小麦成熟胚再生体系影响因素的研究

[目的]研究小麦离体培养的影响因素,探索小麦成熟胚愈伤组织诱导、继代、分化和植株再生的有效方法,建立一套成熟的植株再生体系,为进一步转基因研究奠定基础。[方法]采用河南的5个不同小麦品种,经小麦种子消毒,无菌取胚,然后接入诱导培养基进行愈伤组织诱导,愈伤组织再经继代培养、分化培养以至小麦植株再生。通过对它们浸种时间和成熟胚离体培养过程的观察,研究了不同预处理时间和植物激素,如2,4-D、ABA、KT、IAA和NAA,对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织在诱导、继代、分化和植株再生方面的一些影响。[结果]15h的浸种时间效果好;4.0mg/L2,4-D有利于愈伤组织形成;在继代培养基中添加0.3mg/LABA有利于小麦致密愈伤组织的诱导及再生能力的保持;KT和6-BA对提高芽的分化有显著作用;附加浓度1.5mg/LNAA和0.2mg/LIAA的1/2MS培养基可有效促进生根。[结论]浸种时间、基因型对小麦愈伤组织的继代、分化和再生有很大的影响,添加一定的外源激素有利于提高其植株的再生频率。     

小麦大龄幼胚再生性能改进与农杆菌转化

 【目的】小麦幼胚再生率与幼胚大小关系密切,改进小麦大龄幼胚再生性能促进小麦转基因研究。【方法】以18个普通小麦基因型和5个硬粒小麦基因型为材料,对其开花授粉后15—17 d的大龄幼胚进行破碎处理、组织培养和农杆菌转化,对转化后的幼胚组织和获得的抗性再生植株分别进行组织化学染色检测和PCR检测。【结果】大龄幼胚培养2 d后破碎处理的再生率为18.2%,显著高于完整胚对照(.7%),培养2 d后进行破碎处理的再生效果高于4和6 d后破碎处理;不同基因型小麦大龄幼胚破碎处理后再生率为16.9%—46.7%,其中,Bobwhite和中8423大龄幼胚再生率达到了40%以上;大龄幼胚破碎后在弱光条件下培养,再生率进一步提高,较对照(完整胚黑暗培养)提高5.4%—47.4%;农杆菌侵染后GUS瞬时表达率为0—76.7%,其中科农199高达76.7%,其次为Verry(64.4%)和Alondra(47.2%);经PCR检测,农杆菌转化小麦大龄破碎幼胚获得了候选转基因植株。【结论】破碎处理和弱光培养显著提高了小麦大龄幼胚再生率,比对照提高5—10倍;科农199、Verry和Alondra大龄幼胚对农杆菌侵染比较敏感,适宜作为农杆菌转化的受体材料;农杆菌转化小麦大龄幼胚可以获得转基因植株。     

不同基因型对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的影响

以26种不同基因型小麦成熟胚为外植体，采用1种诱导培养基、3种分化培养基，研究了不同基因型间愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的遗传差异．结果表明，不同基因型间出愈率及植株再生率差异显著，豫麦21号在26个小麦品种中表现最佳，3种分化培养基的分化效果差异明显．     

小麦成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导及植株再生体系的研究

以小麦的成熟胚为外植体,通过胚性愈伤组织诱导进行植株再生.研究结果表明,在MS+2,4-D(3.0 mg/L)+VB1(1.0 mg/L)的培养基中,成熟胚可较高频率的诱导产生愈伤组织,诱导率为72.3%,但愈伤组织质量较差;在低浓度2,4-D和添加了ABA的继代培养基中,愈伤组织质量明显改善,胚性愈伤组织增加.筛选继代的胚性愈伤组织置于分化培养基MS+6-BA(1.0mg/L)+KT(4.0 mg/L)+NAA(0.3 mg/L)中,分化率达73.18%.该研究建立了一套有效的以成熟胚为外植体的小麦组织培养再生体系.     

小麦成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导和植株再生

从完整的小麦种子和它的离体胚成功地诱导出了愈伤组织。愈伤组织诱导和继代培养基中2,4-D、VB_1和肌醇的浓度影响植株再生频率。在分化培养基中加入500mg/L 水解酪蛋白促植再生。KT 对于愈伤组织的生长和分化有抑制作用。不同品种愈伤组织的植株再生能力相差很大,京红8号的植株再生频率较高,为76%。     

根癌农杆菌介导的小麦成熟胚遗传转化研究

以小麦栽培品种郑麦9023成熟胚半胚愈伤组织作为受体材料,通过农杆菌菌株GV3101将目的基因导入受体材料并对转化过程进行了优化。考查了MS培养基中NH4NO3浓度对组织培养的影响,以及高渗处理对转化过程的作用。结果显示,2.5倍的NH4NO3浓度可明显提高愈伤组织再生率,高渗处理对愈伤组织再生率的提高也有帮助。经抗性筛选和PCR鉴定,共得到了4株转基因小麦植株,平均转化效率为0.18%。     

小麦胚愈伤组织的诱导和植株再生

对3个小麦品种的成熟胚及幼胚进行培养，研究不同基因型、培养基对愈伤组织诱导及分化的影响。结果表明，不同培养基对小麦愈伤组织诱导有一定影响；不同基因型的小麦愈伤组织诱导、分化及生根的能力有一定差别。陕280愈伤组织诱导率及分化率最高。同一品种不同外植体经诱导后愈伤组织产生的能力有所不同，同一品种愈伤组织的诱导率幼胚比成熟胚愈伤组织的高。     

小麦成熟胚高频再生体系的建立

以甘春24成熟胚为外植体,研究消毒方式、浸种时间、接种方式、2,4-D质量浓度等处理对愈伤组织诱导与分化的影响,旨在建立一套有效的小麦高频再生体系。结果表明,不同消毒处理、2,4-D质量浓度和接种方法对成熟胚愈伤组织分化有极显著影响,不同浸种时间对成熟胚愈伤组织分化的影响差异不显著。采用25%NaClO初次消毒25min,浸种后用25%NaClO消毒10min,对愈伤组织的诱导较好,对成熟胚伤害小,且污染率低;浸种15～21h,对成熟胚愈伤组织的诱导无明显差异,但浸种18或21h有利于胚性愈伤组织的分化;成熟胚刮碎处理,有利于愈伤组织的诱导与分化,其诱导率与绿点率分别为98.33%,62.04%;当2,4-D质量浓度为2.5mg/L时,甘春24胚性愈伤组织品质较好。     

玉米自交系成熟胚愈伤组织诱导和再生体系研究

[目的]研究玉米成熟胚组织培养条件和植株再生频率的影响因素,建立玉米成熟胚高效再生体系.[方法]以玉米成熟胚为材料,通过相关影响因子对成熟胚外殖体愈伤组织诱导、继代及分化培养影响的研究.[结果]2,4-D浓度在1.0-2.0 mg/L,NAA浓度为0.5-0.6 mg/L明显促进成熟胚愈伤组织生长;6-BA浓度为0.15mg/L时适合愈伤组织的继代培养;新自523在三个自交系中愈伤生长质量较好,并且容易产生胚性愈伤,早21愈伤组织较少,在0.5 mg/L NAA、1.5 mg/L6-BA、100 mg/L AgNO3浓度下早21分化能力和新自523相当,且两者都容易生根,再生苗频率达到30;-40;.B73分化和生根能力较弱.[结论]利用玉米成熟胚诱导产生愈伤、分化并产生再生植株是继幼胚再生体系有利的补充.     

Study on Plant Regeneration of Wheat Mature Embryos Under Endosperm-Supported Culture

To reveal the suitability of using mature embryos as an explant source in wheat tissue culture, mature embryos from eight common wheat cultivars （Triticum aestivum L. cv.） were cultured with or without endosperm to test their efficiency of callus induction and plant regeneration. When embryos were cultured together with endosperm （endosperm-supported culture, ES）, the percentage of callus induction was significantly lower than that when embryos were cultured in the absence of endosperm （non-endosperm-supported culture, NES）. This pattern was evident in most genotypes, regardless of whether 2 or 8 mg L^-1 2,4-D was added in the NES culture. However, in ES culture, more induced calli were differentiated into distinct green spots and they further developed into plantlets. Thus, more plants were regenerated in ES culture than in the NES treatment. Most of the eight tested genotypes showed a significant difference in callus induction rate and plantlet regeneration in both ES and NES cultures. In addition, the enzymatic activity of oxalate oxidase in the callus of ES culture condition was obviously higher than that in the callus of NES culture condition, suggesting that the activity of oxalate oxidase may be a parameter for selection of calli with potential for plantlet regeneration. These results indicate that wheat mature embryos are valuable explants for highly efficient callus induction and plant regeneration, if proper treatment and medium are used.     

2,4D、KT对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织形成、分化的影响

以小麦新品种川农 17、12成熟胚为外植体进行离体培养 ,结果表明 :2mg/L 2 ,4 D有利于胚性愈伤组织形成 ,5mg/LKT有利于植株再生 (两品种植株再生率分别为 73 6 3% ,89 4 7% )。高浓度 2 ,4 D(4～ 8mg/L)虽不影响成愈率 ,但抑制植株再生。这种抑制作用能被KT拮抗。而KT的这种拮抗作用在 2mg/L 2 ,4 D条件下不能体现。     

小麦成熟胚离体培养研究

以美国小麦品种Overley成熟胚作为外植体进行离体培养,研究外源激素对小麦成熟胚诱导愈伤组织、分化出苗以及试管苗增殖的影响。试验结果表明,在MS培养基中添加2,4-D3mg·L-1愈伤组织诱导频率较高,成愈率为84.0%;在添加有KT2～3mg·L-1的MS分化培养基中愈伤组织分化率较高,可达85%以上;将试管苗转接至添加0.2mg·L-1的NAA和0.5～2.0mg·L-1的6-BA的培养基中,试管苗有一定的分化增殖,但最高分化率仅为33.3%,增殖系数2.05。     

水稻成熟胚愈伤组织诱导及其植株再生

利用水稻成熟胚为外植体,接种在NB培养基上,分别附加不同的外源激素,以诱导愈伤组织并促其分化,最终获得水稻再生植株.结果表明:2,4-D对愈伤组织诱导起决定性作用,当它与低浓度的6-BA配比时更有利于前期愈伤组织的诱导,而高浓度的6-BA则有利于后期芽丛的分化.     

Dicamba and Sugar Effects on Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration from Mature Embryo Culture of Wheat

To establish a highly efficient plant regeneration system for wheat genetic transformation, the effects of three different concentrations of dicamba and two different sugar types on callus induction and plant regeneration from mature embryo cultures were evaluated. Callus induction and plant regeneration were obtained from mature embryos of two commercial cultivars Zhoumai 18 and Yumai 34 （Triticum aestivum L.） cultured on L3 basal medium. The results showed that the efficiency of mature embryo culture was significantly influenced by the genotypes, sugar types and dicamba concentrations. 4 mg L^-1 dicamba proved the best effective for inducing embryogenic callus and also gave the highest proportion of plants regenerated across the two cultivars. Substitution of maltose by sucrose significantly improved the plant regeneration efficiency in both cultivars. There was a significant interaction between genotype-by-sugar types, and sugar types-bydicamba concentrations. Overall, Zhoumai 18 gave the highest frequency of plant regeneration （82.65%） when dicamba concentration was 4.0 mg L^-1 and with sucrose in initial callus induction. These results will facilitate genetic transformation work with elite wheat.     

Establishment and Optimization of the Regeneration System of Mature Embryos of Maize (Zea mays L.)

A reliable system was developed for regeneration from mature embryos derived from callus of four maize inbred lines (Liao 7980,Dan 9818,Dan 340,and Dan 5026).The protocol was mainly based on a series of experiments involving the composition of culture medium.We found that 9 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in MS medium was optimum for the induction of callus.The induction frequency of primary calli was over 85% for four inbred lines tested.The addition of L-proline (12 mM) in subculture medium significantly promoted the formation of embryogenic callus but it did not significantly enhance growth rate of callus.Efficient shoot regeneration was obtained on regeneration medium containing 2.22 μM 6-benzylaminopurine in combinations with 4.64 μM Kinetin.Regenerated shoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium containing 2.85 μM indole-3-butyric acid.This plant regeneration system provides a foundation for genetic transformation of maize.     

Improvement of Plant Regeneration from Immature Embryos of Wheat Infected by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Wheat, one of the most important food crops, has been extensively studied with respects to plant regeneration and transformation employing the immature embryos as recipient tissues. However, the transformed tissues often become severely necrotic after co-cultivation with Agrobacterium, which is one of the major obstacles in gone delivery. In this study, wheat varieties CB037, Kenong 199, Xinchun 9, Lunxuan 987, and Shi 4185 showed desirable culture potential or high infection ability in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Similarly, optimal regeneration conditions were determined by testing their ability to inhibit the cell necrosis and cell death phenotype. Two auxins of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D) and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) were evaluated for highly significant effect on both callus and plantlet production, although they were genotype-dependent in wheat. Substitution of 2,4-D by dicamba enhanced the growth and regeneration ability of callus from the immature embryos of most genotypes tested. The callus growth state couldn't be modified by adding antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine, and silver nitrate or organic additives such as thiamine HCl and asparagine to the media. On the contrary, the best tissue statement and plant regeneration was achieved by employing the media containing the simplest MS (Murashige and Skoog) components and dicamba without organic components and vitamins. Thereby, our results are thought to inhibit wheat cell necrosis effectively and suggested to be used for more wheat genotypes.     

甜玉米成熟胚和幼胚再生性比较分析

采用21种不同基因型的甜玉米,以成熟胚和幼胚两种不同外植体,对其愈伤组织的诱导、继代培养和分化进行了研究.结果表明,玉米的成熟胚和幼胚与愈伤组织诱导率相关,但两种外植体诱导出的愈伤组织状态明显不同,幼胚诱导出的愈伤组织状态普遍比成熟胚的好.对愈伤组织状态进行了分类,研究了出愈率、克隆力、芽点数与植株再生的关系,结果表明出愈率、克隆力与再生能力有较大的相关性.