Anesthesia and analgesia for small mammals and birds.

This article should help the veterinarian to assess pain in small mammals and birds. The focus is on a multimodal approach to anesthesia and analgesia using opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alpha(2)-agonists, dissociatives, and local anesthetics as injectables, constant rate infusions, local blocks, and epidurals. Drugs used for induction, intubation techniques, and inhalant anesthesia are discussed. Protocols for critical patients and doses of common analgesics are covered.     

The clinical and radiological diagnosis of gastric foreign bodies in ornamental birds

Sometimes curious foreign bodies placed in the proventriculus/ventriculus of companion birds are causes of single case diseases. Clinical signs include atypical symptoms such as distress, lameness, vomiting and diarrhea. In cases of heavy metal intoxication, e.g. lead poisoning, CNS-disorders are found. Radiographs taken in a ventro-dorsal and a latero-lateral view show the presence of foreign bodies in suspicion. In most cases of foreign bodies in birds a surgical intervention (Gastrotomy) is indicated.     

A technique for evaluating analgesia in conscious perching birds

OBJECTIVE: To develop a technique for objective assessment of modulation of nociperception in conscious perching birds. ANIMALS: 31 adult African grey parrots. PROCEDURE: Birds were randomly assigned to receive saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (n = 10), butorphanol tartrate (11), or buprenorphine hydrochloride (10), i.m. Birds were fitted with a surface electrode on the medial metatarsus of 1 leg. An electrical stimulus was delivered to the bird's foot through an aluminum surface on half of the perch. The alternate side of the perch delivered a noxious thermal stimulus. A withdrawal response to either stimulus was recorded when the bird lifted its foot or vigorously flinched its wings. RESULTS: Responses to thermal stimuli were extremely variable during baseline testing and after administration of drugs. Thus, significant differences were not detected after drug injection. In contrast, responses to an electrical stimulus were predictable with much less variation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This method and device allowed for the reliable determination of withdrawal threshold in perching birds. Use of this technique for objective assessment of modulation of nociperception in conscious perching birds will enable assessment of analgesic drugs.     

南京地区观赏草的种类、观赏价值及其造景配置

观赏草是一类日益受到重视的新型景观材料。在国外,观赏草越来越多地被用于园林景观设计和道路绿化中,然而目前我国对观赏草的认识和应用甚少。为了进一步探讨观赏草在我国的实际应用价值,通过对观赏草的种类和观赏价值作初步阐述,并提出观赏草在我国将具有广阔的发展前景,应大力开展观赏草的研究,加快其引种驯化、品种选育以及繁殖速度研究,以满足我国城市生态环境建设等多方面对观赏草的迫切需求。     

观赏草的观赏特性与养护技术研究进展

观赏革种类繁多,是一个相当大的族群。其特点是：分孽性强,单株多丛生,群体成片分布;茎秆姿态优美,叶片色泽丰富,花序多姿多彩,具有较高的观赏价值。观赏草大多对环境要求粗放,管护成本低,抗性强,繁殖力强,适应面广,符合当前建设节约型园林的要求。其独特的景观效果,不仅是公路、河流、山坡等处绿化美化的优良材料,而且可以广泛应用于各种园林景观的营造中。本文就观赏草的观赏特性,栽培养护及其应用等几个方面进行了综述。     

Anesthesia and analgesia of small mammals. Part 1: Preparation,premedication and general anesthesia

In today's society small rodents and rabbits are increasingly kept as pets. Anaesthesia is necessary for numerous reasons and proves to be a challenge for many veterinarians. Following surgical intervention analgesia is frequently neglected. This article reviews the preparation of small mammals for anaesthesia, the choice of anaesthetics and the possibilities of perioperative care including monitoring, complications, fluid therapy and analgesia.     

宁波地区多年生观赏草观赏价值和适应性评价

以植株长势、观赏性、花序美感、叶片颜色及成活率等作为观赏价值评价指标,以抗旱性、抗寒性、抗病虫、耐热、耐涝及土壤要求等生态适应性为评价指标,利用灰色关联分析,分别对宁波地区13种多年生观赏草品种的夏季、秋季和冬季的景观效果和适应性进行了综合评价。结果表明：蒲苇和矮蒲苇抗逆性较强,四季均能产生优良的景观效果。金线菖蒲和金...     

13种观赏草在南京地区夏秋两季观赏价值的灰色关联分析

观赏草作为一种新型的植物造景材料,日益成为城市园林绿化的重要组成部分,对其观赏性的综合评价也变得尤为重要。以成活率、生长状况、植株观赏价值、花序美感及叶片颜色为评价指标,采用灰色关联分析对13种多年生观赏草夏秋两季的观赏价值进行了综合评价。结果表明:狼尾草Pennisetum alopecu-roides、红叶白茅Imperata cylindrical cv.‘Red Baron’、花叶虉草Phalaris arundinacea var. picta、香茅Cymbopogon citratus、花叶蒲苇Cortaderia selloanacv.‘Silver Comet’、金叶苔草Carex oshimensiscv.‘Ver-gold’和欧根金线蒲Acorus gramineus cv.‘Ogon’7种观赏草观赏价值较高,且夏秋两季观赏价值变化不大;斑叶芒Miscanthus sinensis cv.‘Zebrinus’、蒲苇C.selloana、细叶芒M.sinensiscv.‘Gracillimus’、花叶芒M.sinensis cv.‘Variegatus’4种观赏草秋季花序盛开,观赏价值较夏季有较大幅度的提高;蓝羊茅Festucaovina var. glauca叶片银蓝色,叶形色泽美观,初夏观赏价值较高,但随着时间的推进出现枯黄现象导致其观赏价值明显降低;细茎针茅Stipa tenuissima夏秋两季的观赏性评价均较低,不适合用于夏秋两季南京地区的景观绿化。     

Nutrition of ornamental fish.

Because thousands of species comprise the aquarium hobby, ornamental fish nutrition is an art and a science that must be approached systematically and holistically. Examinations of species-specific anatomy and natural history are useful starting points. Food fish research provides fundamental nutritional information, but food fish are not ideal models for all ornamentals. This article briefly addresses freshwater and marine fish issues, including considerations for pond fish and live foods.     

Problems of keeping ornamental waterfowl

Ornamental waterfowl are now kept by very many people. Aspects of management, behaviour and disease conditions are explained and the diagnosis and treatment of some diseases are discussed.     

Husbandry and husbandry-related diseases of ornamental fish.

With the continued popularity of fish as pets, a market can be established for veterinarians with experience with aquatic animals. Fish owners often form a strong and significant emotional, as well as economic, bond with their aquariums or ponds. With proper husbandry, common mistakes made by fish owners can be treated, if not avoided. Diagnosis and treatment of a majority of common fish problems can be facilitated through an understanding of proper saltwater and freshwater fish husbandry.