重金属污染土壤的植物修复研究Ⅲ.金属富集植物Brassica juncea对锌镉的吸收和积累

采用温室盆栽试验研究了印度芥菜对土壤中锌镉污染的忍耐、积累能力 ,以检验这种植物修复Zn、Cd污染土壤的可能性及其潜力。在加入Zn 5 0 0和 1 0 0 0mgkg- 1 的土壤中 ,印度芥菜生长 66天后 ,叶片中积累Zn的平均浓度分别达 2 80和 662mgkg- 1 ,地上部带走的Zn分别为每盆 2 1 95和 341 2 μg。在加入Cd 2 0 0mgkg- 1 的土壤中生长的印度芥菜 ,叶片中积累Cd浓度为 1 61mgkg- 1 ,地上部带走的Cd为每盆 381 μg。和普通植物相比 ,印度芥菜更能将Zn和Cd从根运输到地上部。Zn 5 0 0mgkg- 1 处理的土壤在种植印度芥菜后其NH4NO3提取的Zn显著高于不种植物的处理 ;土壤添加Cd 2 0 0mgkg- 1 的处理NH4NO3提取的Cd也显著高于不种植物的处理 ,可能的原因是植物根分泌出特殊的分泌物 ,专一性地螯合溶解根系附近的难溶态Zn和Cd,从而提高土壤溶液中的浓度。印度芥菜对Zn、Cd有较强的忍耐和富集能力 ,是Zn、Cd污染土壤修复有潜力的植物。     

3种植物对红壤中镉的富集特性研究

重金属超富集植物是重金属污染土壤植物修复的基础,研究了3种重金属富集植物羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆和紫叶芥菜对重金属Cd的吸收积累规律,为植物修复Cd污染的农田和生态环境建设提供科学依据。采用盆栽方法,在不同浓度（0、20、35、50、65、80mg·kg^-1）Cd处理下,分别测定3种植物地上部与根部Cd的含量,计算了地上部Cd迁移量、根系耐性指数、富集系数,研究了土壤中Cd添加量与植物富集Cd量的相关性。结果表明,随着土壤中Cd离子浓度的升高,3种植物地上部和根系中的Cd含量也在增加,相关系数都大于0．99;综合地上部与根部Cd含量,地上部Cd迁移量,根系耐性指数和富集系数,3种植物对Cd的富集能力的相对顺序为：羽叶鬼针草〉美洲商陆〉紫叶芥菜。羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆种植在Cd处理浓度为65mg·kg^-1的土壤中和紫叶芥菜种植在Cd处理浓度为80mg·kg^-1的土壤中栽培时,3种植物地上部与根部的Cd含量均超过了100mg·kg^-1,达到了Cd超富集量的标准。羽叶鬼针草、美洲商陆和紫叶芥菜对Cd有很强的耐受性和富集性,可以作为先锋植物去修复被Cd污染的土壤。     

锰尾渣改良对4种植物吸收锰的影响

采用盆栽法研究锰尾渣改良对商陆（Phytolacca acinosa）、美洲商陆（Phytolacca americana）、繁穗苋（Amaranthus paniculatus）和酸模叶蓼（Polygonum lapathif olium）4种植物吸收锰的影响。将锰尾渣与土壤混合进行基质改良,有利于植物生长。基质含80%锰尾渣时,商陆、美洲商陆和繁穗苋3种植物生长正常,吸收锰多。商陆和美洲商陆2种植物对锰尾渣耐受性强,生物量大,植物提取锰多;繁穗苋对锰尾渣耐受性较强。在锰尾渣污染区进行植物修复时,商陆和美洲商陆可作为首选植物,繁穗苋可作为辅助共生植物,采用锰尾渣含量为80%的基质改良方式最佳。     

铁锰复合污染对美洲商陆生物毒性及超积累特性的影响

采用溶液培养法研究了铁(0,0.5,1 mmol/L)和锰(0,4,8 mmol/L)复合污染对美洲商陆发芽、胚根伸长抑制率及植株体内铁锰含量的影响。结果表明,不同浓度铁锰处理均抑制种子发芽和胚根伸长,当铁浓度为0.5 mmol/L时,随着锰浓度的升高抑制作用减弱,当铁浓度为1 mmol/L时种子发芽及胚根伸长受到明显抑制,添加锰不能起到缓解作用;铁浓度一定时,随着锰浓度的增加,植株根部铁含量明显下降,当锰浓度一定时,随着铁浓度的升高从根部向地上部转运的锰减少;相关分析和多元回归分析表明,美洲商陆体内各部分铁锰含量与锰处理浓度偏相关程度较高,均达极显著水平,尤以根部含量影响最为显著,其中锰处理浓度与植株内锰含量呈正相关,与铁含量呈负相关;美洲商陆在复合污染处理14 d后锰积累量高于7 d的积累量,且地上部锰积累量大于地下部,说明美洲商陆适宜在一定浓度范围内的铁锰复合污染进行植物修复。     

黑麦草对土壤中苯并[a]芘动态变化的影响

本文通过盆栽试验初步研究了黑麦草 (LoliummultiflorumLam)对污染土壤中多环芳烃苯并 [a]芘动态变化的影响。盆栽试验设计 3种苯并 [a]芘处理浓度 ,分别为 1、10、10 0mgkg-1。将苗龄为 1周的黑麦草移植于受苯并 [a]芘污染的土壤中 ,同时设置有相同的苯并 [a]芘处理浓度但不种植物的对照试验。试验在2 0m3 的控温、控光的生长室内进行 ,土壤湿度维持在田间持水量的 6 0 %。通过 12 0d的温室盆栽试验 ,观察到土壤中苯并 [a]芘的可提取浓度随着时间逐渐减少 ,种植黑麦草加快了土壤中可提取态苯并 [a]芘浓度的下降。在 1、10、10 0mgkg-1苯并 [a]芘处理浓度下 ,黑麦草生长的土壤中苯并 [a]芘的减少率分别达 82 3%、74 0 %和 5 5 9%。结果还显示 ,随盆栽时间的延长 ,黑麦草根圈土壤中多酚氧化酶含量提高 ,这可能根圈土壤中可提取态苯并 [a]芘含量降低有关。黑麦草的地上部可以积累苯并 [a]芘 ,变幅在 0 0 6～ 3 6 0mgkg-1。初步认为 ,土壤具有缓解苯并 [a]芘污染的自然本能 ,促进黑麦草生长 ,增强土壤多酚氧化酶活性 ,可提高黑麦草对苯并 [a]芘污染土壤的修复能力。     

无瓣蔊菜对镉的积累特性研究

为从农田杂草中筛选出镉超富集植物用于镉污染农田的修复,本研究以无瓣蔊菜为试验材料,通过模拟不同浓度镉胁迫条件,探究不同镉浓度处理对无瓣蔊菜生长量、光合色素含量以及镉富集特性的影响,揭示无瓣蔊菜对镉污染土壤的修复能力。结果表明,随着土壤镉浓度的增加,无瓣蔊菜的生长受到抑制但无毒害症状,当土壤镉浓度≤75 mg·kg-1时,无瓣蔊菜的叶绿素含量有所降低,但与对照间无显著性差异;当土壤镉浓度达到75 mg·kg-1时,无瓣蔊菜地上部分镉含量为112.77 mg·kg-1,根系镉含量为69.87 mg·kg-1,且植株根系和地上部分对镉的富集系数(BCF)和转运系数(TF)均大于1,说明无瓣蔊菜是一种镉富集植物。转运量系数(TAF)以及镉积累量与土壤镉浓度的回归分析表明,镉在无瓣蔊菜中的分布规律为地上部分根系。当土壤镉浓度≤50mg·kg-1时,镉元素从根系到地上部分的转运能力增强,有利于无瓣蔊菜富集镉。综上所述,无瓣蔊菜对镉有很强的耐性,可吸收土壤中的镉,并转运积累到地上部分,收获后将其迁移出土壤,以达到修复镉污染的目的。无瓣蔊菜适用于镉污染浓度在75 mg·kg-1以内的农田修复。本研究为筛选优良超镉富集植物材料提供了相关的科学依据。     

砷超积累植物粉叶蕨及其对砷的吸收富集研究

采用盆栽模拟试验,研究了澳大利亚蕨类植物粉叶蕨对砷的耐性及吸收富集砷的特征,同时比较了澳大利亚粉叶蕨(Pityrogramma calomelanos(L.)Link var.austroamericana(Domin)Farw)和中国蜈蚣草(Pteris vit-tats L.)在澳大利亚的Kurosol土壤上对As的吸收积累差异及植物修复效率.研究结果表明,在As投加浓度为2 400 μmol/kg时,虽然粉叶蕨的生长受到一定抑制,但仍维持了较高的地上部生物量;地上部As含量达到2438.33 mg/kg DW时,超过了砷超积累植物的临界含量标准(1 000 mg/kg);地上部As积累量为21.6 mg/株DW时,地上部对As的生物富集系数为18.6,地上部As含量大于根系As含量,基本符合As超积累植物的基本特征.与As超积累植物蜈蚣草相比较,暴露在As浓度为2 400 μmol/kg环境时,中国蜈蚣草对砷的耐性、地上部As含量及生物富集等方面均明显优于澳大利亚粉叶蕨,其地上部As含量和积累量分别为2 936.13 mg/kgDW和41.1 mg/株DW.     

外源赤霉素对富集植物繁缕生长及镉积累的影响

为了强化镉富集植物繁缕对镉污染土壤的修复效率,采用盆栽试验,研究了喷施不同浓度赤霉素(GA_3)对繁缕生长及镉积累的影响。结果表明,繁缕的生物量随GA_3浓度的增加而增加,但光合色素含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、镉含量及镉积累量均呈先增后降的趋势。在GA_3浓度为10 mg L~(-1)时,繁缕地上部分及整株镉积累量均达到最大值,分别为244.86、348.97μg plant~(-1),较各自对照分别增加了31.20%(P0.05)和25.51%(P0.05)。因此,采用繁缕修复镉污染土壤时,以10 mg L~(-1)的GA_3提高繁缕的修复效率最佳,可作为植物修复的强化措施。     

胶质芽孢杆菌对印度芥菜富集土壤Cd的效果

通过灭菌土培试验研究分别接种0,12.5,25,37.5,50,62.5ml/盆活菌浓度为1×109 cfu/ml的胶质芽孢杆菌,对印度芥菜修复Cd污染土壤的作用效果。结果表明,接入胶质芽孢杆菌菌液25ml/盆时,植物地上、地下部分对Cd的提取量分别为其他接种量的1.10～1.48倍,1.32～1.77倍。以不种印度芥菜作为对照,种印度芥菜处理的土壤Cd随着时间的变化去除效果有所不同,接菌后14d左右土壤Cd含量最低,收获时土壤Cd去除率可达到20%,显著提高其植物修复效果。同时,不同浓度的胶质芽孢杆菌均可以促进富集植物的生长,印度芥菜地上、地下部分生物量分别提高3%～16%,4%～61%。综上,胶质芽孢杆菌不但可以提高污染土壤中Cd的生物有效性,而且可明显促进超富集植物生长。     

植物吸收污染土壤中镉的规律

选取黑麦草和羽衣甘蓝两种植物进行盆栽试验,并对25、50、75、100、125、150 mg/kg 6个浓度等级下两种植物地上部分镉含量进行了测定与分析,结果表明:黑麦草吸收、富集镉的能力较弱,羽衣甘蓝在土壤中镉浓度超过125 mg/kg时,地上部分镉含量超过100 mg/kg,但其富集系数和转运系数均小于1,两种供试植物均不是理想的修复镉污染土壤的超积累植物。     

Manganese Uptake and Accumulation by Two Populations of Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. (Phytolaccaceae)

Phytolacca acinosa (Phytolaccaceae) is a recently discovered manganese hyperaccumulator plant from Southern China. Manganese uptake and accumulation by two contrasting populations of P. acinosa were investigated. One population (MP) was from Xiangtan manganese tailings and the other (NMP) was from a Magnolia grandiflora plantation with lower Mn status. In addition to these field investigations, seedlings of the two populations were raised under glasshouse conditions to study biomass production and Mn uptake from nutrient solutions supplemented with increasing amounts of Mn (5, 1000, 2000, 5000, and 8000 μmol L^?1 Mn). Although, concentrations of Mn in the plant tissues (leaves, stems and roots) of P. acinosa (MP) and the associated soil from manganese tailings were significantly higher than those of the plant tissues and the soil collected in the clean site, significant differences were not found between the two populations of P. acinosa grown in nutrient culture. The two populations of seedlings showed similar growth responses, manganese uptake and accumulation when exposed to the same level of Mn supply for 45 days. All these results suggest that both high tolerance and hyperaccumulating ability of Mn in P. acinosa are constitutive properties. Furthermore, the plant grows rapidly, produces substantial biomass, and has broad ecological amplitude. P. acinosa, therefore, offers great potential for use in the phytoremediation of Mn-contaminated soils.     

万寿菊：铬植物修复的潜在价值

Environmental pollution with chromium(Cr) is harmful to humans, animals and plants, while in plants it causes diminished growth,anatomical alterations and death. In the present study, the potential value of marigold(Tagetes erecta) in the phytoremediation of Cr has been investigated. The randomized experimental design involved the exposure of plants to nutrient solutions containing 0.00,0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16 or 0.24 mmol L~(-1)Cr(Ⅲ). Chromium toxicity was observed at Cr(Ⅲ) concentrations ≥ 0.12 mmol L~(-1) as demonstrated by diminished growth of the aerial parts and reduced density of the root system. Increasing Cr(Ⅲ) concentrations in the nutrient solution resulted in a higher bioaccumulation of total Cr in the tissues, although translocation from roots to aerial parts was not efficient(maximum value of 25% at 0.12 mmol L~(-1)Cr(Ⅲ)). The Cr bioaccumulation was up to 11-fold greater in roots than in the aerial parts. Tagetes erecta exhibited leaf plasticity when exposed to Cr, indicating the existence of a tolerance mechanism to Cr in this species. Chromium caused a reduction in xilem vases, resulting in a plastic effect in T. erecta leaves that increased the metal tolerance in culture solution. Tagetes spp. are potential Cr hyperaccumulators; at Cr(Ⅲ) concentrations up to 0.12 mmol L~(-1), the plants accumulated levels above that proposed for hyperaccumulators and still maintained a considerable growth and even flourished. However, this study was conducted in nutrient solution, and studies on species confirmation as Cr hyperaccumulator should be conducted in soils for further clarification.     

草酸/草酸盐对森林暗棕壤的磷释放效应

模拟森林凋落物淋洗液中的草酸/草酸盐浓度范围,设计了不同浓度草酸/草酸盐溶液一次性浸提和多次连续浸提系列实验,其中的草酸(阴离子)载荷量为0~200 mmol kg-1。结果表明,草酸能显著促进暗棕壤A1层(腐殖质层)磷的释放,土壤磷溶出量随草酸溶液浓度升高而线性增加;但对B层土壤磷的释放效应相对较弱,草酸浓度低于5mmol L-1时B层磷的释放不明显。pH 5.16草酸钠溶液比相同浓度的草酸溶液具有更高的解磷效率,在设置二者浓度为0.5~20.0 mmol L-1时,前者的解磷量是后者的1.51~2.98倍,推断草酸盐溶液或凋落物淋洗液中草酸(盐)类物质促进暗棕壤磷释放的主要机理在于草酸阴离子(C2O42-)配位反应。草酸盐对暗棕壤磷的释放效应具有一定累加性,土壤磷释放量主要由草酸阴离子累积载荷量决定,而与其加入方式(多次或一次性)关系不大;当以pH5.16草酸钠溶液加入时,土壤磷释放量Y(mgkg-1)与草酸阴离子累积载荷量X(mmol kg-1)间的回归方程为Y=-0.000 4X2 0.176 6X 0.425 3,R2=0.990 2。仅以凋落物层溶出的草酸(阴离子)量进行估计,由此增加的A1层土壤磷释放量达2.40 kg hm-2a-1,大约相当于中龄林年吸收磷量的1/3~1/5,因此其实际作用是不可忽视的。     

Heavy metal accumulation in plants on Mn Mine tailings

The profile distribution of β-gulcosidase activity in twelve typical paddy soil profiles with high productivity in the Taihu Lake region of China were investigated. Activities of β-gulcosidase in the plow layers were in the range of 52.68- 137.02μg PNP g^-1 soil h^-1 with a mean of 89.22μg PNP g^-1 soil h^-1. However, most plow layers ranged from 70 to 110 μg PNP g^-1 soil h^-1. The profile distribution of β-gulcosidase activity in the 12 soil profiles decreased rapidly with soil depth, with activity at the 60 cm depth only about 10% of that in the surface layers （0-15 cm or 0-20 cm）. In these soil profiles, β-gulcosidase activity was significantly positively correlated with soll organic carbon and arylsulphatase activity. Meanwhile, a significantly negative correlation was shown between β-gulcosidase activity and soil pH.     

Effect of cadmium toxicity on micronutrient concentration,uptake and partitioning in seven rice cultivars

Heavy metal uptake, translocation and partitioning differ greatly among plant cultivars and plant parts. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of cadmium (Cd) levels (0, 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 soil) on dry matter yield, and concentration, uptake and translocation of Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in seven rice cultivars. Application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1 soil decreased root and shoot dry weight. On average, shoot and root Cd concentrations and uptake increased in all cultivars, but micronutrients uptake decreased following the application of 45 mg Cd kg^?1. No significant differences were observed between 45 and 90 mg kg^?1 Cd levels. On average, Cd treatments resulted in a decrease in Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in shoots and Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations in roots. Differences were observed in Cd and micronutrient concentrations and uptake among rice cultivars. Translocation factor, defined as the shoot/root concentration ratio indicated that Cu and Fe contents in roots were higher than in shoots. The Mn concentration was much higher in shoots. Zinc concentrations were almost similar in the two organs of rice at 0 and 45 mg Cd kg^?1. A higher Cd level, however, led to a decrease in the Zn concentration in shoots.     

EFFECT OF LANTHANUM ON RICE PRODUCTION,NUTRIENT UPTAKE,AND DISTRIBUTION

ABSTRACT

Split root solution culture experiments were conducted to study the effects of the rare earth element lanthanum (La) on rice (Oryza sativa) growth, nutrient uptake and distribution. Results showed that low concentrations of La could promote rice growth including yield (0.05 mg L^?1 to 1.5 mg L^?1), dry root weight (0.05 mg L^?1 to 0.75 mg L^?1) and grain numbers (0.05 mg L^?1 to 6 mg L^?1). High concentrations depressed grain formation (9 mg L^?1 to 30 mg L^?1) and root elongation (1.5 mg L^?1 to 30 mg L^?1). No significant influence on straw dry weight was found over the whole concentration range except for the 0.05 mg L^?1 treatment. In the pot and field experiments, the addition of La had no significant influence on rice growth.Lanthanum had variable influence on nutrient uptake in different parts of rice. Low concentrations (0.05 mg L^?1 to 0.75 mg L^?1) increased the root copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg), and grain Cu, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), and Mg uptake. High concentrations (9 to 30 mg L^?1) decreased the grain Ca, zinc (Zn), P, Mn, Fe and Mg, and straw Ca, Mn, and Mg uptake. With increasing La concentration, root Zn, P, Mn, Cu, and Ca concentrations increased, and grain Ca and Fe, and straw Mn, Mg, and Ca concentrations decreased. Possible reasons are discussed for the differences between the effects of La in nutrient solutions and in pot and field experiments.     

Manganese Supply and pH Influence Growth,Carboxylate Exudation and Peroxidase Activity of Ryegrass and White Clover

ABSTRACT

The effects of differential manganese (Mn) supply (0 to 355 μ M) and pH (4.8 and 6.0) on dry weight (DW), tissue concentrations of Mn, exudation of carboxylates, and the peroxidase activity were studied in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) grown in nutrient solution. In both plant species, the increase in Mn supply caused a significant reduction in DW due to severe Mn toxicity, especially at pH 4.8. The critical toxicity concentration of Mn in shoots was 421 mg kg^{? 1} for ryegrass and 283 mg kg^{? 1} for white clover. For both plant species, an increase in Mn supply levels stimulated the exudation of carboxylates and the activity of peroxidase, which was related to stress conditions. The highest amount of carboxylates was exuded at pH 4.8. There was no clear effect of carboxylates on the complexation of Mn^{2 +}.     

EDTA-Enhanced Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soil by Corn

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation by corn (Zea mays L.) of soil supplemented with 500 mg L^?1 lead (Pb) was examined. The chelate EDTA was used in order to increase Pb bioavailability at four levels: 0 (control), 0.5 (low), 1.0 (medium), and 2.5 mmol kg^?1 (high). Plants were grown under controlled conditions in a growth-chamber with supplementary light. An EDTA concentration of 5.0 mmol kg^?1 was lethal to plants. At high and medium EDTA levels plants grew significantly less than control ones. Lead concentrations in corn leaves increased with increased EDTA levels. Plants subjected to medium EDTA level had the greatest root to shoot Pb translocation. Plants subjected to high EDTA level showed high phosphorus (P) uptake and translocation within plants. Therefore, possibly it was not only Pb that caused toxic effect on plants, but also the high internal concentration of P that in turn could have complexed active Fe.     

Novel Fertilizer as an Alternative for Supplying Manganese and Boron to Soybeans

Soybean (Glycine max) commonly experience Mn deficiencies in the coarse-textured soils of Coastal Plain Virginia, especially under high pH conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of a novel coated fertilizer to provide Mn and B to soybeans in soils where Mn deficiency is common and B deficiency, although far less common than with Mn, is possible. A 60-d greenhouse experiment was conducted with three treatments: control, uncoated KCl, and Mn +B coated KCl applied to Bojac and Dragston sandy loams. Soil and whole plant tissue samples were collected throughout the experiment. Bojac and Dragston soils treated with the coated KCl contained 12.0 mg kg^?1 and 15.8 mg kg^?1 more Mehlich 1 – Mn, 21.7 mg kg^?1 and 23.0 mg kg^?1 more Mehlich 3 Mn, and 4.5 mg kg^?1 and 4.6 mg kg^?1 CaCl₂ – Mn than the control and uncoated KCl, respectively. Coated KCl increased above ground tissue Mn by 42.9 mg kg^?1 compared to the control and the uncoated KCl treatments in the Bojac soil, while the Dragston soil showed no significant differences in Mn tissue concentration between treatments. Above ground tissue, Mn was much lower in the Dragston soil than the Bojac, probably due to greater organic matter which chelates Mn keeping it less plant available. Boron concentrations did not differ in plant tissue or soil, regardless of the extraction method. Results indicate that the coated KCl product could consistently provide increased Mn concentration in acidic sandy soils despite varying levels of organic matter, but is not effective for B.     

Arsenic and Heavy Metal Pollution of Soil,Water and Sediments in a Semi-Arid Climate Mining Area in Mexico

The environmental impact of arsenic and heavy metals on a 105 km² area of the historical and recent mining site of Villa de la Paz-Matehuala, San Luis Potosí (Mexico) was evaluated. Results of soil samples reported concentrations between 19–17 384 mg kg^-1 As, 15–7200 mg kg^-1 Cu, 31–3450 mg kg^-1 Pb and 26–6270 mg kg^-1 Zn, meanwhile, the concentrations in dry stream sediment samples were found to vary between 29–28 600 mg kg^-1 As, 50–2160 mg kg^-1 Pb, 71–2190 mg kg^-1 Cu, and 98–5940 mg kg^-1 Zn. The maximum arsenic concentration in pluvial water storage ponds (265 μg L^-1), near the main potential sources of pollution, exceed by 5 times the Mexican drinking water quality guideline (50 μg L^-1). The arsenic concentrations in water storage ponds and stream sediments decrease as distance from the potential sources increase. A special case is the `Cerrito Blanco' area located 5 km east of Matehuala, where the highest arsenic concentration in water was found (>5900 μg L^-1), exceeding by 100 times the established guideline, thus representing a severe health risk. The results suggest that arsenic and heavy metal dispersion from their pollution sources (historical and active tailings impoundments, waste rock dumps and historical slag piles), is mainly associated in this site with: (1) fluvial transportation of mine waste through streams that cross the area in W–E direction; and (2) aeolian transportation of mineral particles in SW–NE direction. Finally, control measures for pollution routes and remediation measures of the site are proposed.