不同杀青方法对绿茶品质的影响

杀青作业是提高绿茶加工品质的关键工序,为了提高茶叶加工品质,采用微波、热风、蒸汽、锅炒和蒸汽-热风组合等不同杀青方法对加工后绿茶的感官品质和茶叶内含成分品质特性进行了试验分析,结果表明：微波输出功率 10 kW、时间2.5 min、杀青叶温室75℃,杀青后茶叶的外形色泽、汤色、叶底表现较好,只有香气、滋味欠佳,咖啡碱、茶多酚、维生素C和叶绿素含量最高,分别是2.70%、34.40%、3.335×10-3 mg/g和2.24 mg/g,时间是传统杀青的1/4～1/3,能耗成本是传统杀青的1/3。蒸汽-热风组合杀青时间为6 min（蒸汽和热风各处理3 min）、叶温80℃杀青的茶叶香气最好,氨基酸保留量达到3.48%,感官品质总分达到90.75分。     

绿茶电磁滚筒-热风耦合杀青工艺参数优化

为探究电磁滚筒-热风耦合杀青对绿茶品质的影响,该文运用响应面设计,以杀青样生化成分含量和成茶感官品质为指标,对电磁滚筒-热风耦合杀青工艺参数(热风温度、热风风量、筒体前段温度等)进行优化,并与电热管滚筒杀青、微波杀青、热风杀青、电磁内热滚筒杀青等进行比较,结果表明:当投叶量为150 kg/h时,电磁滚筒-热风耦合杀青的最佳参数组合为热风温度104℃,热风风机转速920 r/min,筒体前段温度270℃;此工艺下所制成茶香气、滋味、色泽等品质最好,感官总分达到91.0,较其他杀青方式要高2.7~4.0分,杀青叶茶多酚、氨基酸、可溶性糖、儿茶素、咖啡碱和黄酮的质量分数分别为13.849%、2.057%、8.412%、9.724%、2.172%、1.336%,品质物质加权值达7.018%;该杀青工艺能耗成本较电热管滚筒杀青减少1/2,热能利用率达45%~55%,克服了传统滚筒杀青的不足,可为绿茶生产提供指导。     

绿茶电磁内热滚筒杀青工艺优化

为研究电磁内热滚筒杀青技术对绿茶品质的影响,试验分析了滚筒前段、中段、后段的温度和杀青耗时等因素对杀青叶、绿茶感官品质及化学成分含量的影响,优化了电磁内热滚筒杀青工艺参数,并与其他杀青方式进行了比较,结果表明:当投叶量为150kg/h时,电磁内热滚筒杀青的适宜作业参数为前段筒温270℃、中段筒温250℃、后段筒温190℃、杀青耗时105s。此工艺下杀青叶色泽嫩绿、鲜活、清香浓郁,所制绿茶的感官审评得分较其他杀青方式要高1.5分～3.6分,热能利用率可达50%～60%,作业耗能成本约为0.38元/kg。该研究可为绿茶加工生产提供参考。     

不同杀青方式对金花茶花朵品质的影响

研究了两种杀青方式(微波杀青、蒸汽杀青)、不同杀青时间对金花茶花朵品质的影响,结果表明:微波杀青时间控制在60～65 s、蒸汽杀青时间控制在120～150 s范围内,所制干花品质较好;两种杀青方式以微波杀青品质最佳,其花朵外形完整,色泽金黄,汤色黄绿透亮,香气浓郁持久,滋味甜醇爽口.     

不同加工工艺及茶叶配比对银杏绿茶品质的影响

研究了银杏叶不同加工工艺及银杏叶茶与绿茶配比对银杏绿茶品质的影响,结果表明:银杏叶茶品质以鲜叶放置于0.2%盐水中浸泡48 h后再加工较好,此时样品中总黄酮含量高达1.3%;当银杏叶与绿茶拼配比例为3∶7时,银杏绿茶的感官品质达到最佳,品质表现为香气浓郁持久,滋味协调、甜醇。     

电磁内热式绿茶毛火工艺参数优化与分析

为探究新型绿茶电磁内热式毛火工艺对绿茶毛火效果的影响,该文应用正交设计和极差分析,以毛火样的生化成分含量和成品样的感官品质为目标值,对电磁内热式毛火工艺参数(热风温度、热风风机转速、链板传动转速等)进行优化,获得最佳参数,并与传统的燃煤式热风毛火、理条机毛火、电热管式热风毛火等在毛火效果和设备性能方面进行比较,结果表明:综合品质生化成分和感官评审的结果,电磁内热式毛火工艺的最佳参数组合为:热风温度115℃,热风风机转速1 200 r/min,链板传动转速1 050 r/min,3因素中以热风风机风速对绿茶毛火效果的影响最为显著;在此毛火条件下所制提香样的氨基酸、茶多酚、叶绿素、可溶性糖、儿茶素和咖啡碱的含量分别达2.31%、17.61%、1.13 mg/g、5.01%、10.74%、2.01%,品质物质加权值为7.66%,均高于其他3种毛火工艺;此工艺下所制成品茶样的外形、汤色、香气、滋味等均得到显著提升,感官总分达86.40,显著优于其他毛火处理;该毛火工艺能耗成本仅0.76元/kg,较电热管式热风毛火减少了70%以上,升温快,预热时间仅10 min,较传统燃煤式热风毛火的预热时间减少约50%,余热回收装置的设计显著提升了热能利用率,热效率提升50%以上;同时,生产效率达150 kg/h,较传统电热管式热风毛火提升3倍以上,而且温控精准和稳定、热风分布均匀。该研究可为茶叶加工提供技术参考和理论指导。     

酥化早餐玉米片加工技术的研究

早餐对于人体健康十分重要,酥化早餐玉米片是一种营养丰富的早餐食品。通过对物料配比和加工工艺的研究,结果表明：加工酥化早餐玉米片的适宜原料配方为80%玉米面粉+20%马铃薯淀粉+其他辅料,或者是90%玉米面粉+10%马铃薯磷酸酯变性淀粉+其他辅料;产品熟化和酥化可以采用远红外烘烤或微波炉烘制,半成品含水量控制在12%为宜。远红外烘烤适宜的烘烤温度为280℃,烘烤时间为8 min;微波炉烘制适宜的微波强度为720 W,烤制时间为9 min,用微波炉烘制,产品质量更好。     

茶叶有效成分复合分离提取技术研究

以中、低档绿茶为原料,研究了茶多酚、咖啡碱和茶多糖的复合提取技术,探讨了微波对绿茶茶多酚类物质浸出特性的影响,建立了从同一茶叶原料中同时获得茶多酚、茶多糖、咖啡碱3种产品的工艺。研究结果表明:1)以水为介质,微波处理绿茶有利于茶叶有效成分的浸出,平均粒径0.246mm的绿茶用料液比(W/V)1∶20,时间3min,微波浸提2次,再50℃水浴浸提10min,1次,茶多酚浸提率达90.73%,高于乙醇水浸提。2)Al³⁺沉淀茶多酚的最佳pH范围为5.3～5.7;确定茶多酚——铝盐的最佳转溶条件为:茶多酚——铝盐沉淀用pH1.5的酸溶液,以料酸比1∶2(V/V)于60℃水浴中转溶15min,1次,茶多酚的转溶率达79.09%。3)萃取法结合升华法制备咖啡碱,较直接升华法得率高;确定咖啡碱最佳萃取条件为:供试液中NaCl浓度0.2%,二倍量的乙酸乙酯萃取3次,咖啡碱萃取率达95.14%。4)以水为介质,茶末经微波联合水浴浸提,溶剂法和沉淀法分离,能制备得率为11.8%的茶多酚、1.5%的茶多糖和1.2%的咖啡碱,效果明显优于单一溶剂法和沉淀法     

自动化加工生产线改善机采绿茶理化品质研究

以茶树机采鲜叶为原料,选配、改装和组建了茶叶加工自动化生产线,并跟踪加工工序中茶坯理化成分的动态变化,以同一原料所制的传统炒青工艺为对照,比较新设备和新工艺对机采卷曲形绿茶色泽和品质成分的影响。结果发现:新的生产线在杀青、二青、做形和提香等关键工序中,集成应用了电磁加热耦合热风、热管余热回收和流化床干燥技术,提高了茶叶的滋味和色泽品质,所制卷曲形绿茶的感官得分比传统炒青绿茶高2分,酚氨比相对较低(P0.05),干茶的色相值、茶汤、叶底的亮度和色相值相对更好(P0.01);相比传统单机加工设备,该生产线可日均生产绿茶1 750 kg,产能提高了37.5%,能耗成本为4.6～4.8元/kg干茶;热效率提高100%,用工成本减少50%。机采卷曲形绿茶自动化生产线扩大了茶叶加工产能,减轻了劳动强度,提高了卷曲形绿茶品质,为实际生产提供了指导。     

莲子间歇式微波分段变功率真空干燥方法

目前莲子干燥仍以传统热风干燥为主,该方式不仅能耗高,耗时长,且莲子品质不佳,严重制约了莲子产业的高质量发展。为了提高莲子干燥品质、缩短干燥时间和降低能耗,该研究比较了间歇式微波恒定功率和微波分段变功率两种微波真空干燥法,分析了微波功率、干燥时间对莲子干燥特性影响。研究结果表明,间歇式微波分段变功率真空干燥较佳工艺参数为：真空度0.1 MPa,微波工作间歇方式为1.5 min-开/1.5 min-关,干燥过程分两个阶段进行,第一阶段在微波功率1 600 W条件下共工作3 min,间歇3 min,第二阶段在微波功率1 200 W条件下共工作3 min,间歇3 min。在此条件下,莲子主要营养成分中淀粉含量43.43 g/100 g,与恒定微波功率真空干燥（40.83～43.80 g/100 g）和传统热风干燥（42.73 g/100 g）效果相当;蛋白质含量为19.37 g/100g,高于恒定微波功率真空干燥（18.17～18.67 g/100 g）与热风干燥（18.57 g/100 g）;膳食纤维含量为14.60 g/100 g,是热风干燥（6.94 g/100 g）的2.10倍,具有显著性差异（P<0.05）,与恒定微波功率真空干燥（11.03～14.70 g/100 g）无明显差异（P＞0.05）;单位质量干燥能耗为7 848 kJ/kg,相较于传统热风干燥（465 012 kJ/kg）和恒定微波功率真空干燥（10 440～15 012 kJ/kg）,干燥时间缩短,能耗降低。研究结果为莲子的加工生产提供理论支持。     

Effect of far-infrared irradiation on catechins and nitrite scavenging activity of green tea

The processed green tea leaves were irradiated by far-infrared (FIR) at eight temperatures (80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 degrees C) for 10 min. After FIR irradiation, green teas were prepared by soaking the leaves in boiling water, and the physicochemical characteristics of the green tea were determined. FIR irradiation at 90 degrees C increased total phenol contents of green tea from 244.7 to 368.5 mg/g and total flavanol contents from 122.0 to 178.7 mg/g, compared with non-irradiated control. FIR irradiation also significantly affected the amounts of epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate. Nitrite scavenging activity also increased with increasing FIR irradiation until the temperature reached 110 degrees C. However, the overall color changes of green tea irradiated with FIR at 90 and 100 degrees C were negligible. These results indicate that the chemical quality of green tea is significantly affected by FIR irradiation temperature of the green tea leaves.     

绿茶微波真空干燥特性及动力学模型

为了解茶叶在微波真空干燥过程中水分的变化规律,以绿茶为原料,进行了微波真空干燥试验。通过绘制干燥曲线和失水速率曲线,研究相对压力、比功率对绿茶微波真空干燥特性的影响,并建立干燥动力学模型,量化比功率与干燥时间、含水率之间的关系。结果表明：绿茶微波真空干燥过程按失水速率快慢可分为加速和降速2个阶段,无明显恒速干燥阶段;随着相对压力降低,干燥时间缩短,但-80 kPa后继续降低相对压力对含水率变化影响不显著;比功率越大干燥时间越短;绿茶微波真空干燥的动力学模型满足Page方程,该模型可较好地描述含水率随干燥时     

绿茶生产质量信息管理系统设计与实现

为提高茶叶生产的质量安全监控信息化水平及茶叶生产企业管理的信息化水平,减少因茶园施肥、用药、加工等所造成的茶叶质量安全问题,将信息技术和茶叶生产质量管理关键控制点结合起来,采用计算机技术、网络数据库技术,设计并开发了绿茶生产质量信息管理系统,实现了绿茶产地环境、种植环节、加工过程及包装储运等质量关键控制点信息的网络化管理。     

Application of far-infrared irradiation in the manufacturing process of green tea

Seven kinds of green tea leaves were manufactured with far-infrared (FIR) irradiation, and the physicochemical characteristics of the green tea were determined. Appropriate FIR irradiation during the manufacturing process significantly increased the polyphenolic content of green tea. FIR irradiation at 90 degrees C for 10 min, replacing the roasting step, and of the fully processed green tea leaves (GTP3) increased the total phenol content of green tea from 475.6 to 811.1 mg/g and the total flavanol content from 175.7 to 208.7 mg/g, as compared to the control. Epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate increased from 57.68 and 9.60 mg/g in a nonirradiated control to 89.88 and 16.33 mg/g in GTP3, respectively. Ascorbic acid, caffeine, and nitrite scavenging activities were also increased in GTP3. However, the overall color change of GTP3 was negligible. These results indicate that the chemical properties of green tea are significantly affected by FIR irradiation at specific stages of the manufacturing process of green tea leaves and that this FIR irradiation results in high-quality green tea.     

微波对茶多酚浸出及其结构和组成的影响研究

该文以中、低档绿茶为原料,研究了微波对绿茶多酚类物质浸出及其结构和组成的影响,结果表明:以水为介质,微波处理绿茶有利于茶叶多酚类物质的浸出,平均粒径0.246mm的绿茶用料液比(W/V)1∶20,时间3min,微波处理2次,再50℃水浴浸提10min1次,茶多酚浸提率达90.73%,高于乙醇水浸提;HPLC分析结果显示,经微波处理制备的茶多酚制品主要含表没食子儿茶素(EGC)、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)和表儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECG)3种儿茶素。儿茶素总含量占茶多酚的78.4%,其中以EGCG含量最高,约占3种儿茶素总量的45.8%。与乙醇水溶液浸提法制备的茶多酚相比,其儿茶素组成略有变化,酯型儿茶素EGCG和ECG的含量略有减少,但其减少量远小于沸水提取法。紫外和红外光谱分析证实,微波对茶多酚制品的化学结构无影响     

山区“三生”耦合茶园模式构建研究

通过深入福建省乡村与茶园调研,结合山区茶业生产实际,按照乡村振兴战略与山区茶业绿色发展要求,率先提出构建山区“三生”（生产-生态-生活）耦合茶园的新型模式,即以茶园生产-生态-生活各功能要素在时序-空间-结构上的合理布局和山地生态过程的整体耦合为目标,通过相关要素有序链接与相互促进作用,实现子系统之间的互补与叠加,提高山区茶园的资源利用率与劳动生产率。从生态恢复与地力保育子系统工程、水土保持与立体种养子系统工程、水分涵养与茶园景观子系统工程、绿化环境与茶旅结合子系统工程、科学开垦与水肥调控子系统工程、多样发展与康悦养生子系统工程等6个子系统工程方面论述了如何构建山区“三生”耦合茶园的综合开发经营体系,并从政策导向引领、科学制定规划,实施项目带动、注重集成示范,鼓励创新创业、强化评优补助,强化多样开发、促进增效增收,注重绿色经营、加强品牌培育,统筹“三生”关系、完善协调机制,讲求因势利导、优化正向叠加,强化过程管理、推动三产融合等8个方面提出了推动山区“三生“耦合茶园的绿色经营与持续发展的对策建议。     

Effect of selenium on preservation quality of green tea during autumn tea-processing season

Selenium-enriched green tea leaves were prepared by foliar applications of selenium-amended fertilizer during autumn season. The influence of selenium (Se) on preservation quality of tea during 4-month storage was determined. The results showed that the Se and vitamin C contents of green tea were significantly increased by selenium spraying during the autumn tea-producing season. The vitamin C content of Se-enriched green tea was higher and its decline was significantly slower during storage compared to normal green tea. However, there was no significant difference between the contents of chlorophyll and polyphenol of Se-enriched and regular tea. During the first 60 days, the color of green tea extract in Se-enriched green tea and normal tea showed no significant difference. However, the color of green tea extract in Se-enriched green tea was more stable compared with normal tea during the storage period. The sweetness and aroma of extracts of Se-enriched green tea were also significantly higher than that of normal tea and the bitterness of extracts of Se-enriched green tea was significantly lower compared with normal tea. These results showed that selenium application can slow the reduction of tea's major component and thus improve preservation qualities of green tea.     

Prediction of Japanese green tea ranking by fourier transform near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

A rapid and easy determination method of green tea's quality was developed by using Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) reflectance spectroscopy and metabolomics techniques. The method is applied to an online measurement and an online prediction of green tea's quality. FT-NIR was employed to measure green tea metabolites' alteration affected by green tea varieties and manufacturing processes. A set of ranked green tea samples from a Japanese commercial tea contest was analyzed to create a reliable quality-prediction model. As multivariate analyses, principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares projections to latent structures (PLS) were used. It was indicated that the wavenumber region from 5500 to 5200 cm(-1) had high correlation with the quality of the tea. In this study, a reliable quality-prediction model of green tea has been achieved.