植原体及马铃薯相关病害研究进展

植原体能引起多种植物的丛枝、缩叶、紫顶及果实和花畸形。近年来植原体引起的马铃薯病害已严重影响了马铃薯的质量和产量。对植原体病害的传播特点和植原体的分类学研究进行了概述,总结了植原体基因组和质粒研究现状,分泌蛋白、寄主抗病基因克隆和致病机理相关的研究进展;对几种马铃薯植原体病害进行阐述;讨论了植原体病害研究所存在的问题及发展趋势。以期为植原体病害研究、田间快速检测及病害流行预测、植原体重要功能基因挖掘和马铃薯抗病育种提供参考。     

实时荧光定量PCR 检测蔬菜病原细菌技术

植物病原菌的实时荧光定量PCR 检测方法为病原菌的研究和病害的防治提供了新的思路。本文对实时荧光定量PCR 技术的原理,近年来检测蔬菜病原细菌方法的特异性、灵敏性及应用和发展前景等方面进行了评述,为蔬菜病原细菌的研究和病害的防治提供理论基础和技术支撑。     

马铃薯土传病原菌快速检测方法的比较分析及其应用

马铃薯土传病害日益严重，对病原菌进行快速检测是病害早期诊断、预测监控、综合防治的重要基础。本文综合比 较了普通PCR、巢式PCR、实时荧光定量PCR、多重PCR 和环介导等温扩增技术（LAMP）在灵敏度和特异性等方面的特点， 以及在检测马铃薯土传病害时的优缺点；总结了各病害检测报道的引物信息和检测体系的优势。同时，对各技术的应用前景 进行展望，旨在对马铃薯土传病害的快速检测方法及其发展趋势有一个全面的了解。     

国内外樱桃植原体（Phytoplasma）病害研究进展

植原体是一类无细胞壁、不能人工培养、存在于植物筛管内的专性寄生菌,世界各地已报道植原体可引起1 000余种各类植物系统性病害,涵盖农作物、园艺、花卉、果树和林木等,该病害传播性强、症状明显、危害较大,可不同程度引起植物生长发育异常或变异,甚至造成植株死亡。樱桃植原体病害就是其中一种,近年来该病害已经成为威胁樱桃产业发展最为重要的病害之一,主要引起樱桃花变叶(绿)及花器官、叶片、果实的生长发育异常和变异,并最终导致植株2～5 a(年)内迅速死亡,对我国乃至世界樱桃产业造成了非常重大的损失。随着我国近几年不同地区樱桃植原体病害发生面积、规模及危害程度地不断增加,尤其是笔者研究发现的重庆地区大规模爆发引起了极大威胁,使得有关其致病机制、植株生长发育特性及防治方法的系统研究显得迫在眉捷、尤为重要。针对樱桃植原体病害研究的需求,笔者综述了国内外有关研究进展,主要从植原体的分类、检测与传播以及樱桃植原体病害等多个方面进行阐述,为进一步开展樱桃植原体病害研究与防治等提供重要基础,并对未来的研究前景与应用价值进行了分析。     

用于PCR快速检测的真菌基因组DNA制备研究进展

自然界中真菌种类很多,一些对人类有益,然而有很多会对人及动植物致病.对真菌的检测鉴定在医学、植物检疫以及真菌分类学研究方面具有重要的意义.PCR检测是目前真菌鉴定的常规检测手段,用于PCR检测的真菌基因组DNA制备是相关领域研究热点,对用于PCR快速检测的真菌基因组DNA制备方法进行综述.     

平菇细菌性褐斑病病原菌RT-PCR检测方法的建立及其应用

 平菇细菌性褐斑病是一种严重危害平菇生产的病害,早期监测和防治是关键。采用平菇细菌性褐斑病病原菌托拉斯假单胞杆菌（Pseudomonas tolaasii）毒素基因的特异性引物（Pt-1A）/（Pt-1D1）,通过扩增条件优化,建立了该菌的实时荧光定量PCR（Real-time fluorescence quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction）检测及富集方法,并利用该方法完成了该菌在平菇表层的动态监测。试验结果表明,实时荧光定量PCR对托拉斯假单胞杆菌的检测范围为10² ~ 10⁹ cfu ? mL^-1,在经过选择性培养基富集后,检测灵敏度进一步提高了100倍。利用选择性培养基富集及荧光定量PCR检测方法,可在病害症状未显现之前检测到病原菌,为平菇细菌性褐斑病的流行监测和早期防治奠定了技术支持。     

应用PCR检测柑桔黄龙病采样方法研究(初报)

近年来,在浙江省台州、温州和丽水等柑桔主产区发生柑桔黄龙病危害。在病害发生调查和防治实践中,常需对可疑病株进行实验室检测。由于该病田间症状具有复杂性,在应用常规PCR(聚合酶链式反应)技术检测中,常存在病原检出率不高的问题。我们推测采集的疑似样品不具代表性是其关键     

柑桔裂皮类病毒RT-PCR检测体系的建立及优化

柑桔裂皮类病毒(CEVd)是严重危害柑桔生产的一种世界性病害.本研究以感染CEVd的柑桔叶片为材料,提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR进行检测,并对PCR反应体系进行优化.结果表明:rTaqDNA聚合酶和Hotstart TaqDNA聚合酶能有效排除非特异性带的干扰;使用PCR增强剂,能有效解决CEVd非特异性带的干扰,提高了PCR的扩增效率.     

辣椒疫霉菌RT-PCR检测技术的建立及应用

根据辣椒疫霉菌（Phytophthora capsici Leonian）与致病疫霉菌（Phytophthora infestans）及其他8种常见土传病害病原菌Actin基因序列差异,设计并筛选出辣椒疫霉菌的特异性引物YM2F/YM2R,建立辣椒疫霉菌的实时荧光定量PCR检测体系,并利用该体系定量检测人工模拟带菌样品及田间发病土壤样品中的辣椒疫霉菌。试验结果表明,利用该引物建立的实时荧光定量PCR检测体系线性关系良好,灵敏度为1 × 10-1 pg ? μL-1,是普通PCR的100倍。该体系无需病原菌的分离培养即可对土壤中的辣椒疫霉菌进行快速、特异且定量检测。对田间土壤样品的检测结果表明,在一定范围内病害发生、流行程度与病原菌密度成正比,从而为该病的流行监测和早期防控提供科学依据。     

植物保护技术与林业病害虫害防治途径分析

为了有效改善现阶段我国植物保护技术、林业病害虫害防治期间出现的技术水平低以及植物保护技术举措单一等现状,控制我国森林病害与虫害的蔓延速度,避免病害虫害大面积暴发,本文选择以植物保护技术与林业病害虫害的防治为题。对植物保护技术与林业病害虫害防治现状与举措等相关内容深入展开分析,重点探析了植物保护技术与林业病害虫害防治途径及举措,结合现状提出有效改善现状和解决相关问题的举措。     

Defining urban forestry – A comparative perspective of North America and Europe

Urban forestry is generally defined as the art, science and technology of managing trees and forest resources in and around urban community ecosystems for the physiological, sociological, economic, and aesthetic benefits trees provide society. First mentioned in the United States as early as in 1894, the concept underwent a revival during the 1960s as a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to the specific challenges related to growing trees in urban environments. Later, urban forestry evoked the interest of scientists and practitioners in other parts of the world. However, harmonization of urban forestry terminology has been complicated by, for example, the involvement of different disciplines and translation difficulties. In many European languages, for example, the direct translation of ‘urban forestry’ relates more to forest ecosystems than to street and park trees. Efforts in North America and Europe defining ‘urban forest’, ‘urban forestry’ and related terms are introduced. A comparative analysis of selected urban forestry terminology in both parts of the world shows that urban forestry has a longer history in North America, based on traditions of shade tree management. Moreover, urban forestry has become more institutionalized in North America. Urban forestry in Europe has built strongly on a century-long tradition of ‘town forestry’. In both parts of the world, definitions of urban forestry and urban forest have become more comprehensive, including all tree stands and individual trees in and around urban areas. Agreement also exists on the multifunctional and multidisciplinary character of urban forestry. These similarities offer opportunities for international harmonization of terminology.     

Exploring the characteristics of successful volunteer-led urban forest tree committees in Massachusetts

Citizen engagement through urban forest tree committee volunteer service may aid in providing essential experience, ideas, and skills that support municipal tree management. Using semi-structured, research interviews with tree committee (TC) representatives from across the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, this study addresses current knowledge gaps concerning the general composition, processes, and relationships of volunteer-led urban forest tree committees. Our findings indicate that TC representatives are typically motivated, passionate volunteers who generally desire to work cooperatively with the many associations, organizations, and agencies that comprise the local socio-political landscape. Our findings also indicate it is important that TC representatives make a sustained, concerted effort to work collaboratively with their local tree warden to advance the care of their community’s urban trees. Furthermore, it is also essential that municipal managers and decision-makers attempt to provide TC volunteers with appropriate training opportunities, resources, as well as demonstrate appreciation, to further encourage and solidify volunteer-engagement in urban forestry at the local level.     

Willing partners? Residential support for municipal urban forestry policies

Cities across North America are adopting ambitious goals to grow their urban forests. As existing trees and new planting opportunities are often located on private property, residents’ support and participation is needed in order to meet these goals. However, little research has examined support for municipal urban forestry efforts, including policies specifically targeting residential areas. The objectives of this research are to (1) assess resident’ level of support for common urban forestry policies and (2) determine if there are specific household characteristics associated with different levels of policy support. The objectives are addressed through a statistical analysis of survey responses and a qualitative examination of follow-up interviews with residents in four neighborhoods located in Mississauga (Ontario, Canada). The survey participants and their properties vary in their socioeconomic characteristics, age of development, and urban forest conditions. Our results found that the majority of residents had neutral to very positive attitudes toward common municipal policies encouraging planting and restricting removal of trees, but support levels were lower for the policies than for general statements about desired presence and size of urban trees. Several characteristics are significantly related to level of policy support, including age of household members, education-level, property-level tree density, recent tree planting activity and age of house. Interviews also highlighted residents’ apprehensions about living among tall trees and older resident's concerns with tree maintenance. The results suggest that most residents would be willing partners in urban forestry efforts, with many of these residents already actively planting and maintain trees. However, to increase support and participation rates, different types of trees – including those smaller in stature and ones that require relatively little maintenance – should be part of any planting program to meet the varying needs of households.     

Attitudes towards tree protections,development, and urban forest incentives among Florida (United States) residents

Tree ordinances can be an effective means of preserving urban forests in the face of development pressures. Despite this, they also have the potential to be divisive among the public - especially when applied to privately-owned land. In this study we surveyed 1716 Florida urban residents to understand how they value regulation and management of the urban forest. Specifically, we asked about: tree protection ordinances, incentive programs to manage or plant trees, justification for tree removal, and development. Most respondents supported tree protections, even when applied to trees on their own property or when they had the potential to limit development activities. Additionally, there was limited support for removing healthy trees for development. Respondents supported the use of funds for urban forestry efforts – particularly at the local or state level.     

Structural diversity and height growth models in urban forest plantations: A case-study in northern Italy

Current knowledge on the growth models of urban forest plantations several years after their establishment still remains poor and fragmentary. Furthermore few studies have assessed the growth of urban plantations on reclaimed land, such as brownfield sites.This paper assesses urban forest plantations in terms of tree height growth, crown width and vertical structural using as a case study tree inventory-data collected in an urban forest plantation (Parco Nord Milano, PNM northern Italy). In this research tree inventory-data was used to achieve the following objectives: (i) to develop a series of tree height-growth models and tree crown-width models for the main taxonomic units in the study-area; (ii) to analyse the temporal pattern of current increments of tree height; (iii) to assess the vertical stratification of tree crowns using a method developed by Latham et al. (1998).The results suggest that during the earlier stage after planting, trees reach high levels of growth (tree height and crown width) regardless of the taxonomic unit. Evidence is found to support a high level of spatial competition between individual trees of different taxonomic units in as little as 15–18 years. Competition between trees appears to be mainly affected by diametrical differentiation rather than hypsometric variation: trees grow more in diameter than in height. Furthermore a decrease in longitudinal growth was observed for most tree species while the radial growth tends to be constant over time. The research at PNM shows that in temperate climates this can be achieved in less than 30 years. We believe that these analyses could provide important data supporting the planning of new urban forest plantations on reclaimed land and inter alia provide some answers to the questions around plantations growth evaluation and management.     

Mapping the urban forest in detail: From LiDAR point clouds to 3D tree models

Trees are an integral component of the urban environment and important for human well-being, adaption measures to climate change and sustainable urban transformation. Understanding the small-scale impacts of urban trees and strategically managing the ecosystem services they provide requires high-resolution information on urban forest structure, which is still scarce. In contrast, there is an abundance of data portraying urban areas and an associated trend towards smart cities and digital twins as analysis platforms. A GIS workflow is presented in this paper that may close this data gap by classifying the urban forest from LiDAR point clouds, detecting and reconstructing individual crowns, and enabling a tree representation within semantic 3D city models. The workflow is designed to provide robust results for point clouds with a density of at least 4 pts/m² that are widely available. Evaluation was conducted by mapping the urban forest of Dresden (Germany) using a point cloud with 4 pts/m². An object-based data fusion approach is implemented for the classification of the urban forest. A classification accuracy of 95 % for different urban settings is achieved by combining LiDAR with multispectral imagery and a 3D building model. Individual trees are detected by local maxima filtering and crowns are segmented using marker-controlled watershed segmentation. Evaluation highlights the influences of both urban and forest structure on individual tree detection. Substantial differences in detection accuracies are evident between trees along streets (72 %) and structurally more complex tree stands in green areas (31 %), as well as dependencies on tree height and crown diameter. Furthermore, an approach for parameterized reconstruction of tree crowns is presented, which enables efficient and realistic city-wide modeling. The suitability of LiDAR to measure individual tree metrics is illustrated as well as a framework for modeling individual tree crowns via geometric primitives.     

Data quality in citizen science urban tree inventories

Citizen science has been gaining popularity in ecological research and resource management in general and in urban forestry specifically. As municipalities and nonprofits engage volunteers in tree data collection, it is critical to understand data quality. We investigated observation error by comparing street tree data collected by experts to data collected by less experienced field crews in Lombard, IL; Grand Rapids, MI; Philadelphia, PA; and Malmö, Sweden. Participants occasionally missed trees (1.2%) or counted extra trees (1.0%). Participants were approximately 90% consistent with experts for site type, land use, dieback, and genus identification. Within correct genera, participants recorded species consistent with experts for 84.8% of trees. Mortality status was highly consistent (99.8% of live trees correctly reported as such), however, there were few standing dead trees overall to evaluate this issue. Crown transparency and wood condition had the poorest performance and participants expressed concerns with these variables; we conclude that these variables should be dropped from future citizen science projects. In measuring diameter at breast height (DBH), participants had challenges with multi-stemmed trees. For single-stem trees, DBH measured by participants matched expert values exactly for 20.2% of trees, within 0.254 cm for 54.4%, and within 2.54 cm for 93.3%. Participants’ DBH values were slightly larger than expert DBH on average (+0.33 cm), indicating systematic bias. Volunteer data collection may be a viable option for some urban forest management and research needs, particularly if genus-level identification and DBH at coarse precision are acceptable. To promote greater consistency among field crews, we suggest techniques to encourage consistent population counts, using simpler methods for multi-stemmed trees, providing more resources for species identification, and more photo examples for other variables. Citizen science urban forest inventory and monitoring projects should use data validation and quality assurance procedures to enhance and document data quality.     

Comparing street tree assemblages and associated stormwater benefits among communities in metropolitan Cincinnati,Ohio, USA

Green infrastructure approaches leverage vegetation and soil to improve environmental quality. Municipal street trees are crucial components of urban green infrastructure because they provide stormwater interception benefits and other ecosystem services. Thus, it is important to understand the patterns and drivers of structural heterogeneity in urban street tree assemblages. In this study, we compared the forest structure of street trees across nine communities along both geographic and demographic gradients in metropolitan Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Specifically, we used a two-part statistical model to compare both the proportion of sampled street segments containing zero trees, and basal area magnitude for street segments with trees. We made community-scale comparisons based on street tree management, socioeconomics, and geographic setting. Then, using modeled stormwater interception estimates from i-Tree Streets, we investigated the implications of heterogeneity in street tree assemblages for stormwater interception benefits. The forest structure of street trees varied across communities in relation to management practices, namely participation in the Tree City USA program. As a consequence of this structural difference, we observed a stark discrepancy in estimated stormwater interception between Tree City USA participants (128.7 m³/km street length) and non-participants (59.2 m³/km street length). While street tree assemblages did not vary by community poverty status, we did find differences according to community racial composition. In contrast to previous research, basal area was greater in predominantly black (i.e., African American) and racially mixed communities than in predominantly white communities. We did not observe structural differences across geographic strata. This research underscores the importance of proactive management practices for increasing the forest structure of street trees. Our findings regarding socioeconomics and geographic setting contrast previous studies, suggesting the need for continued research into the drivers of structural heterogeneity in street tree assemblages.     

Relationships between urbanization,tree morphology,and carbon density: An integration of remote sensing,allometric models,and field survey

Urban trees store and sequester large amounts of carbon and are a vital component of natural climate solutions. Despite the well-recognized carbon benefits of urban trees, there is limited effort to examine how spatial distribution of carbon density varies across distinctive social, demographic, and built dimensions of urban landscapes. Moreover, it is unclear whether specific aspects of landscape structure and design could help increase carbon densities in urban trees. Here, we produced a fine-resolution carbon density map of urban trees in New York City (NYC) by integrating high-resolution land cover map, LiDAR-derived tree metrics, i-Tree Eco, and field survey data. We then explored spatial variations of carbon density across the gradients of urban development intensity, social deprivation index, and neighborhood age, and we examined the relationships between carbon density, and fragmentation, aggregation, size, and shape of tree canopy cover. We find that carbon stored in urban trees in NYC is estimated as 1078 Gg, with an average density of 13.8 Mg/ha. This large amount of carbon is unevenly distributed, with carbon densities being highest in Bronx and in open parks and street trees. Furthermore, carbon densities are negatively associated with urban development intensity and the social gradient of deprivation. Regarding the impacts of tree morphology on carbon density, our results show that while the amount of tree cover is the most influential factor in determining carbon density, small-sized forest patches and moderate levels of forest edges are also conductive to increasing carbon densities of urban trees. To incorporate urban forestry into developing innovative, effective, and equitable climate mitigation strategies, planners and decision makers need to identify the optimal spatial configuration of urban forests and invest in tree planting programs in marginalized communities.