The significance of pregnancy-induced ketonuria in sheep and goats

The last third of pregnancy in sheep and goats is characterized by a considerable reduction in the volume of the rumen. When the animal is carrying more than one fetus there is thus a latent ketosis caused by starvation. A discrete hypoglycemia is in close correlation to this. If other special factors like increasing age of the pregnant animal, chronic liver disease, unbalanced nutrition containing too little carbohydrates are also present, the latent starvation ketosis can give rise to an acute gestation ketosis. The clinical picture is described in detail and contrasted with the gestation hypocalcemia. Furthermore, the parameters relevant to laboratory diagnosis will be discussed.     

The significance of sheep and goats as carriers of zoonoses in this country]

The significance of sheep and goats in this country in connection with the zoonoses rabies, tick-borne encephalitis, contagious ecthyma, Q-fever, chlamydiosis, brucellosis, campylobacteriosis, echinococcosis and toxoplasmosis is discussed.     

The determination of blood parameters by Reflotron

In this paper, the practicability of a quick diagnostic laboratory test to perform blood analysis in healthy pigeons was tested. The Reflotron manufactured by Boehringer Mannheim, works on a dry chemical basis, consists of a reflectance photometer and the accompanying test strips, is easy to use, and yields the result of the desired parameter in a maximum of three minutes. As test material plasma and serum were used. At the time the equipment was tested, test strips for glucose, cholesterol, hemoglobin, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, GOT, GPT and G-GT were available on the market. The usual laboratory "wet chemical" analysis procedures were used to compare the results. The obtained measurements were analyzed using describing and concluding statistics. The influence of gender, feed and time of day on the nine parameters was also considered.     

Dietary copper requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch) based on growth,feed conversion,blood parameters and whole body copper concentration

A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the dietary copper requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus. Six casein?gelatin‐based test diets (450 g kg^?1 crude protein; 18.81 kJ g^?1 gross energy) with graded levels of copper as copper sulphate (3.7, 4.7, 5.7, 6.7, 7.7 and 8.7 mg copper equivalent kg^?1 diet) were formulated and fed to triplicate groups of fish (7.25 ± 0.81 cm; 5.21 ± 0.27 g) near to satiation. Fish fed diet with 6.7 mg kg^?1 copper had highest absolute weight gain (AWG; 51.63 g fish^?1), protein efficiency ratio (PER; 1.42 g fish^?1), protein gain (PG; 8.34 g fish^?1), haemoglobin (Hb; 9.68 g dL^?1), haematocrit (Hct; 31.18%) and RBCs (3.24 × 10⁶ × mm^?3). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found to be best (1.57) at above level of dietary copper. Whole body copper concentration was found to increase with the increasing levels of dietary copper. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances concentration was found to decrease with increasing dietary concentrations of copper up to 6.7 mg kg^?1 beyond which a reverse trend in this parameter was noted. Broken‐line regression analysis of AWG, FCR and PG concentrations against varying levels of dietary copper yielded the requirement in the range of 6.66–6.78 mg kg^?1. Data generated during this study would be useful in formulating copper‐balanced commercial feeds for the intensive culture of this fish.     

The diagnostic significance of the protein-creatinine ratio in urine for the differentiation of feline nephropathies

The normal U-P/C-range in cats was established with urine samples of 19 cats. The upper limiting value was fixed at 0.33 (mean +/- 2s). U-P/C is a reliable parameter for diagnosing proteinuria in the uremic cat. However, only very high U-P/C-values allow a conclusion on the type of nephropathy, whereas with moderately increased U-P/C values, do not allow any distinction between feline nephropathies.     

白缘(鱼央)的血液指标测定与血细胞特点

应用常规血液指标测定方法和血细胞涂片法,测定野生白缘鱼央血液指标并分析血细胞形态。结果表明:野生白缘鱼央RBC=1.18×1012/L、WBC=70.2×109/L、PLT=41.5×109/L、MCH=56.5 pg、MCHC=395.3 g/L、HGB=66.3 g/L。白缘鱼央血细胞在细胞形态上更加趋于圆球形,而且细胞和细胞核均相对其它鱼央属鱼大,红细胞分裂相较多、不规则核较多。红细胞可见5种形态(即普通红细胞、原红细胞、幼红细胞、分裂中的红细胞和有丝分裂的红细胞),白细胞可见6种形态(即单核细胞、淋巴细胞、中性分叶核粒细胞、中性杆状核粒细胞、嗜酸分叶核粒细胞和嗜酸杆状核粒细胞),而血小板只有1种形态。     

Study of bioaccumulation of copper in liver and muscle of common carp Cyprinus carpio after copper sulfate bath

Common carp were exposed to two routine therapeutic concentrations of copper sulfate (10 mg/l in 1 h and 1 mg/l in 24 h). At different times after the copper sulfate bath (1, 2, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days), the copper concentrations in liver and muscle of carp was determined by means of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the concentration of copper is significantly higher in liver than in muscle in all groups (p < 0.01). Concentrations of copper in liver and muscle in long-term bath groups were also significantly higher than short-term bath (p < 0.05). The concentration of copper in the livers of the control group was 174.2 ± 5.2 mg/kg. This value was significantly lower than the experimental groups even at 30 days after long-term baths (p < 0.01) but was not significantly higher than short-term bath (p > 0.05). The concentration of copper in the muscle of the control group was 22 ± 3.2 mg/kg, this value was significantly lower than for the short-term and long-term groups (p < 0.01). In livers, copper concentrations in short and long-term bath increased to an average of 281.6 ± 17.1 and 397.8 ± 31.2 mg/kg, respectively, by day 1 of treatment and then significantly declined to 189.8 ± 9.6 and 203.5 ± 8.9 mg/kg by 30 days post-treatment (p < 0.05). In muscles, copper concentrations in short-term bath increased from 39.1 ± 4.7 in first day of treatment to 50.8 ± 6.5 mg/kg in 30th day, but not significantly (p > 0.05), while in long-term bath it decreased significantly from 127 ± 13.6 to 43.2 ± 2.7 mg/kg (p < 0.05). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

乌鳢血液指标的研究

对乌鳢的红、白细胞数、血红蛋白等血液指标进行了研究。结果如下:乌鳢的红细胞数为(369.83±51.03)万个/mm3;白细胞数为(5.88±1.27)万个/mm3;血红蛋白为(9.54±0.61)g/100ml;白细胞分类计数中淋巴细胞占(58.23±5.67)%;嗜中性细胞占(28.10±4.36)%;单核细胞占(9.10±4.02)%;嗜碱性细胞和嗜酸性细胞观测到的数目很少;血沉为(1.50±0.12)mm/h;红细胞膜最大抵抗值为(0.38±0.02)%;红细胞大小为(10.02±0.52)μm×(7.01±0.24)μm(长径×短径);红细胞核为(4.22±0.27)μm×(1.96±0.18)μm(长径×短径)。     

3种抗凝剂对大菱鲆血液抗凝效果、血细胞形态和血液生理生化指标的影响

鱼类血液极易凝结,经抗凝剂处理后的血液可充分满足各项生理指标检测,为衡量鱼体各项生理机能提供重要参考,同时,鱼类种属多样,在抗凝剂的选择和使用上存在一定差异。基于此,本研究以欧亚养殖良种大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)为研究对象,选用乙二胺四乙酸二钾、肝素钠和柠檬酸钠3种抗凝剂,通过对大菱鲆正常状态和急性低氧胁迫条件下[溶解氧浓度为(1.2±0.3) mg/L]抗凝效果评价、血细胞形态观察和血液生理生化指标分析,筛选急性低氧胁迫条件下最佳血液抗凝剂。结果显示,正常溶解氧状态下,乙二胺四乙酸二钾抗凝效果显著,急性低氧胁迫下静置6 h和12 h后,抗凝效果显著抗凝剂分别为乙二胺四乙酸二钾和肝素钠。正常溶解氧状态肝素钠抗凝剂下血细胞出现双核现象,柠檬酸钠和乙二胺四乙酸二钾抗凝剂下分别出现嗜酸性、嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞,急性低氧胁迫导致乙二胺四乙酸二钾、肝素钠、柠檬酸钠抗凝剂均观察到双核血细胞,其中,肝素钠和柠檬酸钠抗凝剂还分别出现微核和无核血细胞。急性低氧胁迫处理后,3种抗凝剂作用下血液白细胞数目均显著增高(P<0.05),乙二胺四乙酸二钾和肝素钠抗凝作用下,红细胞数目和血红蛋白含量显著升高(P<0.05),而柠檬酸钠抗凝剂作用下,红细胞数目和血红蛋白含量显著降低(P<0.05)。3种抗凝剂作用下血浆葡萄糖和皮质醇浓度显著增高(P<0.05),但肝素钠抗凝剂作用下,葡萄糖和皮质醇浓度显著低于柠檬酸钠和乙二胺四乙酸二钾(P<0.05)。综上所述,乙二胺四乙酸二钾可作为急性低氧胁迫条件下大菱鲆血液学分析的首选抗凝剂。     

鲤慢性喹乙醇中毒的病理学和组织残留

试验以含10、25、50、100、150和200mg·kg-1喹乙醇的饲料对鲤进行了慢性毒性试验。经90d的试验,各组的发病率分别为17.5%、27.5%、35.0%、42.5%、47.5%和55.0%,死亡率分别为5.0%、10.0%、12.5%、17.5%、20%和30.0%。中毒鱼表现为特征性的"应激性出血综合征",且Hb含量和RBC数量降低,血清AST、ALT活性升高。病理组织学表现为鳃小片水肿,上皮细胞增生、变性、坏死和脱落。心肌纤维、肾小管上皮细胞和肾上腺细胞空泡变性;肝细胞脂肪变性或水泡变性及溶解坏死;肠道发生卡他性肠炎;超微结构上,心肌纤维、肝细胞和肾小管上皮细胞的线粒体肿胀、嵴断裂、溶解,粗面内质网扩张,核糖体脱颗粒;肝细胞内脂滴明显增多;肠上皮微绒毛脱落、崩解和肠上皮细胞大量坏死脱落。中毒鱼肝、肾和肌肉组织内喹乙醇含量与对照组之间有显著性差异。     

Impact of diets with different proportions of linseed and sunflower oils on the growth, liver histology, immunological and chemical blood parameters, and proximate composition of pikeperch Sander lucioperca (L.)

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of applying different proportions of linseed (LO) and sunflower (SFO) oils in pikeperch diets on growth, histological changes in the liver, immunological and blood chemical parameters. The fish were fed isoenergetic and isoprotein feeds containing SFO (group 100SFO) or LO (group 100LO) in quantities of 67 g kg/feed, and a mixture of oils: 47 g SFO and 20 g LO kg/feed (group 70SFO/30LO) and 20 g SFO and 47 g LO kg/feed (group 30SFO/70LO). Dietary ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids from the n-3 and n-6 series (n3/n6 index) were 0.36–2.15. Pikeperch were reared for 56 days in three replicates for each dietary treatment. Various dietary oils and ratios of n3/n6 did not impact fish growth, feed conversion ratio, viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic index, and size of the hepatocytes. Feeding the fish high quantities of LO and SO oils (groups 100LO and 100SFO) reduced the immunological response of the phagocytes and lymphocytes in the fish. Moreover, this resulted in significant differences among groups in the quantity of linolenic and linoleic acid in whole fish bodies, viscera, fillets, and livers. Various quantities of vegetable oils in the fish diets did not impact the quantity of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in the fillets and livers. The immunological index and low quantities of linoleic acid in the fillets obtained in group 30SFO/70LO indicate that the n3/n6 dietary ratio of 1.35 was the most advantageous for feeding juvenile pikeperch feeds with vegetable oils.     

饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平对中华鳖生长性能、肌肉质构指标及肝脏相关基因表达的影响

为研究饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平对中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)的生长性能、肌肉质构指标及肝脏相关基因表达的影响,实验采用双因素3×2因子试验设计,制成蛋白质水平分别为40%、45%和50%,脂肪水平分别为6%和9%的6组试验饲料,饲喂均重为(293.11±7.84)g的中华鳖,8周后测定相关指标。结果显示:饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平对中华鳖存活率无显著影响,但对增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数和肝体比均有显著影响。随着饲料蛋白质水平的升高,增重率和特定生长率均显著升高,45%和50%蛋白组增重率和特定生长率显著高于40%组,45%组饲料系数显著低于40%组,50%组的肝体比显著高于40%组。饲料脂肪含量对中华鳖生长性能无显著影响,9%脂肪组的肝体比显著高于6%组。饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平对肌肉水分和粗灰分含量无显著影响,肌肉蛋白质含量随着饲料蛋白质水平的增加先显著升高,然后在45%时达到稳定水平。肌肉脂肪含量随着饲料脂肪水平增加显著升高。饲料蛋白质和脂肪水平对中华鳖四肢肌肉的回复性、弹性和凝聚性无显著影响,硬度、黏性和咀嚼性随着饲料蛋白质水平升高而显著升高,随着脂肪水平升高而显著下降。肝脏igf-I基因mRNA表达水平随着饲料蛋白质水平的升高而显著升高,9%脂肪组的肝脏igf-I和lpl基因mRNA表达水平显著高于6%组。综合中华鳖生长性能及营养品质的试验结果,温室养殖条件下,中华鳖饲料适宜的蛋白质和脂肪水平分别为45%和6%。     

Changes in several blood and urine parameters during combined hyperfluid therapy for the treatment of chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB) in the horse

During the combination of oral and intravenous application of saline solution for treatment of the COPD of horses the level of hydraemia basing on the total protein concentration in the serum, the urine production and the specific weight of urine was determined. Additionally the development of serum concentration and of renal excretion rates of potassium, calcium and magnesium were ascertained. The level of hydraemia resulting from the combined method is almost identical with the solely intravenous performed hyperinfusion therapy. Due to the excessive application of fluid an extremely high level of urine production is reached which causes a reduced specific weight as well as an increased renal excretion of potassium, calcium and magnesium. The result is a real loss of electrolytes which is - apart from hydraemia - the reason for the lower level of the corresponding serum concentrations. This seems to be important, especially for potassium and magnesium, because the organism is unable to compensate the loss of these electrolytes in the same way as the loss of calcium. In connection with the renal loss of electrolytes during the high level of urine production glucosuria is observed.     

The significance of myxosporean infections in roach, Rutilus rutilus L., in different habitats

Abstract. Two Myxobolus species, M. pseudodispar and M. ellipsoides , and two Myxidium species, M. rhodei and M. pfeifferi , were found in roach, Rutilus rutilus L., from three different locations in northern Greece, northern England and Scotland. Their prevalence, distribution in the host and pathology were studied. In the ease of M. rhodei , the pathological changes were quantitatively evaluated by computer-based image analysis, and the results expressed in terms of area and volume of organs affected. The pathology of M. pfeifferi was associated with trophozoites in the bile duets and the infection ranged from mild to severe. In the severe eases, degeneration of duetal mucosa sometimes progressed to focal hepatitis. Myxidium rhodei was found in the kidneys as large cysts containing mature and immature spores (Type A cysts), and less often, in the form of small concentric cysts (Type B) which contained no obvious spores but which were characterized by a marked host response giving the appearance of focal granulomas. Type A cysts were also found in liver and spleen, and Type B cysts in the heart. Trophozoites of M. rhodei were observed in only a few eases and occurred in enlarged renal corpuscles in which the capillary tuft was atrophied and compressed. The pathology of M. rhodei was significant due to the enlargement of glomeruli from four to seven times their normal size and with an estimated increase in volume of 54 to 78 times. In addition to the functional damage to the glomeruli, there was also damage of the surrounding interstitial tissue and tubules as a result of the pressure from these enlarged glomeruli. The two myxobolid species were considered to be mainly specific to the kidney with no serious pathology in this organ, but caused significant pathology in the muscles ( M. pseudodispar ) and gills ( M. ellipsoides ).     

三种扇贝种间血液生理指标比较及热胁迫对栉孔扇贝血液生理指标的影响

为了比较3种扇贝血液中的K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Cl^-浓度,血氧(pO₂)和血二氧化碳(pCO₂)气体分压及血液酸碱度(pH)的差异情况,实验利用血气分析仪对栉孔扇贝、虾夷扇贝和海湾扇贝的血液生理指标进行测定。结果显示,扇贝的血液生理指标呈现显著的物种差异,其中栉孔扇贝血液的K+浓度[(15.74±1.47) mmol/L]、Na+浓度[(388.07±11.38)mmol/L]、Cl-浓度[(462.43±6.88) mmol/L]和p O2[(140.13±15.35) mmHg]最高。此外,栉孔扇贝和虾夷扇贝的Ca²⁺浓度和pCO₂含量较高,而海湾扇贝的pH最高。对相同月龄不同大小栉孔扇贝血液指标进行比较,发现栉孔扇贝的血液pH值与其壳高呈正相关(r=0.611),而生理指标与壳高呈负相关。随着温度的升高,栉孔扇贝血液的Ca²⁺浓度显著增加,而pO₂显著下降,K<...     

能量蛋白对种公猪血液生化指标的影响

选用大约克公猪18头,分为6个处理,每个处理3个重复,日粮消化能设12.96MJ/kg和13.79MJ/kg二个水平,日粮粗蛋白设13.0%、15.0%和17.0%3个水平,采用2×3因子设计,考察不同日粮能量和粗蛋白质水平对种公猪血液生化指标的影响。结果表明,日粮能量、粗蛋白水平对血液中T3影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。日粮的蛋白水平提高血液中的TP也有提高的趋势但差异不显著(P>0.05)。在日粮的蛋白水平和能量水平互作影响下血液中的BUN差异显著(P<0.05),GLU的影响极显著(P<0.01)。     

Pectic hydrolysates in the diet of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen): Growth performance,blood and liver biochemistry,histological parameters and intestinal contents

The aim of this study was to investigate the prebiotic potential of pectin hydrolysates that were extracted from agroindustrial waste (apple pomace—AP and passion fruit peel—PFP) and were added to the diet of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). A 49‐day biological assay was conducted, and five test diets were evaluated: one diet was a control diet and the other four diets included pectin hydrolysates (2.5 and 5 g/kg). At 49 experimental days, biometric data and biological material were collected to determine the performance, plasma and liver and histological parameters and to evaluate the intestinal contents. The results were analysed by the normality test, which was followed by an analysis of the variance; the treatment means were compared by an orthogonal contrast analysis at a 5% level of significance. The inclusion of 2.5 g/kg apple pomace hydrolysates resulted in a greater production of butyric acid, increased thickness of the muscular layer and higher goblet cell count in the intestine. The inclusion of 5 g/kg apple pomace hydrolysates led to a greater concentration of liver protein. Further studies are needed to increase the knowledge about the use of these additives in the diet of silver catfish and to establish levels that allow greater gains for the species.     

铜对刀鲚幼鱼的急性毒性及对肝抗氧化酶活性与组织结构的影响

采用静水生物测试法研究铜(Cu²⁺)对刀鲚(Coilia nasus)幼鱼的急性毒性并进行安全性评价。根据预实验结果, 设定0.3、0.54、0.96、1.68 和3 mg/L 5个CuSO₄浓度梯度进行急性暴露实验, 以肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性为指标, 并通过观察肝、鳃组织病理变化来研究Cu²⁺污染对刀鲚幼鱼的毒性效应。结果表明, 刀鲚幼鱼随Cu^{2 +} 浓度升高毒性效应逐渐增强, 24、48、72和96 h LC₅₀分别为1.087、1.062、1.042和0.967 mg/L, 安全质量浓度为0.009 67 mg/L。刀鲚幼鱼暴露24 h之后, 各Cu²⁺浓度处理组(0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg/L) CAT活性、SOD活性显著提高(P<0.05); 暴露48 h后, 各组CAT活性下降, CAT活性均低于对照组, 下降幅度与Cu^{2 +}质量浓度呈正相关, SOD活性提高显著(P<0.05); 暴露72 h后, SOD活性有所下降, SOD活性均低于对照组(P<0.05)。1.68 mg/L和3 mg/L的Cu²⁺浓度对刀鲚幼鱼的鳃和肝都造成严重的损伤, 暴露在高浓度组(3 mg/L)中的刀鲚, 其鳃上皮细胞肿大变性, 鳃小片几乎全部脱落; 肝呈黄色, 超微结构发现肝细胞明显增大, 线粒体空泡化, 胞质中出现空泡和大量脂滴, 表明Cu²⁺可诱发刀鲚出现脂肪肝综合征。SOD、CAT活性变化以及鳃、肝结构变化都反映刀鲚幼鱼受伤害的程度, 可用作安全性风险评价的参考依据。     

不同温度下哲罗鲑幼鱼生长性状的遗传参数估计

采用每4个雄性亲本与1个雌性亲本交配的巢式设计方法,建立哲罗鲑(Hucho taimen)9组母系半同胞、34个父系全同胞家系.19个家系置于(13±1.5)℃(高温),15个家系置于(9±1.5)℃(低温)条件下饲养,计算幼鱼各月龄的体质量和体长性状的遗传力和遗传相关.结果表明,哲罗鲑幼鱼在低温条件下体质量遗传力为0.413～0.675,体长遗传力为0.297～0.777;高温条件下体质量遗传力为0.396～0.558,体长遗传力为0.194～0.624,均属于中高遗传力.在2个温度条件下母本间遗传方差组分均大于父本间遗传方差组分,存在较大的母本效应或显性效应,而根据父本间遗传方差组分估计的遗传力较为无偏.低温条件下体长、体质量遗传力估计值高于高温条件下的估计值,表明基因和环境互作效应较为明显,在低温条件下对体长和体质量进行选择能达到更好的效果.体长和体质量在不同生长时期、不同温度条件下都具有显著的遗传正相关和表型正相关(P＜0.05),表型相关系数为0.815～0.939,遗传相关系数为0.794～0.939,表明通过体质量或体长进行选育均能达到改良生长性状的目的.     

农区不同品种肉羊杂交组合模式效益分析

选择波尔山羊、南江黄羊、本地羊进行杂交组合,分析不同组合模式的产羔数、初生重、双月龄断奶重、六月龄出栏重等生产指标,筛选农区适度规模舍饲肉羊的最优杂交组合。结果表明:不同品种肉羊杂交生产性能明显提高;不同杂交组合模式效益依次为本♀×波♂×波♂>本♀×南♂×波♂>本♀×波♂。