Callus Formation and Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts Derived from Suspension Culture of Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. 'Taipei 177')

Protoplasts were isolated from young inflorescence-derived suspension cultures of a japonica rice cultivar ‘Taipei 177’. The isolated protoplasts which were cultured either in liquid, agar on Sea plaque agarose underwent sustained division. Maximum plating efficiency of 1.06% occurred in a medium containing macroelements of KM, microelements and vitamins of B5, 0.5 % Sea plaque agarose, 1.0 mg/l of 2,4-D, and glucose as an osmotic stabilizer. Green and albino plants were regenerated from the protocalli in MS semisolid medium containing 4 mg/l BAP, 0.5 mg/l NAA and 500 mg/l casein hydrolysate (MS_18–2).     

Anther culture response of wild Oryza species

Thirteen different wild species of the genus Oryza were investigated for their response to anther culture and plant regeneration. Callus induction from microspores of anthers was found to be strongly dependent on the species. Although large numbers of anthers from wild Oryza species, including O. barthii, O. latifolia, O. australiensis, O. minuta, O. nivara, O. paraguagensis and O. eichingeri, were cultured, no calli could be obtained. However, calli were produced from anthers of O. punctata, O. perennis, O. alta, O. ridleyi and O. rufipogon, although the frequency of callus induction was different. Similar species-dependence was observed in plant regeneration from microspore-derived calli. In total, 62 plants were derived from anther culture, including 47 albino and 15 green plants (of which 26.7% were haploids) from O. perennis; for the first time, six albino plants were obtained from O. ridleyi. Phytohormone combinations in the callus induction medium were found to influence callus induction and different wild Oryza species exhibited their own preferred phytohormone combinations for anther culture. In general, NK medium containing suitable concentrations of auxin and cytokinin may be successfully applied for anther culture of selected wild Oryza species.     

基因型对陆地棉花药离体培养反应的影响

对２７种棉花基因型的花药在离体培养中的反应进行了比较,结果表明：所有的基因型在合适的培养条件下均能高频率地形成愈伤组织,但不同基因型间愈伤组织诱导率和诱导量不同;再生植株的花药比原始亲本的花药易诱导出愈伤组织;品种间杂种表现出部分优势,但不明显。本试验中,仅鲁棉６号和Ｓｉｏｋｒａ１－３两个品种诱导获得了胚性愈伤组织、胚状体和再生植株,且二者之间也存在着差别。从基因型在棉花花药培养中的效应、外界调控对棉花不同基因型花药培养效果的影响、棉花花药培养与体细胞培养基因型差异的比较等三个方面进行了讨论,提出了棉花花药培养愈伤组织诱导和植株再生是受两套遗传基因控制的遗传性状,并提出了棉花组织培养植株再生的阈值问题     

Distorted Segregation for Mildew Resistance in Doubled Haploid Lines of Spring Barley

The mildew reactions of the second generation of doubled haploid (DH) plants, derived from anther culture of crosses among three spring barley lines carrying different Mla mildew resistance alleles and the cv. ‘Pallas’, were analyzed by using a set of three European and one Israeli mildew isolate. The results indicated, (1) a significant level of distortion segregation in favour of resistant DH genotypes, which was possibly due to linkage of mildew resistance genes on chromosome 5 with genes for plant regeneration and (2) various degrees of dominance for the different resistance genes studied as well as the possible action of modifier genes.     

Investigations on the Anther Culturability of Four German Spring Wheat Cultivars and the Influence of Light on Regeneration of Green vs. Albino Plants

Homozygous doubled-haploid plantlets derived from anther culture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) are useful breeding materials. However, efficiency of an-drogenesis needs improvement. We used media (basic components, are the same as 85DI2) each containing one of the seven auxins [2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5–T), P-chloraphenoxyacetic acid (pCPA), 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), indole-3-butrytic acid (IBA), indole-3-acctic acid (IAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as a control] in combination with 6-furturyl-aminopurine (kinetin). In addition, each of the four cytokinins [6-benzylaminopurine (6-HA), 2-isopenlylnyl adenine (2-ip), 6-(4-hydroxy-3-meihylbut-2-enylamino) purinc (zeatin), and kinetin as a control] was tested in combination with 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Anthers containing microsporcs at miduninucleatc stage from live wheat cultivars (Angus, Centurk, Chris, K.itt, and Pavon 76) and two octoploid trilicale lines (T81, T82) were tested mainly for callus induction and polyhaploid production on each of the 11 media. The cultivar × medium interaction was not significant, When averaged over all growth regulators, Pavon was (he best cultivar which produced 14.4 % calli and 23 % polyhaploid plantlets. Averaged over all cultivars, the medium containing 2, 4-U produced the highest calli (13.9 %). Undifferentiated calli were regenerated on 87T1 medium, which contained IAA (1 mg/1) and kinetin (2 mg/1).     

水稻温敏型叶片白化转绿突变体tsa2的表型鉴定与基因定位

水稻温敏型叶色突变体是研究植物光合作用、叶绿体结构和功能以及温度影响叶绿体发育的理想材料。利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变籼型水稻(OryzasativaL.)三系保持系西农1B,从其后代中筛选到一个突变性状稳定遗传的温敏型叶片白化转绿突变体tsa2 (temperature-sensitive green-revertible albino 2)。与野生型相比, tsa2突变表型受温度影响, 22°C条件下萌发的野生型幼苗表型正常,而tsa2幼苗完全白化,且约40%白化苗死亡,存活白化苗的光合色素含量、光合速率均显著降低,成熟期主要农艺性状均显著变劣;在28°C下萌发的tsa2幼苗叶片呈浅绿色并伴有白条纹,其光合色素含量显著降低,光合速率及主要农艺性状差异较小; 32°C下萌发的tsa2幼苗叶片无明显差异。透射电镜观察显示,与野生型相比,tsa2在22°C下叶肉细胞中无叶绿体或存在异常发育叶绿体(尚未分化出基粒和基层),在28°C下部分叶肉细胞含少量发育完整的叶绿体,在32°C下叶肉细胞数量及形态均正常。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析表明,与野生型相比,tsa2突变体中部分光合色素代谢途径基因、叶绿体发育相关基因及光合作用相关基因的表达水平呈不同程度变化。遗传分析表明, tsa2突变表型受一对隐性核基因控制, TSA2被定位于第5染色体SSR标记S5-57和S5-119之间,物理距离为718 kb。本研究为水稻遗传改良及研究温度影响叶绿体发育机制奠定了基础。     

水稻愈伤组织继代培养中游离氨基酸库的变化与再分化的相关

以4个水稻品种的成熟胚诱导的愈伤组织为材料,研究了继代培养中胚性与非胚性愈伤组织的游离氨基酸库的变化和愈伤组织再分化的关系,结果表明,天冬酰胺含量随愈伤组织继代培养时间的延长而成倍增加,而酷氨酸、鸟氨酸和氨含量则显著减少,品种之间表现一致,与愈伤组织分化率的相关系数达显著或极显著水平,胚性愈伤组织经     

加工型辣椒花药培养技术研究

为了满足重庆辣椒高效育种与良种创新的需要,以2个加工型辣椒材料578和186及一个甜椒品种‘海丰28’为试材进行花药培养研究。研究了预处理与预培养的时间与温度,并通过正交试验设计,探讨了基本培养基、植物生长调节物质、活性炭、硝酸银、碳源等主要因子对辣椒花药培养的影响。结果表明,高温预培养35℃7天时辣椒578、186、甜椒‘海丰28’的植株诱导率分别为4.86%、2.50%、0.56%,是对3种材料都适合的预培养条件。通过正交试验分析得到对2个基因型特异的优化培养基配方,并且通过比较得到一个对2个基因型都较适合的培养基配方。对花药培养再生的植株进行倍性鉴定,证明3个基因型均得到了具有12条染色体的单倍体植株。以饱和对二氯苯与0.2%秋水仙素浸泡生长点24 h进行加倍,成功获得了双单倍体植株。     

一个新的水稻黄绿叶突变体的遗传分析与基因定位

通过化学诱变获得一份稳定遗传的水稻黄绿叶突变体D83。该突变体苗期植株呈黄绿色,分蘖期开始逐渐转为淡绿色。与野生型相比,突变体苗期叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量分别下降45.03%、53.93%和39.56%,成熟期每穗着粒数减少9.45%,千粒重下降10.76%。对D83与正常绿色品种杂交F₁、F₂代的遗传分析表明,D83的突变性状由一对隐性核基因控制。以D83/浙福802 F₂代作定位群体,应用分子标记将D83所携带的突变基因定位于水稻第2染色体短臂的SSR标记RM110附近,InDel标记Ch2-27和Ch2-32之间,该基因与这2个InDel标记的遗传距离分别为1.2 cM和2.3 cM。认为D83所携带的突变基因是一个新的水稻黄绿叶突变基因,暂命名为chl13(t)。     

水稻叶脉黄化突变体yml的遗传分析及基因定位

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是重要的粮食作物之一, 其产量一直备受关注。水稻叶片是光合作用的重要场所, 叶脉是叶片中具有支撑和运输功能的组织。同时, 叶脉中存在的光合色素也能提供一定的光合作用。本研究采用重离子束诱变籼稻9311获得的叶脉黄化突变体yml进行遗传分析及基因定位研究。该突变体在抽穗期开花后5 d左右, 开始出现叶脉黄化表型, 并于抽穗后期黄化性状明显, 并持续至成熟期。在分蘖期, 突变体与野生型相比, 光合色素含量无显著差异。但在抽穗后期, 突变体叶片及叶脉中光合色素含量显著降低, 导致光合效率明显降低, 净光合速率仅为野生型的50.37%。成熟期突变体的株高、穗长、有效穗数、每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重均显著低于野生型。通过遗传分析, 确定该突变性状由一对隐性基因控制。利用图位克隆技术, 将该基因定位于6号染色体。进一步通过简单重复序列(SSR)及插入缺失(InDel)标记, 将该基因位置缩小至InDel5与RM3431之间, 物理距离约为700 kb。本研究为后续突变体基因的克隆和功能分析提供了研究基础。     

DNA shuffling技术改造Bt基因的水稻转化研究

本试验挑选了以cry1Ab、cry1Ac、cry9C、cry1C和cry2A等5个基因经DNA family-shuffling改造后的不同组的14个杀虫活性有显著提高的重组胁基因,通过农杆菌介导法转入水稻品种中花11中。各基因均获得80棵以上独立转化植株,通过对转化植株的PCR阳性检测,获得了约75％的阳性单株。Southern结果显示转化植株的拷贝数分别是1～12不等,单拷贝率为12％;Northern分析其表达量,结果显示除了很少发生基因沉默外其余单株均表达了胁基因,但是植株间表达量差异较大：随机挑选阳性植株喂食一龄的二化螟进行生测实验,与原始基因相比,14个重组反基因均表现出了较高的毒性。     

水稻类病斑突变体spl31的遗传分析与基因定位

利用EMS诱变水稻籼型恢复系缙恢10号, 从其后代中鉴定出一个类病斑突变体spl31, 该突变体三叶期以前表型正常, 四叶期后叶片陆续出现黄色斑点, 随着植株的生长, 面积逐渐扩大成边缘黄褐色的病斑, 至成熟时病斑相互连接成片, 导致叶片坏死。透射电镜结果显示突变体细胞的叶绿体基粒片层堆叠不规则。组织化学分析显示突变体细胞被染成深蓝色, 呈离散状分布, 说明spl31病斑是自发形成的。光合数据显示spl31基因突变对病斑叶片正常部位细胞的光系统II影响较小。农艺性状分析发现突变体千粒重下降、结实率降低。遗传分析表明, spl31的突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制, 该基因被定位于水稻第12染色体着丝粒附近, 引物ID104和ID11之间, 物理距离为383 kb, 并与标记ID105共分离。     

Enhanced anther culture efficiency of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) through modification of the culture media

The production of microspore-derived green plants from anther culture of indica rice is generally very low compared with japonica cultivars. A modified anther culture medium, consisting of a higher KNO₃ content (31 mm ) and casein hydrolysate (CH, 500 mg/1) but without ammonium salts, was tested in comparison with a medium consisting of the widely-used N6 medium nitrogen background, using four indica × indica F₁ hybrids as test materials. Green plant regeneration frequency was at least three-fold higher in the microspore-calli derived from the former medium than in those derived from the modified N6 medium. More than 700 microspore-derived plants were raised in the field. Another study was carried out using indica × japonica and indica × javanica F₁ hybrids. The results indicated that a medium with higher (3.5 mm ) ammonium sulphate may induce a higher frequency of anthers with microspore-calli but not necessarily lead to a larger number of green-plant regenerating calli. Subsequently, using the indica cv. ‘IR-43’ as the test material, use of a lower level (1.75 mm ) of (NH₄)₂SO₄, in addition to KNO₃ (31 mm ), was found to be better than CH (500 mg/l) for anther-response as well as green plant regenerability of the derived microspore-calli. Nitrate-nitrogen or ammonium-nitrogen alone elicited poor response. Twenty-five media involving combinations of KNO₃ (20–34 mm ) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (1–3 mm ) were tested for their effects on anther response. Combinations involving KNO₃ (31–34 mM) and (NH₄)₂SO₄ (2.0–2.5 mm ) were found superior not only for achieving greater anther response but also, for subsequent green-plant regeneration. This contrasts with the 28 mm of KNO₃ and 3.5 mm of (NH₄)₂SO₄ in the widely-used N6 medium developed for japonica rice. Other than potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, and potassium phosphate to some extent, the levels of other inorganic salts tested did not make any significant difference to the process of anther response. Based on these results, modified media with three levels of ammonium sulphate were tested for anther culture efficiency of indica × japonica and indica × javanica derivatives (F₃s). Microspore-calli derived from a medium of a lower (1.75 mm ) level of (NH₄)₂SO₄ showed a higher regeneration potential overall than those derived from a higher (3.5 mm ) level. A revised medium has been suggested, on the basis of these results, for the realization of improved anther culture efficiency and, consequently, improved feasibility of using doubled haploids in genetic and breeding research with indica rice.     

Genetic control of seedling tolerance to aluminum toxicity in rice

An uncomplete diallel analysis was conducted for 56 F1 progenies derived from 8 male × 7 female parents with differential Al tolerance based on root tolerance index (RTI) in a solution culture with Al concentration of 1 mM Al. Remarkable variation in RTI among the parents was observed after 6 weeks in culture. Significant (P < 0.001) general combine ability (GCA) variance for both male and female parents and specific combine ability (SCA) variance were observed. The variance of GCA was much higher than that of SCA, indicating greater additive expression of the tolerant trait. Higher narrow-sense heritability (48%) was detected, indicating the possibility of a genetic gain in selection for Al tolerance based on RTI. The tolerant performance of F1 progenies appeared to be influenced by the susceptible genotype. suggesting the inconsistent dominance effect. The possible mechanisms of the apparent inconsistent dominance was discussed in terms of the genetic background in wheat. Two restore lines, Pedel and 02428, and one sterile variety, XieqinzaoA, were found to be high in the GCA effect and SCA variance in this case. These genotypes may be useful in development of hybrid rice production on acid soils. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

浙江省主栽水稻品种种子活力鉴定与评价

以浙江省主栽的常规籼稻、常规粳稻、籼粳杂交稻各3个品种种子为材料,比较了标准发芽试验、耐旱性测定、耐涝性测定以及模拟大田试验4种活力测定方法,并将试验结果进行了聚类分析和相关性分析。结果表明,不同水稻品种种子活力差异显著,籼粳杂交稻品种种子活力较好,为高活力种子类型,其中,甬优1540的活力最佳;常规稻品种种子活力均较弱,可为中、低活力类型,其中中早39的活力最低。相关性分析结果发现,淹水发芽指数与所有指标均呈显著相关关系,因此,本研究认为淹水发芽指数是评价水稻种子活力的最有效指标。     

不同品种橡胶树花药愈伤组织诱导、分化及植株再生的比较

为优化橡胶树花药体细胞胚诱导及植株再生体系,为橡胶树分子育种提供技术支撑,以橡胶树品种‘云研73-477’、‘云研73-46’、‘热研8-79’、‘云研77-4’、‘RRII105’、‘热垦525’的花药为材料,比较不同品种在相同培养条件下愈伤组织诱导、体胚发生能力及植株再生频率。结果表明,6个品种的花药均能脱分化形成愈伤组织,但不同品种间存在显著差异,诱导率最高的是‘RRII105’和‘热垦525’,分别为93.33%、90.33%,最低的是‘云研77-4’,为31.33%;体胚发生能力在不同品种间也有较大差异,‘云研73-477’体胚诱导率最高达76%,‘云研73-46’没有分化出体细胞胚;植株再生频率较高的品种有‘热垦525’和‘云研73-477’,分别为75.38%、54.35%,‘云研73-46’和‘云研77-4’无再生植株。     

水稻亲本遗传分化程度与籼粳杂种优势的关系

本文利用两套材料,即来自一个籼／粳交（圭６３０／０２４２８）的双单倍体（ＤＨ）系和另一组由多种类型的籼、粳组成的对照组,从分子水平上研究了水稻亲本的遗传分化程度。在此基础上探讨了亲本的遗传分化程度与籼粳杂种优势的关系。两套测交Ｆ１群体的结果一致表明,亲本遗传分化程度对穗数和千粒重的影响相对较小,但是对每穗结实粒数和结实率这两项体现育性的指标影响较大。当亲本遗传分化综合指数ＴＤｊ值为２０￣２５时,育