碳源时,实验过程中NO2--N积累现象较明显,最高可达12.4 mg/L;当以醇类物质为外加碳源时,NO2--N积累量较低,最高也只有1.3 mg/L.碳源复筛结果显示,不同碳源及C/N对养殖废水的NH4+-N去除率并无显著差异,且各处理组的NH4+-N去除率高达98.2％,显著地高于对照组(P＜0.05);以乙醇为外加碳源且C/N为3∶1时,复合菌群对养殖废水的TN、NH4+-N和NO3--N去除率分别高达93.3％、98.9％和91.8％,均显著地高于对照组(P＜0.05).综合考虑外加碳源的实用性和经济性等因素,选取乙醇作为复合菌群净化养殖废水的外加碳源,相应的C/N为3∶1.虽然外加碳源短期内会引起水体CODMn含量大幅升高,但可被复合菌群迅速降解;此外,外加碳源还能改善水体pH值,经处理组净化后的水体pH值维持在7.2～7.8.结果表明,循环养殖废水水质净化过程中添加相应的碳源并适当控制C/N能显著改善池水水质,提高生物脱氮效率.     

不同浸没模式下两种滤料对水产养殖废水处理效果研究

将生物陶环和珊瑚石两种滤料分别采用半浸没式和全浸没式实验处理养殖废水。结果显示,在2种过滤模式下,生物陶环、珊瑚石生物滤料的生物膜成熟时间分别为8 d和10 d。经过20 d的处理,4个实验组NH4＋-N, NO2--N, COD的浓度均显著低于对照组,相比于对照组NH4＋-N浓度降低51％以上, COD降低40％以上;半浸没过滤模式的实验组对NH4-N、 NO2--N的去除率均显著高于全浸没实验组;全浸没实验组对COD的去除率显著高于半浸没实验组。半浸没式过滤生物陶环实验组表面AOB数量最高,达4.68×102 cfu/g,全浸没实验组HB数量均显著高于半浸没实验组。结果表明所用4种处理方式处理养殖废水均有较好效果。     

芽孢杆菌与光合细菌协同作用对养殖刺参的影响

为研究芽孢杆菌和光合细菌协同作用对刺参养殖水质及其生长、消化和免疫的影响,测定了水体化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH4+-N)和亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)24 h的变化量、肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性以及体腔液超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和溶菌酶(LSZ)的活力。结果显示,混合菌投喂组优于单一菌投喂组。在芽孢杆菌和光合细菌投喂浓度以1.86×105和1.75×104CFU/mL搭配时,该实验组协同作用效果最优,水体COD、NH4+-N和NO2--N含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);刺参特定生长率最大(0.76%/d),较对照组提高56.8%,成活率亦最高(97.8%);蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性最高(96.72和98.72 U/mg prot),较对照组显著提高149%和44.82%;体腔液SOD活力最高(65.16 U/mL)。而两种菌对刺参AKP和LSZ活力的影响较小。研究表明,芽孢杆菌和光合细菌搭配合理效果更佳,能够有效改善养殖环境,提高刺参消化酶活性和免疫力,促进刺参生长。     

添加营养物质提高商品水质净化菌剂净化能力的研究

利用室内试验,研究了添加营养物质提高商品水质净化菌剂SYMCORE BZTTM的净化能力的方法。研究分两部分,第1部分设1个对照组和2个试验组,研究了添加营养物质对水质净化菌剂的净化能力的影响;第2部分设1个对照组和15个试验组,研究了营养物质添加量配比与净化效果的关系。通过计算葡萄糖和磷酸盐的添加量对COD、NH4+-N和NO2--N去除率的影响,建立了相关模型。实验结果表明,添加葡萄糖和磷酸二氢钾能显著提高水质净化菌剂对养殖废水的净化能力。添加葡萄糖使COD、NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除率分别提高了21.92%、34.43%和57.41%;添加磷酸盐使COD、NH4+-N和NO2--N的去除率分别提高了30.02%、53.45%和15.08%。当C∶N∶P=62.5∶4.85∶1时,水质净化菌剂对养殖废水中COD的净化效果最佳;当C∶N∶P=37.5∶4.51∶1时,对氨氮的去除效果最好;当C∶N∶P=25∶2.97∶1时,对亚硝酸氮的净化能力最高。葡萄糖与磷酸盐的添加量与3种污染物去除率的关系可以用二项式曲线拟合。实验结果与拟合结果相符。为养殖废水的生物修复和微生物制剂的推广应用提供了理论和技术依据...     

贝藻处理工厂化养殖废水的研究

研究了常见大型藻类对氮、磷营养盐的去除效果和贝类对悬浮颗粒物的去除效果。结果表明,石莼和海带在同样的实验条件下吸附氮、磷营养盐的效果明显高于鼠尾藻和马尾藻,密度2g/L的石莼和7.52g/L的海带是较好的养殖密度。与扇贝和文蛤比较,牡蛎具有较高的去除悬浮颗粒物的效率,可以在24h内除去养殖废水中93%的悬浮颗粒物。在20L养殖废水中投放1000g牡蛎和40g石莼组成的净化养殖废水的生物滤器对营养盐和悬浮颗粒物具有最好的去除效果,其去除效率分别为PO4P67.8%、NO2N60.2%、NH4N55.8%、NO3N59.0%和SPM82.5%。在20L养殖废水中投放1000g牡蛎和150g海带组成的生物滤器对营养盐和悬浮颗粒物的去除效果较好,其去除效率分别为PO4P62.6%,NO2N55.7%,NH4N46.0%,NO3N56.6%和SPM84.5%。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.