Redirection of filial attachments in rhesus monkeys: dogs as mother surrogates

Rhesus infants raised from birth with their mothers, age-mates, or cloth surrogates for periods varying fronm 1 to 10 months were separated from these objects and placed with dogs. Contrary to previous suggestions that were consistent with the notions of a critical period for attachment formation and irreversibility of filial bonds, the monkeys formed strong and specific attachments to their canine surrogates.     

Effects of brief separation from mother on rhesus monkeys

To summarize, data on the course of development of mother-infant relations in rhesus monkeys have been presented; a method for teasing apart the relative roles of mother and infant in causing changes or differences in the interaction described; and the complexity of the social nexus, within which the relationship is set, stressed. When the mother is removed for a few days, the infant calls a great deal at first and then shows depressed locomotor and play activity. These symptoms may last for a month after the mother's return. Simple tests given 6 months and even 2 years later strongly suggest that the differences (between infants that have had such a separation experience and infants that have not) are persistent. Are these data relevant to the human case? The rhesus monkey has no verbal language and a much less complex social development than man. Furthermore, its social environment is quite different from that found in any human culture. Parallels between monkey and man must therefore be scrutinized carefully before being used as a basis for generalization. But the facts show that a brief separation experience produces in rhesus monkey infants symptoms that are very similar (except for the apparent absence of a "phase of detachment" on reunion) to those in human infants (25). While age of separation, within the rather narrow limits used here, was a variable of minor importance, the effects of the separation varied, as in the human case, with the length of the separation experience and the sex of the infant. Differences in the techniques of experimenters, as well as differences in the species, prevent precise comparisons of the roles of the mother-infant relationships; nevertheless, the nature of the relationship appears to be an important variable in both monkey and man. There would seem, therefore, to be strong reasons for thinking that we are dealing with comparable phenomena. If that is the case, the fact that monkeys function at a simpler conceptual level than man limits the complexity of the explanatory hypotheses necessary in the human case. In addition, the finding that such a brief separation experience, involving removal of the mother but no exposure to a strange environment, can produce effects lasting for months or years in rhesus monkeys strengthens the evidence that long-term effects may occur also in man. Finally, this analysis provides bases for attempts to predict individual differences in the effects of a period of separation on rhesus infants, and the parallels with man suggest that examination of the same variables in the human case would be worthwhile.     

Transmission of experimental kuru to the spider monkey (Ateles geoffreyi)

Clinical signs and pathological changes characteristic of kuru in man and experimental kuru in chimpanzees were observed in two spider monkeys, Ateles geoffreyi, after inoculation with brain tissue from a kuru-affected chimpanzee. The incubation period for one of the monkeys was 23 months, and 26 months for the other.     

Behavioral development after forelimb deafferentation on day of birth in monkeys with and without blinding

Four infant monkeys underwent somatosensory deafferentation of both forelimbs within hours after birth. Ambulation, climbing, and reaching toward objects developed spontaneously in each case. Thumb-forefinger prehension could be trained by operant shaping methods. Two infants deafferented at birth and blinded by eyelid closure were retarded in motor development by only 1 to 2 weeks. Results indicate that topographic sensory feedback and autogenetic spinal reflexes are not necessary after birth for the development of most types of movement performed by the forelimb musculature in monkeys.     

几种生态因子对笼养川金丝猴行为的影响

[目的]探究几种生态因子(温度、人为干扰、笼舍大小等)对笼养川金丝猴行为的影响。[方法]采用瞬时扫描技术、焦点动物取样法于2005年9月至2006年7月对济南市动物园的13只川金丝猴进行研究。[结果]结果表明:温度、人为干扰、笼舍大小等因素都对金丝猴的行为及时间分配产生显著影响。温度变化对金丝猴的取食、休息、运动、睡眠、拥抱等行为有显著影响。当游客人数较多时,对金丝猴的休息、运动、梳理等行为均有显著影响。小笼舍内,金丝猴94.47%的时间用于取食、休息与睡眠,其他行为非常少,但出现了特殊的转圈行为。[结论]该研究为笼养川金丝猴的迁地保护提供了第一手资料。     

Venus: uniformity of clouds, and photography

Photographs of Earth at a resolution of about 600 kilometers were compared to pictures of Venus taken from Earth at about the same resolution . Under these conditions Earth appear very heavily covered by clouds. Since details on the surface of Earth can be recorded from Earth orbit, it may be possible to phiotograph protions of the surface of Venus, through openings in the clouds, from an orbiting satellite.     

Cryopreservation, culture, and transplantation of human fetal mesencephalic tissue into monkeys

Studies in animals suggest that fetal neural grafts might restore lost neurological function in Parkinson's disease. In monkeys, such grafts survive for many months and reverse signs of parkinsonism, without attendant graft rejection. The successful and reliable application of a similar transplantation procedure to human patients, however, will require neural tissue obtained from human fetal cadavers, with demonstrated cellular identity, viability, and biological safety. In this report, human fetal neural tissue was successfully grafted into the brains of monkeys. Neural tissue was collected from human fetal cadavers after 9 to 12 weeks of gestation and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Viability after up to 2 months of storage was demonstrated by cell culture and by transplantation into monkeys. Cryopreservation and storage of human fetal neural tissue would allow formation of a tissue bank. The stored cells could then be specifically tested to assure their cellular identity, viability, and bacteriological and virological safety before clinical use. The capacity to collect and maintain viable human fetal neural tissue would also facilitate research efforts to understand the development and function of the human brain and provide opportunities to study neurological diseases.     

Phenylalanine: Transplacental centrations in Rhesus Monkeys

Arbino acids are actively transported across the mammalian placenta, crncentrations in fetal blood being higher than those in the maternal circu-Elevated concentrations of phenylalanine were induced by dietarv means blood of pregnant rhesus monkeys, and the active transport mechanism vident at both normal and elevated concentrations. A normal placental may thus magnify a maternal biochemical abnormality and produce a profound disturbance in the fetus.     

Neurodegeneration prevented by lentiviral vector delivery of GDNF in primate models of Parkinson's disease

Lentiviral delivery of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (lenti-GDNF) was tested for its trophic effects upon degenerating nigrostriatal neurons in nonhuman primate models of Parkinson's disease (PD). We injected lenti-GDNF into the striatum and substantia nigra of nonlesioned aged rhesus monkeys or young adult rhesus monkeys treated 1 week prior with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Extensive GDNF expression with anterograde and retrograde transport was seen in all animals. In aged monkeys, lenti-GDNF augmented dopaminergic function. In MPTP-treated monkeys, lenti-GDNF reversed functional deficits and completely prevented nigrostriatal degeneration. Additionally, lenti-GDNF injections to intact rhesus monkeys revealed long-term gene expression (8 months). In MPTP-treated monkeys, lenti-GDNF treatment reversed motor deficits in a hand-reach task. These data indicate that GDNF delivery using a lentiviral vector system can prevent nigrostriatal degeneration and induce regeneration in primate models of PD and might be a viable therapeutic strategy for PD patients.     

Transmissible mink encephalopathy: experimental transmission to the squirrel monkey

A progressive, fatal spongiform encephalopathy developed in three squirrel monkeys 11 months after inoculation with primate-passaged transmissible mink encephalopathy agent. The clinical symptoms and histopathologic and electron microscopic findings suggest that this naturally occurring disease of mink has been transmitted experimentally to squirrel monkeys.     

Infant carrying by male chacma baboons

Male chacma baboons, Papio ursinus, carry their offspring during confrontations with higher ranking immigrant males, who are a threat to the infants' lives. The infants sometimes initiate these confrontations by approaching and provoking immigrant males when protective males are close by. Mothers rarely interfere during these interactions.     

Ocular responses to linear motion are inversely proportional to viewing distance

Eye movements exist to improve vision, in part by preventing excessive retinal image slip. A major threat to the stability of the retinal image comes from the observer's own movement, and there are visual and vestibular reflexes that operate to meet this challenge by generating compensatory eye movements. The ocular responses to translational disturbances of the observer and of the scene were recorded from monkeys. The associated vestibular and visual responses were both linearly dependent on the inverse of the viewing distance. Such dependence on proximity is appropriate for the vestibular reflex, which must transform signals from Cartesian to polar coordinates, but not for the visual reflex, which operates entirely in polar coordinates. However, such shared proximity effects in the visual reflex could compensate for known intrinsic limitations that would otherwise compromise performance at near viewing.     

北京松山国家级自然保护区旅游线路周边野生动物分布规律

利用红外相机对北京松山国家级自然保护区旅游线路周边野生动物分布规律进行调查。于2013年11月至2014年11月,在20个位点布设红外相机,拍摄到有效照片1 558张,共鉴定出物种35种,其中兽类12种、鸟类23种。兽类中拍摄率最高的前4种分别为岩松鼠、猪獾、狗獾、豹猫,鸟类中拍摄率最高的前4种分别为雉鸡、红嘴蓝鹊、斑鸫、紫啸鸫。拍摄到危险野生动物野猪9次,且多在傍晚和夜间,基本不会对白天活动的游客安全构成威胁,但对露营的游客构成潜在危险。红外相机在不同海拔区间以及不同月份的拍摄率不同,低海拔拍摄率高于中海拔和高海拔拍摄率;9月份拍摄率最高,达到53.64%,12月份最低,为3.71%。另外,不同野生动物在每日不同时间段的出现频率不同。表明野生动物在旅游路线周边的空间和时间上具有一定分布规律。本研究对红外相机监测旅游线路周边野生动物资源的实际意义进行了讨论,同时有助于保障松山国家级自然保护区的旅游安全,提高防控预警能力。      

西藏芒康县滇金丝猴种群现状和生态学研究

通过两次考察,证实西藏芒康县目前存在3个滇金丝猴群,即小昌都群、米拉卡群和木尼群,个体数量约为300～400只。另有一个群,即下火拉群尚待证实。其中,小昌都群是芒康的最大猴群,其数量约为160～200只。芒康滇金丝猴以地衣为主要食物,所占比例可达47％～64％,而其社会结构与云南各群一致,为多个单雄多雌群(OMU)聚合为大群。这说明生境和食性等生态学差异并未改变滇金丝猴的社会结构。日趋严重的生境破碎化和人类活动干扰对滇金丝猴的生存构成了威胁,加强芒康地区的滇金丝猴保护区的建设和管理是目前最．急迫的保护对策。     

恒河猴腰肢疾病的病因和诊断

阐述了恒河猴在人工饲养繁殖过程中,发生腰肢疾病的原因,发现腰肢疾病的致病原因主要有外伤、致病微生物、中毒、营养缺乏或代谢紊乱、环境潮湿阴冷、药物,并介绍了腰部疾病、四肢外伤性疾病、神经系统疾病、中毒性疾病的诊断思路,提出了驻立视诊、运动视诊和触诊等诊断方法.     

灰度直方图在木材表面缺陷检测中的应用

提出了一种基于灰度直方图检测木板材表面缺陷的方法。对图像以4×4像素块作25级灰度直方图分析,根据灰度直方图统计中是否有颜色突变来判别木板材是否存在缺陷。缺陷图片在直方图中表现出双峰特征,利用次波峰确定缺陷部位,但判别时应排除杂色与纹理因素的干扰。比较次波峰与主波峰的值来消除木材杂色所产生的影响,即当差值大于1/10时,次波峰代表缺陷颜色。与此同时,借助于直方图修正排除纹理因素造成的干扰。该方法能有效地识别缺陷图像与正常图像。     

甘南黄河重要水源补给生态功能区湿地现状及开发对策

近年来,由于气候变化、人类活动等多种因素干扰,甘南黄河重要水源补给生态功能区湿地资源不断萎缩,水资源涵养功能急剧．减弱,直接威胁到整个黄河流域经济的可持续发展和生态安全。分析了该区湿地资源现状,探讨了湿地萎缩的原因,并结合当地农牧民的生活实际提出了一系列湿地保护和开发对策。     

Tolerance develops to the disruptive effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on primate menstrual cycle

Long-term exposure of sexually mature female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulata) to thrice weekly injections of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol resulted in a disruption of menstrual cycles that lasted for several months. This period was marked by an absence of ovulation and decreased basal concentrations of gonadotropin and sex steroids in the plasma. After this period, normal cycles and hormone concentrations were reestablished. These studies demonstrate that in rhesus monkeys subjected to long-term treatment with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol tolerance develops to the disruptive effects of the drug on the menstrual cycle.     

基于深度学习的草地贪夜蛾自动识别

草地贪夜蛾是一种严重破坏农作物的重大洲际害虫,对我国农业生产造成了极大的威胁.尽管一系列防治措施已经展开,但如何有效辨别草地贪夜蛾仍然是防控工作中的一大难题.为了建立一个有效的识别算法,课题组开展了一系列研究工作,主要贡献在于:①采集了不同地域、不同生长区间的草地贪夜蛾及相似物种图片,建立了一个草地贪夜蛾识别数据库;②利用基于特征融合的深度学习算法,建立了一个三通道T型深度卷积神经网络(T-CNN),在现有数据集上平均识别率达到97%,为草地贪夜蛾的智能识别与防控工作提供了技术支撑.     

Visual language discrimination in infancy

This study shows that 4- and 6-month-old infants can discriminate languages (English from French) just from viewing silently presented articulations. By the age of 8 months, only bilingual (French-English) infants succeed at this task. These findings reveal a surprisingly early preparedness for visual language discrimination and highlight infants' selectivity for retaining only necessary perceptual sensitivities.