4种药剂处理土壤防治设施黄瓜根结线虫的效果

为探索北京通州设施黄瓜根结线虫药剂防治技术,选择了4种药剂分别进行土壤处理,调查并比较各处理对大棚内黄瓜根结线虫病及根结线虫的防治效果。发现供试药剂处理土壤后对根结线虫均具抑制作用。其中,99%二甲基二硫醚土壤熏蒸剂26.68 kg/667m^2处理和40.02 kg/667m^2处理对根结线虫病的病指防效达80%以上,较空白对照增产超过100%;20%异硫氰酸烯丙酯可溶液剂3 kg/667m^2处理和5 kg/667m^2处理的病指防效在70%左右,较对照增产60%以上。     

精甲·咯菌腈处理种子防治花生根腐病效果

近年来,山东省邹城市花生根腐病为害日趋严重,实际生产中发现常规药剂防效不佳。为了明确替代药剂35 g/L精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂防治花生根腐病的效果,于2018年采用种子包衣法进行了精甲·咯菌腈与常规药剂咯菌腈、精甲霜灵防治花生根腐病的田间药效比较试验。结果表明,35 g/L精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂以500 g/100kg处理种子的防效最高,齐苗后10 d防效为74.81%,60 d防效为83.43%。该处理的花生产量和增产率也为各处理中最高,分别为4483.96 kg/hm~2和13.58%,明显高于同药剂其他用量处理和常规药剂处理;纯收入较对照增加3 138.93元/hm~2。     

拌种及茎叶喷雾防治小麦茎基腐病

为筛选出对小麦茎基腐病有较好防效的种衣剂及方法，本试验分析了3种种衣剂拌种及返青期喷雾处理对小麦茎基腐病的防效和小麦产量的影响。结果表明，27%苯醚·咯·噻虫500 mL拌种和27%苯醚·咯·噻虫300 mL拌种+返青期25%氰烯菌酯喷雾2个处理控制小麦茎基腐病效果较好，灌浆期防效均在59%以上，乳熟期对白穗的控制效果达79.53%～89.57%。测产发现27%苯醚·咯·噻虫500 mL拌种的保产效果最高，较对照增产23.08%。     

滴灌施药对覆膜玉米茎腐病防效及产量影响

在辽西风沙半干旱地区,开展了人工接种茎腐病病原菌条件下覆膜滴灌施用多菌灵和戊唑醇防治玉米茎腐病效果研究.结果表明:滴灌施用50％多菌灵WP和25％戊唑醇WP对玉米茎腐病防治效果均在54％以上,两年平均防效最高的是25％戊唑醇可湿性粉剂140 g/667 m2滴灌处理,达到72.60％,平均产量为948.94 kg/66...     

玉米茎腐病生物防治初步研究

本文报道了应用绿木霉（Trichodermavirlde）和细菌防治由瓜果腐霉菌和禾谷镰刀菌引起的玉米茎腐病。苗期盆栽试验表明，细菌拌种，木霉菌拌种和木霉菌穴施配合细菌拌种对两种病菌的防效较明显。在人工接菌土壤内，对腐霉菌防效最高达58.15％；对镰刀菌防效达56.25％。在自然病土中最高防效达100％。在田间试验中，细菌拌种和木霉菌拌种防效也相当明显。所有处理的植株均比未处理的高，增产明显。     

丛枝泡囊菌根菌对甘薯根腐病的防治效果

为探明丛枝泡囊菌根菌对甘薯根腐病的防治效果,在山东邹平病害重发的田间进行了4种药剂的对比试验。结果表明,每667 m2使用2亿孢子/m L丛枝泡囊菌根菌水剂66.70、93.38 m L,于甘薯定植时结合浇水一次施入定植穴中,可有效控制甘薯根腐病病情,相对病指防效达88.56%、93.99%,明显高于对照药剂处理的防效。丛枝泡囊菌根菌处理区增产效果明显,3个浓度处理较空白对照均增产85%以上,甘薯商品性也有提升。     

戊唑醇种子处理防治小麦纹枯病

种子处理是控制小麦纹枯病的有效措施,在小麦纹枯病的综合治理技术体系中起着举足轻重的作用。在苏南宜兴和淮北徐州,2％戊唑醇湿拌剂和6％戊唑醇悬剂胺10kg麦种拌药0.3-0.4g有效成分,对小麦的出苗没有显著影响,对根系和冬前分蘖具有促进作用。对小麦纹枯病的控制效果较为理想,表现为冬前效果显著,病析率防效60％－100％,从而有效地抑制了冬前发病高峰。戊唑醇处理区拔节期的病情指仍然极显著地低于对照区,亦显著低于对照药剂纹霉净,侵茎高峰明显推迟,最终的枯白穗防效突出,0.3-0.4g ai/10kg种子拌种的枯白穗防效达到85％以上。由于控病和对小麦生长调控的双重作用,保穗、保产效果明显,最终产量较对照增加10％－15％。     

生姜茎腐病防治药剂筛选研究

为筛选出对生姜茎腐病具有较明显防治效果的药剂,在离体条件下,测定了17种杀菌剂对生姜茎腐病菌菌丝体的抑制作用,并筛选抑菌效果明显的药剂进行田间试验.在室内筛选出了抑制效果较好的药剂8种.毒力测定表明,代森锰锌·精甲霜灵、代森锰锌·霜脲氰和烯酰吗啉对病菌抑制作用较强,其EC50分别为9.77、14.95、38.61 μg/mL.田间药效测定表明,代森锰锌·精甲霜灵对生姜茎腐病的防效高达81.45％,代森锰锌·霜脲氰的防效为47.09％.68％代森锰锌·精甲霜灵对生姜茎腐病的防治效果较好,可以在生产中推广应用.     

生物熏蒸用于植物土传病害治理的研究

采用以生物物质为材料的土壤熏蒸技术，研究了其对植物土传病害的治理效果。结果表明，在棉纱缸熏蒸装置中以甘蓝叶不同用量对黄瓜枯萎病菌在32℃条件下熏蒸，1．5kg／m^2以下时，6d后对菌落扩展的抑制率不足15％；2．5kg／m^2时抑制率快速上升到50％以上；继续增加施用量抑制率增长变缓；甘蓝叶对黄瓜枯萎病菌的EC50值为3．25kg／m^2。施用量为3．5kg／m^2时，黄瓜枯萎病菌生物量累积比对照减少83．1％，产孢量为对照的0．5％，所产孢子的萌发率为对照的18．8％。抑菌谱测定结果表明，在甘蓝叶施用量为3．5kg／m^2时对黄瓜枯萎病菌、番茄枯萎病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、番茄立枯病菌、番茄黄萎病菌和茄根腐疫病菌的抑制率达60％以上，对菌核病菌、辣椒猝倒病菌和小麦根腐病菌的抑制率分别为38．7％、17．4％和41．6％。对不同芸薹属植物熏蒸效果的测定结果表明，芥菜和雪里蕻的叶片组织及芥菜疙瘩对供试7种病菌的抑制效果优于甘蓝。对不同添加物增效作用的测定结果表明，在甘蓝碎叶中添加麦麸后比只施用甘蓝对番茄立枯病菌的抑制率提高6．7％，菌丝干重累积减少45．5％。温度试验结果表明，在25和32℃条件下甘蓝对番茄立枯病菌的抑制率分别为20．2％和62．9％。田间试验表明，用4种植物熏蒸土壤后对番茄枯萎病的防效显著优于太阳能和土壤还原消毒法的防效。其中，芥菜（3．5kg／m^2）添加麦麸（1．0kg/m^2）后的防效达到68．2％。     

2.5%适乐时悬浮种衣剂防治花生茎枯病药效试验

试验结果表明,每100kg花生种子用2．5％适乐时悬浮种衣剂400～800ml伴后播种．对防治花生茎桔病有一定的防效，药后20d防效达60.78％～79．5％，显著高于50％多菌灵对照药的防效54．04％．且对花生种子安全，种子出苗率达95．29％～97％，值得在生产上应用．     

大蒜鳞茎腐烂病的病原鉴定

从江苏太仓产蒜区及南京周边市场采集的病蒜上分离到 5株细菌和 3种真菌 ,经柯赫氏法则验证 ,均确定为大蒜鳞茎腐烂的病原菌。经细菌形态特征观察和生理生化性状测定结果表明 :g W、g 1属芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus spp .) ;g Y、g 2为欧文氏菌 (Erwinia spp .) ;g 3属红球菌 (Rhodococcu ssp .)。真菌的形态特征观察鉴定结果表明 :3株真菌F1、F2、F3分别属于黄青霉 (Penicillium chrysogenum Thom)、黑曲霉 (Aspergillus niger van Tiegh)和尖胞镰刀菌 (Fusarium oxysporum)     

Effect of some organic amendments on onion bulb rot

The effect of soil amended with stalks of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz) on onion bulb rot caused byFusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f.sp.cepae (Hanz.) Snyder Hansen andAspergillus niger v. Tieghem was tested in a soil naturally infested with the pathogens under field conditions. All treatments significantly reduced bulb rot incidence. The fungal and antibacterial populations varied among all of the amended tested soils. Heterotrophic fungal populations were more effective than heterotrophic bacterial populations in the suppression of disease. The highest population of fungal microflora was found in plots amended with sunflower stalks. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and available moisture content of amended soils have an indirect suppressive role on disease, by increasing the heterotrophic fungal population. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting June 18, 2002.     

Control ofDitylenchus dipsaci in garlic by bulb and soil treatments

Garlic bulbs heavily infected withDitylenchus dipsaci were chemically treated to control the nematode. Treatment with ethoprop resulted in greatest reduction of nematodes early in the season; oxamyl provided good control; methomyl was ineffective. Treating the soil with aldicarb or phenamiphos was also effective. Later in the season, nematode populations increased with all treatments and crop damage was severe. In a soil heavily infested with this pathogen, nematode populations in the untreated plots were initially low but had increased rapidly 100 days after planting, resulting in total loss of plants by the end of the season. Excellent control was obtained by treating the soil with methyl bromide (MB) or solar heating with transparent polyethylene sheets prior to planting, although MB treatment caused severe stunting of the plants. Treatment with ethylene dibromide (EDB) controlled the pathogen initially, but later in the season the population level increased. The yields (kg/m²) were: untreated, 0; solar heating, 2.325; EDB, 0.813; and MB, 1.152.     

东方百合对茎腐病的抗性分析

为探明东方百合茎腐病的发病机制及抗病机理,以湖南株洲地区的东方百合为材料,分别采用升汞消毒、刺伤浸苗接种、超声波甲醇浸提、混液平板等方法对其病原菌进行了分离、抗病性鉴定、皂苷含量及活性测定。结果显示：尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum为湖南株洲地区东方百合茎腐病病原菌;30份自主培育的东方百合材料通过聚类分析可划分为3类,包含抗病材料3份、中抗材料16份、感病材料11份,其中y、ZN-12和ZN-27的抗病指数都在65.00以上;抗病材料的总皂苷含量明显高于感病材料,且皂苷含量与抗性水平之间极显著相关;总皂苷含量为1.194 mg/mL的提取液对茎腐病病原菌菌丝生长的抑制率为29.39%。表明y、ZN-12和ZN-27具有较好的开发潜力;总皂苷含量与东方百合抗茎腐病水平密切相关,可作为大规模筛选抗病材料的一个重要指标。     

百合鳞茎有害节肢动物调查与防治

百合是江西省特种经济作物之一,是一种经济价值较高的农作物,可食、药用,有润肺止咳、安神、补中益气之功能,是一种很好的滋补品,其鳞茎富含淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪及多种人体所需的维生素等,还可供观赏用。江西素有栽培百合的历史和经验。发展百合生产,是提高农民收入、增加出口创     

Fusarium proliferatum, an additional bulb rot pathogen of Chinese chive

This is the first report of a disease of Chinese chive caused by Fusarium proliferatum. Because the symptoms are similar to those of the bulb rot (kampu-byo in Japanese) caused by F. oxysporum, we propose F. proliferatum as another causal agent of bulb rot of Chinese chive. Symptoms are wilting of leaves and brown rot on the basal bulbs of Chinese chive. A Fusarium sp., frequently isolated from symptomatic plants, produced identical symptoms on Chinese chive after inoculation, and was reisolated from the diseased plants. The fungus was identified as F. proliferatum based on morphological, cultural, and molecular characteristics.     

A demonstration of bulb mite control by solar heating of the soil

The bulb miteRhizoglyphus robini Claparède is a soil pest of onion and garlic in Israel. We assayed its control by solar heating of the soil, by means of mulching with transparent polyethylene. Laboratory-infested peanut seeds were buried to various depths either in non-mulched or in mulched soil. At depths of 10 and 20 cm all mites died within 10 days; at 30 cm most mites died after 20 days and complete mortality occurred after 30 days.     

Operationalizing sustainability: exploring options for environmentally friendly flower bulb production systems

Current production systems for flower bulbs in the Netherlands employ considerable quantities of pesticides and nutrients per unit area. In 1993, an association of growers and environmentalists set out to design new farming systems that meet environmental objectives in addition to economic objectives. To support the design process, an explorative study was carried out to bring together the fragmented agronomic information and to assess agro-technical options for sustainable flower bulb production with a time horizon of 10 to 15 years. Crop and inter-crop management systems representing the agro-technical components of sustainability at the farm level, were generated with a computer model by systematically varying four system characteristics, three of which represented strategic and tactical aspects of crop protection. Subjective components, one economic and two environmental objectives and various socio-economic constraints, were identified in interaction with the stakeholders. Interactive multiple goal linear programming was used to optimize the objectives at the farm level and determine the exchange value of the economic objective in terms of the environmental objectives. Calculations were carried out for two reference farm types. The results revealed that the negative impact of environment-oriented production systems on farm gross margin is importantly mitigated by strategic choices at the farm level, such as renting land and allowing a soil health improving crop, even though of low gross margin, into the rotation. In contrast, the a priori attention of the growers was focused on improving tactical pest and nutrient management at the crop level, the effect of which on farm gross margin is constrained by the strategic choices. Sensitivity analyses highlighted the need for more insight into the ecology of soil-borne growth reducing factors and their effect on crop yield. The paper describes the approach used, reports results and discusses the usefulness of the approach for the stakeholders and for disciplinary crop protection research.