可持续发展和森林可持续经营

当今，实施林业可持续发展战略已是世界各国的共同趋势。文章着重就森林可持续经营的观点、发展过程进行了阐述，并简要介绍了中国、美国、加拿大等国家对森林可持续发展采取的措施。     

森林可持续发展研究综述

当今，采取林业可持续发展战略已是世界各国的共同趋势。本文着重就森林可持续发展研究的沿革、定义、标准和实施框架等问题进行了综合述评，并简要地介绍了几种有代表性的森林可持续经营理论的观点。     

和谐社会视野下林业行政执法的完善与改革

在当今的和谐社会中,林业执法的完善和改革是林业发展的必然要求,是国家森林可持续发展的关键一环,是实现国家森林相关法律的重要保障,同时是彻底贯彻执行保护森林的政策的有效途径。因此,在森林发展过程中,要以和谐社会的发展为首要前提,进一步加大我国森林执法的力度、整合有利的森林资源,为当前林业行政执法的改革和完善打下坚实的基础。     

一平浪镇森林防火的现状及对策探讨

指出了森林火灾是危害性很大的自然灾害,对森林、森林生态系统和人类生存发展带来较大危害。森林火灾的危害性主要除造成人员伤亡、林木毁损、经济损失、生产生活秩序破坏外,还表现为引起森林病虫害、污染空气环境等。资源环境和生态环境是当今国际社会普遍关注的问题,实施可持续发展战略,保护资源环境和加强生态建设,是一项基本政策,也是一平浪镇林业发展面临的突出问题。为此,要全力做好森林防火工作,维护人民群众的根本利益。     

森林分类经营与可持续发展

人类在谋求发展的同时，也引发了资源与环境破坏等一系列问题。保护环境已成为全球性的强烈呼声和实际行动，“可持续发展”是当今人类共同选择与追求的目标。森林在陆地生态系统中的主体作用，决定了林业可持续发展是社会经济可持续发展的基础。可持续发展有其深刻而丰富的内涵，成为世界各国的发展战略。而森林的可持续经营又是其中相当重要的内容，全球都在探寻可行的途径和发展对策。林业发展是实现可持续发展的核心问题之一，国际上关于环境与发展的重要会议，都把森林问题列为中心议题和辩论的焦点。森林在全球环境变化中的作用，包括…     

发展林业 改善生态环境

环境与发展,是当今国际社会普遍关注的问题,保护生态环境,实现可持续发展,已成为全人类紧迫而又艰巨的任务。森林是实现环境与发展相统一的关键和纽带。随着全球     

以林蓄水保土,确保可持续发展

可持续发展这一新的发展理论和战略思想，现已被国际社会普遍接受和认同。当今，耕地退化，土地沙化，水土流失．水资源不定等．是制约我国可持续发展的关键因素．克服上述那些不利因素．最经济最有效的办法是种草造林，恢复森林植被，蓄水保土，确保可持续发展战略的实施．     

山东森林质量精准提升

森林对于维护国家生态、淡水、气候、物种和木材安全,实现中华民族永续发展意义重大,尽管中国森林面积、蓄积持续稳步增长,但因森林质量不高、效益低下、功能脆弱,制约着林业多种功能的发挥,难以满足当今经济社会可持续发展需要和人民群众对美好生态环境的期盼。为此国家提出坚持森林数量和质量并重、质量优先,实施森林质量精准提升工程。全面阐述了山东森林质量状况,剖析了当前存在的最为突出的问题,提出快速精准提升对策。     

森林生态旅游可持续发展途径

在分析可持续发展战略基本内涵的基础上,阐明了森林生态旅游和可持续发展之间的内在联系和目标的一致性。在可持续发展原则指导下,保护森林环境资源、保护民族传统文化、实施森林生态旅游保证体系、建立森林生态旅游监测与评估体系,是实现森林生态旅游可持续发展战略的重要途径。     

森林生态旅游可持续发展途径

在分析可持续发展战略基本内涵的基础上,阐明了森林生态旅游和可持续发展之间的内在联系和目标的一致性,在可持续发展原则指导下,保护森林环境资源、保护民族传统文化、实施森林生态旅游保证体系、建立森林生态旅游监测与评估体系,是实现森林生态旅游可持续发展战略的重要途径。     

Principles and Practice of Forestation in Saline Soil in China

China is the most populated country in the world, andits land area is not the largest, especially its cultivatedland is gradually declining with socio-economicdevelopment. In order to meet the demand to grain,vegetable and so on, wasteland must be reclaimed(Zhang Jianfeng, 2004). In China there is a large scaleof salt-affected land, e.g. in Lop Nur 5 000 km2, inTurfan almost the same, in Quidam Basen 20000 km2 (Gong Hongzhu, et al, 1984). Owing toadverse conditions crops growing in salty s…     

Soil depth and soil water regime in a catchment where tropical dry evergreen and deciduous forests coexist

In several areas in Northeast Thailand, evergreen and deciduous forests coexist under uniform climatic conditions. To identify the factors that determine the distribution of these different forest types, we compared soil depth and soil physical properties between evergreen and deciduous forests, and monitored soil moisture conditions for a year in both forest types at the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station. The soil was significantly deeper under the evergreen forests (mean 97 cm) than under the deciduous forest (mean 64 cm). The soil under the evergreen forests retained much more water throughout the year than the soil under the deciduous forest, and there was also a clear tendency for the evergreen forests to occur in ravine areas, regardless of soil depth. It is possible that the evergreen trees can maintain transpiration during the dry season on thicker soils or in ravine areas, whereas shallower soils cannot provide enough water for these trees to maintain their evapotranspiration during the dry period. From the present study, we showed that soil water availability could be a significant factor determining the distribution of the deciduous and evergreen forests in our catchments.     

黄土高原适于造林的雨水收集系统设计方法

根据黄土高原地区降水缺乏的自然条件 ,该文提出了 30 0mm到 6 0 0mm地区用于造林的集水设计与施工方法 .这种集水系统由不同形式、大小的种植区与产流区组成的微型集水区形成 ,其设计依据主要是降雨、产流区的径流系数、来自树木和土壤的蒸散、土壤水分亏缺及降水资源环境容量等等 .经过YJG(有机硅化学处理 )处理的产流区、拍光压实产流区和自然坡面的径流系数分别为 0 8 0 89,0 2 3 0 36 ,0 0 8 0 10 根据彭曼法计算的土壤水分亏缺量在 5 0mm到 30 0mm之间 .在降雨量为 4 0 0mm的地区经过YJG处理之后用材林每株林木的产流面积为 3 4m2 ,经济树种为 8 10m2 ;经过压光拍实处理之后用材林每株林木的产流面积为 6 8m2 ,经济树种为 10 12m2 ;自然坡面对于用材林每株林木的产流区面积为 8 10m2 ,经济树种为 12 15m2 采用这种系统经过YJG处理产流区、拍光压实产流区和保持自然坡面的微型集水区中树木的蒸腾量分别是总集水量的 4 7 6 5 % 5 3 31% ,2 4 10 % 36 93%和 18 6 5 % 2 9 5 5 % .这种大面积应用于黄土高原地区的系统被称为径流林业 .     

森林在环境和发展中的作用与地位

本文阐述了森林在环境和发展中的作用及地位, 其主要表现在3个方面: 森林是全球生态环境问题的核心; 森林是环境与经济协调持续发展的关键; 森林是人类赖以生存和创造文明的基础。文章论述了国际社会对上述3个问题的研究成果、结论和应用。     

川中丘陵区防护林群落多样性研究

本文对川中丘陵地区主要防护林群落的物种多样性进行研究,结果表明：①该流域共有维管束植物55科,82属,88种,其科、属、种数与四川省乃至全国比较,官司河流域植物区系具有组成简单的特点;②物种丰富度,物种多样性和均匀度指数都是人工林低于天然次生林,纯林林分低于混交林分;③土壤pH值、土壤有机质、土层厚度和人为干扰是影响防护林群落多样性发育的重要制约因子,其中土壤pH值是主导因子,制约着本区防护林群浇的空间分布格局;④林木高度、郁闭度和灌、草层盖度与物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数相关密切,对群落多样性发育的影响较大;而林木胸径与群落多样性指数相关不明显,对群落多样发育的影响不大。     

混农林业对石漠化地区土壤环境的影响及其应用

土壤环境变化是恢复生态学研究的重要内容之一,加强混农林的立体优化配置,有利于控制水土流失、改善土壤环境质量和提高生态脆弱区的生态和经济效益。文中系统总结混农林业对石漠化地区土壤水分、养分、生物特征的影响,阐明在石漠化极端脆弱生态环境条件下,林木与农作物存在的水肥竞争以及复合农田中树龄较小时对土壤生物活性的抑制作用,进一步从石漠化地区土壤环境角度对混农林业的水分利用策略、乡土树种的选择搭配、有益土壤生物的应用等方面提出建议,以期为喀斯特石漠化地区提高土地生产力、控制水土流失、发展立体生态农业等提供参考。     

三北防护林体系工程发展现状及对策

为了改善生态环境,中国政府于１９７８年开始在三北地区建设林体系。１５年来,共计完成人工造林１３３０ｈｍ＾２,零星植树３０亿株,森林被覆盖率已由１５年前的５．００５％提高到８．６％,不仅取得了明显的生态效益和经济效益,也走出一条有中国特色的林建设道路。今后的发展对策为：强化政府行为;调整经济政策;优化林种树种结构;增加科技含量。     

我国森工企业的出路

随着国家天然林保护工程的启动、森工企业陷入无树可砍的境地。为了走出困境，本文提出企业的出路只能是上山种树，象农村实行连产承责任制那样，把山林承包给个人，充分发挥每个人的积极性。     

Trema micrantha (L.) Blume (Ulmaceae): A promising neotropical tree for site amelioration of deforested land

The genus Trema includes many species that are fast growing, short living pioneer trees common in early successional vegetation and large recent gaps of many tropical moist forests. They establish themselves and grow in open sites with microclimatic and soil conditions which are contrasting to those prevailing in dense forests. With time they change the environmental conditions by attenuating the wide alternations of soil temperature and lower midday air relative humidity characteristic of open places. At the same time, soil moisture and organic matter content, as well as nutrient levels increase due to the reestablishment of an organic cycle in the soil. Consequently they help generating an environment that permits the establishment of mature forest species that often do not survive under the environmental conditions of open places. The propagules of mature forest trees can be reintroduced from conserved areas nearby. The biological and ecological traits related to the potential use of T. micrantha for site amelioration previous to the reintroduction of mature forest trees are presented in this paper. Furthermore, some preliminary experiences in the field are cited. The same use may apply to other fast growing short living pioneers.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Afforestation improves soil fertility in south-eastern Spain

In the 20th century, in the Mediterranean area, many extensive afforestation efforts were made with the primary objective of protecting soils from erosion and improving their fertility. This study evaluates the effects of the afforestation undertaken in the Guadalentín basin (SE Spain) with respect to the organic and inorganic soil constituents and physico-chemical soil properties. Given the phytoclimatic environments in the basin (sclerophyllous and hyperxerophyllous), paired samples were taken beneath the tree canopy of the pine plantations and in nearby open zones. With the same methodology, samples were taken from areas considered to be native forest. The data were submitted to different multivariate analyses of variance (two-way MANOVAs) in order to compare the effects and interactions of the factors CANOPY (with and without trees), PHYTOCLIMATE (sclerophyllous and hyperxerophyllous), and TYPE OF FOREST (afforested or native) on the dependent variables measured (soil variables). Significant differences were found at 0–10 cm in soil depth under pine afforestations in relation to adjacent open areas. Below this depth, differences were found only between phytoclimatic environments. No significant interactions were found between the variables analysed at any of the depths, indicating that the effects of the afforestations on the soil characteristics were independent of the phytoclimatic environment. The afforestation in the Guadalentín basin, in the two phytoclimatic environments considered increased the soil fertility. Nevertheless, the native forests presented the highest soil organic-carbon contents, mainly in the sclerophyllous phytoclimate type (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota forests). Therefore, although the afforestations improved the soil fertility in relation to the open areas, the maximum potential has probably not been reached in relation to that observed in the native forests. The effects that forest development (age, basal area) over time exerts on soil properties remain to be verified by further research.