中国东北地区农业水资源利用水平灰色聚类评价

农业水资源可持续利用水平(Sustainable Utilization Ability of Agricultural Water Resources)灰色聚类法是评价SUAAWR地域分异规律及其主导因素的适用方法.SUAAWR评价是水资源合理配置的必要前期工作.基于评价区概况分析与已有指标体系构建方法,建立指标体系,并采用三角白化权函数灰色聚类评价法,对评价区SUAAWR进行定量评价,结果表明,SUAAWR表现为由东北向西南递减的分布格局.水资源与水土配置的时空分异、水资源涵养能力的地域差异、水资源利用效益的地域差别是评价SUAAWR地域分异的主导因素.     

基于改进TOPSIS和COK的土壤养分综合评价

以陕西省周至县北部农耕区为研究对象,选取有机质、碱解氮、速效钾和有效磷4个养分指标,利用主成分分析确定指标权重,将改进TOPSIS技术运用到土壤养分综合评价中,通过计算样点值与最优值、最劣值的距离,以评价对象与最优值的相对接近程度作为评价养分高低的依据,对土壤养分综合指数(Bi)进行COK插值,并绘制土壤养分等级分布图。综合评价结果表明:研究区Bi范围为0.109~0.603,平均值0.285,标准差0.083,变异系数29.12%,属中等变异程度;养分空间分布格局:除南部的马召镇和楼观镇部分区域的养分等级高,由西北角的青花乡、哑柏镇和东部的九峰乡、尚村镇向中部降低的趋势;从高到低的养分等级面积比例为3.47:16.11:29.61:33.12:17.68。研究区土壤养分等级总体偏低,且主要分布在中部地区,与实际情况相吻合,为农耕区土壤肥力改善提供科学依据。该方法相对准确的对土壤养分给予评价,为土壤养分评价提供一条新思路。     

临汾市农业自然资源灰色关联聚类分析

采用灰色系统理论中的灰色关联聚类分析的方法,对山西省临汾市17个县市的农业自然资源进行了聚类评价。结果表明:临汾市可划分为五个农业自然资源区域,且农业自然资源的分布大致呈现纬度低的地区优于纬度高的地区、盆地优于山区、农村优于市区、东部山区优于西部山区的趋势。同时还显示出,采用灰色关联聚类的方法计算简捷,结果直观清晰,可用于农业各领域的综合评价与区划。     

克拉玛依农业开发区土壤质量评价指标的筛选

根据主成分的相关结构分析理论 ,构建了一个对土壤主要质量指标进行筛选的数学模型。运用该模型对新疆克拉玛依农业开发区土壤质量主要指标进行了筛选 ,从 2 4项指标中筛选出 1 4项 ,并利用分层聚类的方法对筛选结果进行了检验。筛选前后的指标分别聚类 ,两次聚类过程相似 ,筛选后指标减少、特征根降低 ,相对增大了主成分对总方差的贡献率 ,使主成分结果更明显 ,并且可避免个别土样异常指标对聚类产生的影响。筛选后的聚类结果与室内按 1 996年土壤详查报告划分标准所作的分类更相近 ,说明所选指标基本上可反映开发区土壤的主要特性 ,筛选结果可信     

剪枝栎实象为害状空间格局及抽样技术的研究

根据１０个样地１００株粟树８４５２条果枝剪枝栎实象为害状调查数据,分析为害状的空间分布格局。结果显示：东、南、西、北四个方向为害程度差异不显著。树枝顶部为害程度显著低于下部各个方向,达１．０５倍。样地间差异也达到极显著水平,而且这种差异与样地的管理水平相一致。该种群为害状空间分布的基本成份为个体群,总体为聚集分布。用Ｉｗａｏ回归法分析,得出理论最适抽样数（ｎ）回归式为：ｎ＝（１．６７／Ｘ＋０．０７     

麦蚜种群动态的研究

本文用平均密度(X)平均拥挤度(m^*)、聚块性指标(m^*/X)进行模糊聚类,对麦蚜种群动态进行了分析,揭示出麦蚜种群动态的一般规律,整个种群动态有6个状态集。防治重点要放在初盛期(A₄),以达到经济、有效的控制麦蚜为害的目的。     

稻田害鼠空间格局及防治指标研究

近年来由于农田害鼠发生面积不断扩大，导致粮食产量损失严重。为此，笔者于２００１年对稻田害鼠的空间格局及防治指标进行了研究。确定了适合安源区目前农业生产水平的稻田害鼠防治指标：即晚稻孕穗期捕鼠率为５％，黄熟期为７％。１调查与方法１．１空间格局２００１年晚稻成熟前，选择连片大畈稻田８块，连续逐丛逐株调查１００００丛，记载并统计每丛受田鼠为害株数。然后以每组１０００～２０００丛为单位，整理出每丛受害株数频次分配表，计算受害株平均数（X）与方差（S２）（表１）。１．２防治指标２００１年晚稻孕穗期和黄熟期…     

棉蚜空间格局和抽样技术及其应用的研究

应用8种聚集度指标分析了淮北棉田棉蚜不同时期的空间格局,用模糊聚类分析法测定了棉蚜空间格局动态,并对其田间抽样技术进行了探讨。结果表明,棉蚜在水平和垂直空间的分布均是聚集型的。棉蚜的Kuno序贯抽样模型:三叶期T(n)=5n±11.7277,四至七叶苗蚜期T(n)=10n±17.3530,伏蚜期T(n)=100n±87.7512,n为序贯抽样数。nnn     

朱红毛斑蛾在我国的潜在危害性风险分析

朱红毛斑蛾是榕树上的一种重要的寡食性食叶害虫,在我国南方部分省市有分布。该虫发生为害严重时,可将寄主植物叶片啃食殆尽,带来巨大经济损失,严重影响生态环境。从朱红毛斑蛾分布情况、潜在危害性、受害栽培寄主经济重要性、传播和扩散的可能性及危险性管理难度等5个方面,对其在我国的危险性进行了综合评价。结果显示朱红毛斑蛾风险综合评价R值为1.96,在我国属中度危险等级的有害生物。提出应采取有害生物综合治理,加强风险管理,控制朱红毛斑蛾蔓延扩散和种群数量的增长。     

玉米自交系抗旱相关性状的主成分分析与模糊聚类

采用主成分分析(Principal Components Analysis,PCA)和模糊聚类(Fuzzy Clustering,FC)分析,对51个玉米自交系在正常灌溉和干旱胁迫条件下的主要农艺形状及部分生理指标进行分析并对其抗旱性进行综合评价。主成分分析结果表明,4个综合主成分(2012TMC:丰产性因子-雄穗发育性因子,光合调控性因子,生长发育性因子,繁茂性因子;2012HT:丰产性因子-生长发育性因子,光合调控因子,繁茂性因子,雄穗发育因子)可代表两个地区(2012TMC和2012HT)玉米自交系抗旱性91.05%的原始数据信息量。利用抗旱性度量值进行模糊聚类,可将51个玉米自交系的抗旱性划分为4类,即耐旱、中度耐旱、中度干旱敏感和干旱敏感。其中H201、H21、英64、吉842、早49、吉8415、东46和沈137抗旱性强且稳定性好。利用主成分分析,结合模糊聚类的方法进行玉米自交系的抗旱性综合评价,不仅可以避免单一指标的片面性,而且可以较好地揭示玉米自交系抗旱相关性状与其抗旱性的关系。     

From biology to management of Savi's pine vole (Microtus savii)

Savi's pine vole (Microtus savii) is a rodent species of the Cricetidae family, inhabiting southern European agroecosystems. It is considered to be the main cause of rodent‐attributed damage in Italy. To achieve an effective management, detailed knowledge of this species is needed. However, the available information about this species is fragmentary and incomplete. In this paper, the existing knowledge of Savi's pine vole taxonomy, reproduction, population dynamics, habitat and food preferences is reviewed in order to organise available information and identify priority areas of future research. Some of the changes in farming practices that have occurred in recent decades may have increased the impact of Savi's pine vole populations in crop fields. To manage this pest species effectively, an integrated strategy is recommended (involving habitat management, trapping and, when appropriate, the use of rodenticides). The apparent lack of cyclical population outbreaks and the relatively small litter size and long gestation and interpartum period of this species suggest that it could be more manageable than other vole species, while its strict herbivorous diet, stable population size in open habitats and wide distribution seem to indicate it as an ideal model species for risk assessment studies. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

Common vole (Microtus arvalis) ecology and management: implications for risk assessment of plant protection products

Common voles (Microtus arvalis) are common small mammals in some European landscapes. They can be a major rodent pest in European agriculture and they are also a representative generic focal small herbivorous mammal species used in risk assessment for plant protection products. In this paper, common vole population dynamics, habitat and food preferences, pest potential and use of the common vole as a model small wild mammal species in the risk assessment process are reviewed. Common voles are a component of agroecosystems in many parts of Europe, inhabiting agricultural areas (secondary habitats) when the carrying capacity of primary grassland habitats is exceeded. Colonisation of secondary habitats occurs during multiannual outbreaks, when population sizes can exceed 1000 individuals ha^?1. In such cases, in‐crop common vole population control management has been practised to avoid significant crop damage. The species' status as a crop pest, high fecundity, resilience to disturbance and intermittent colonisation of crop habitats are important characteristics that should be reflected in risk assessment. Based on the information provided in the scientific literature, it seems justified to modify elements of the current risk assessment scheme for plant protection products, including the use of realistic food intake rates, reduced assessment factors or the use of alternativee focal rodent species in particular European regions. Some of these adjustments are already being applied in some EU member states. Therefore, it seems reasonable consistently to apply such pragmatic and realistic approaches in risk assessments for plant protection products across the EU. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

棕色田鼠种群预测预报研究

１９９２年４月￣１９９５年４月作者在河南灵宝程村黄土塬农作区对棕色田鼠种群数量进行了逐月调查。结果表明,春季３、４月份种群数量高,夏季７、８月份数量低,而秋季１０月份数量又高,然后又降低,呈典型的双峰型。在对棕色田鼠种群年龄结构、繁殖强度等研究的基础上,探讨了种群消长机理和种群调节因子。发现３个月前的成亚比、２个月前的繁殖强度、温度指数、降雨量指数分别和密度呈显著相关,用以上因子建立多元回归方程预     

Non-toxic control techniques for Microtus spp. in apple orchards1

Alternative control techniques to the use of endrin ground spray were investigated in apple orchards in Washington (US). Non-toxic control strategies using cultural practices proved highly successful in reducing high populations of Microtus montanus to low levels. Early spring raking and mowing followed by the application of herbicides to a strip along the tree line appeared to have the greatest effect. Regular mowing between the tree rows and the maintenance of bare ground under the trees prevented significant build-up of the population. Similar cultural work also substantially improved the efficacy of subsequent rodenticide applications. The economic impact of the vole damage on apple orchards, even those composed of mature trees, is substantial and the expense of intensive cultural work is justified where high vole populations are possible.     

黄土高原棕色田鼠综合防治技术研究

棕色田鼠是一种高繁殖力种群,在豫西黄土高原,4月份麦田密度可达540～705只/hm~2,严重地破坏农业和果树的生产。1992～1995年连续4年在河南灵宝市程村乡和寺河乡开展棕色田鼠综合防治试验。以自制的复方田鼠灵杀灭棕色田鼠效果达94.95％,辅以调整作物结构、轮作倒茬、伏翻冬翻地、优化果园管理、挖防鼠沟及强化越冬地果园灭鼠等措施,使过去连年灭鼠变为隔年灭鼠,节省了大量人力、物力,减少了对环境污染。几年来通过对棕色田鼠的综合防治,取得了显著的经济、社会和生态效益。     

Fossorial Forms of the Water Vole,Arvicola terresths (L.), in Europe1

The species Arvicola terrestris (L.) comprises 2 main life types:an aquatic form which is more common, and a form with fossorial habits which is confined to continental Europe, from the Cantabric Cordilliera to the Carpathian Mountains. However, forms inhabiting a primary wet biotope and a secondary dry one occur in a large border zone in the north of the range of the fossorial form. The fossorial type lives underground in grassland and some types of crops. Very recently, the structure and the occupation of burrows of this subterranean rodent were studied, as well as its digging behaviour and rhythm of activity. The fossorial form of A. terrestris is very easily captured, which makes it possible to estimate its density and to follow population evolution. This microtine shows cyclic population fluctuations and, during outbreaks, causes severe damage to grassland, both by its burrowing activity and by consuming plants. In orchards, it gnaws root systems of fruit trees, mainly of apples. Damage is also serious in gardens and in horticultural crops, especially to plants with fleshy roots. This vole does not eat cereals and does not invade forests. Control methods generally used are surface treatment with organochlorine insecticides (banned in most countries), poisoning (but no efficacious toxic baits are available), fumigation of burrow systems and trapping. Taxonomic research is needed for a better understanding of the status of the different life types of A. terrestris. The biological, ecological and ethological characteristics of these forms must be defined in order to develop and test adequate control methods.     

Plant Damage by Bank Voles (Clethrionomys glareolus [Schreber]) and Related Species in Europe1

A survey of the ecological adaptations of the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber), indicates that this species is a potential pest, particularly to forest tree seeds and bark. Observations from most parts of Europe show clear cases of damage to seeds, young shoots and buds and bark of young trees above the snow level. Worst losses appear in central and eastern Europe. The bank vole may also attack a few year old seedlings (either bark or complete consumption). Widespread seedling attacks, which are economically very important in some countries, have, however, not been definitely proven for this species. In northern Europe, the bank vole may also cause damage to hay in barns. Bank vole populations show greatest fluctuations in eastern and northern Europe. The cycle length is variable. Damage (except, possibly, seed consumption) appears mainly during or just after the appearance of peak populations. Baits with zinc phosphide seem to be the most efficient control method. A number of other preparations have been tried more or less successfully. In summary, knowledge of the economic importance of the bank vole is very restricted. Specific studies are suggested for improving such an evaluation.     

Outbreak of Arvicola terrestris in rice fields in Yugoslavia1

Macedonia is the southern boundary for the distribution of Arvicola terrestris (water vole) in the Balkan peninsula. Until recently, these voles were found in the region only sporadically, showing none of the cyclic population fluctuations characteristic of microtines in the continental part of Europe. An investigation was started in 1984 when the first visible signs of damage to rice in Ko?ansko Valley, caused by numbers of voles, were noted. Since then, population numbers have increased, reaching a density of 1000 individuals per ha on one locality. The causes of such an unexpected outbreak and the methods for determining role abundance are discussed. The construction of a dam and the extension of rice cultivation have reduced the natural habitats of both vole predators and their competitors. Increased pesticide and fertilizer usage have also affected the fauna unfavourably. Efficient control was attained by means of zinc phosphide baits, specially before the rice growing season (i. e. in winter and early spring).     

棉田玉米螟防治指标的研究

通过玉米螟卵量与棉花被害株、被害铃关系的研究以及被害所造成产量损失的调查,根据经济阈值推算出以百株卵量表示的防治指标。玉米螟卵量(x)与被害株数(y)、被害铃数(n)呈正相关,关系式第1代为:y=1.49x-0.22,第2代为:y=3.47x+0.21,第3代为:n=3.25x+1.2。被害株损失青铃数,第1代为4.36±0.55只,第2代为3.41±0.30只。但与受害株相邻的健株铃数多于一般健株。用药一次每亩成本150元,防治效果为70%,推算出的防治指标为:第1代百株卵量2.2～2.8块,第2代0.9～1.1块,第3代3.1块。经多点大田验证,试验结果与实际情况基本相符。     

布氏田鼠种群不同变动期的季节存活率研究

作者于１９９０￣１９９６年在内蒙古正镶白旗、太仆寺旗典型草原采用标志流放法研究了布氏田鼠种群在数量下降期和上升期的季节存活率及其对数量测报的意义。研究结果表明,该鼠的季节存活率以秋季最高,数量上升期（１９９６年）达到９３．３９％,数量下降期亦保持在６２．９８％￣７６．９４％之间。依据秋末与初春数量之差计算出的冬季存活率是各季节中最低的,其数量上升期为３４％￣４１％,而数量下降期仅为１１％￣３２％;