Measuring the costs of biosecurity on poultry farms: a case study in broiler production in Finland

Background

Farm-level biosecurity provides the foundation for biosecurity along the entire production chain. Many risk management practices are constantly in place, regardless of whether there is a disease outbreak or not. Nonetheless, the farm-level costs of preventive biosecurity have rarely been assessed. We examined the costs incurred by preventive biosecurity for Finnish poultry farms.

Methods

We used a semi-structured phone interview and obtained results from 17 broiler producers and from 5 hatching egg producers, corresponding to about 10% of all producers in Finland.

Results

Our results indicate that the average cost of biosecurity is some 3.55 eurocent per bird for broiler producers (0.10 eurocent per bird per rearing day) and 75.7 eurocent per bird for hatching egg producers (0.27 eurocent per bird per rearing day). For a batch of 75,000 broilers, the total cost would be €2,700. The total costs per bird are dependent on the annual number of birds: the higher the number of birds, the lower the cost per bird. This impact is primarily due to decreasing labour costs rather than direct monetary costs. Larger farms seem to utilise less labour per bird for biosecurity actions. There are also differences relating to the processor with which the producer is associated, as well as to the gender of the producer, with female producers investing more in biosecurity. Bird density was found to be positively related to the labour costs of biosecurity. This suggests that when the bird density is higher, greater labour resources need to be invested in their health and welfare and hence disease prevention. The use of coccidiostats as a preventive measure to control coccidiosis was found to have the largest cost variance between the producers, contributing to the direct costs.

Conclusions

The redesign of cost-sharing in animal diseases is currently ongoing in the European Union. Before we can assert how the risk should be shared or resort to the ''polluter pays'' principle, we need to understand how the costs are currently distributed. The ongoing study contributes towards understanding these issues. The next challenge is to link the costs of preventive biosecurity to the benefits thus acquired.     

蘑菇类原料在家禽生产中的应用

近期人们对食用蘑菇的潜力及其在预防和治疗方面的应用越来越感兴趣.食用蘑菇具有抗氧化、免疫刺激、抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒和降胆固醇等特性.本文综述了食用蘑菇作为饲料添加剂在肉鸡和蛋鸡中的应用现状,并对食用蘑菇的营养和健康促进作用进行综述.     

Long-term trends in greenhouse gas emissions from the Canadian poultry industry

As people become more aware of the environmental footprint of different foods, consumers may modify their diets to reduce the impact of their diets on the environment. For this to occur, it is necessary to know the impact that individual food types have on the environment. This publication presents the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as the GHG emission intensity associated with various types of poultry production in Canada for the census years 1981 to 2006. Greenhouse gas emissions were calculated using the methodology from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change adjusted for conditions in Canada. Direct emissions of CH₄, N₂ O, and CO₂ from birds, their facilities, and the avian crop complex, corresponding to the area used to grow the crops that feed Canadian poultry, were estimated using poultry diet surveys. Between 1981 and 2006, because of the strong growth of broiler production, GHG emissions from the poultry industry increased by 40%. The main GHG was N₂ O, representing approximately 57% of the total emissions. Fossil fuel CO₂ accounted for approximately 38%, whereas CH₄ accounted for 5%. In western Canada, GHG emission intensities decreased owing to a reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels associated with the adoption of reduced- and no-tillage cropping systems, whereas in eastern Canada, the reduction was due to lower N₂ O emissions. The emissions of all 3 GHG from turkeys decreased because of the more rapid turnover of a marketable product (shortened life span) in later census years. Compared with other Canadian meat protein commodities in 2001, poultry emitted only 47% as much GHG per unit of live weight as pork and only 10% as much GHG per unit of live weight as beef.     

发酵饲料在家禽生产中的应用

饲料原料经过微生物发酵,可以降解抗营养因子和毒素,提高饲料利用率.发酵饲料对提高家禽生产性能、调节肠道菌群、维持肠道微生态平衡及增强机体免疫力具有积极作用.文章对发酵饲料的作用机理及其在家禽生产中的应用研究进行综述,对发酵饲料的应用前景进行展望,对发酵饲料与发酵工艺存在的问题进行探讨,为发酵饲料在家禽中的应用提供参考.     

The role of rodents in avian influenza outbreaks in poultry farms: a review

Wild migratory birds are associated with global avian influenza virus (AIV) spread. Although direct contact with wild birds and contaminated fomites is unlikely in modern non-free range poultry farms applying biosecurity measures, AIV outbreaks still occur. This suggests involvement of other intermediate factors for virus transmission between wild birds and poultry. This review describes current evidence of the potential role of rodents in AIV transmission from wild birds to poultry and between poultry houses. Rodents can be abundant around poultry houses, share their habitat with waterfowl and can readily enter poultry houses. Survival of AIV from waterfowl in poultry house surroundings and on the coat of rodents suggests that rodents are likely to act as mechanical vector. AIVs can replicate in rodents without adaptation, resulting in high viral titres in lungs and nasal turbinates, virus presence in nasal washes and saliva, and transmission to naïve contact animals. Therefore, active AIV shedding by infected rodents may play a role in transmission to poultry. Further field and experimental studies are needed to provide evidence for a role of rodents in AIV epidemiology. Making poultry houses rodent-proof and the immediate surroundings unattractive for rodents are recommended as preventive measures against possible AIV introduction.     

Comparison of emission estimates for non‐CO2 greenhouse gases from livestock and poultry in Korea from 1990 to 2010

It has often been claimed that non‐carbon dioxide greenhouse gases (NCGGs), such as methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated greenhouse gases, are significant contributors to climate change. Here we nvestigate emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from livestock and poultry production, which is recognized as a major source of those NCGGs, in Korea over the period of 1990 through 2010. Based on the data on livestock and poultry populations, emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide are first derived based on the Tier 1 approach. Then, the Tier 2 approach is adopted to obtain emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from cattle, which are known to be the largest sources of these NCGGs and account for about 70% of emissions from livestock and poultry in Korea. The result indicates that the Tier 2 estimates of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management are significantly different from the Tier 1 estimates over the analysis period.     

益生元在家禽生产中的应用潜力

益生元是以天然来源的碳水化合物为基础的聚合物,可以被胃肠道中的一些细菌利用,但不被宿主动物消化。益生元作为家禽饲料添加剂,可促进养分消化、吸收,因为它们选择有益的微生物,这些微生物被认为可以促进禽类营养,并可能限制食源性病原体的形成。已经有大量研究来评估其对人类、动物的影响,但只有有限的研究是在非常规生产条件下进行的,同时关于它们对宿主和胃肠道菌群影响的具体机制仍有很多未知。随着对非常规生产系统进行的更详细和精确的研究,结构不同的益生元可能不仅会对胃肠道微生物群产生影响,而且可能以不同的模式与禽类宿主直接或间接地产生相互作用。     

低蛋白日粮技术在禽类生产中的应用

本文就低蛋白日粮在禽类生产中的应用作一综述。     

Organic poultry production in the United States: Broilers

Since the USDA implemented the National Organic Program, the growth of the organic food market has continued to increase, with organic poultry as leading products. Organic livestock husbandry practices focus on living conditions that permit natural behaviors and provide outdoor access, preventive health management with a prohibition of antibiotics or other drugs (although vaccines can be used), and organic feed. Organic feed is raised without synthetic fertilizers and pesticides; pastures to which birds have access must also be organic. Hatcheries are currently not required to be organic, and conventional chicks may be used if they are under organic management by the second day after hatching. Although alternative, slow-growing genotypes are used in organic production in the European Union, conventional genetics are used in the United States. Poultry products, including meat and eggs, must be handled organically. Most synthetic materials are not permitted in organic food production, whereas most natural materials are; however, the National Organic Program National List specifies which materials are allowed. Of particular interest is an impending ban on the use of synthetic methionine in organic poultry diets. Research in the United States has examined alternative strategies, including the use of slow-growing broilers that are less heavily muscled than conventional fast-growing meat birds, but has not shown these birds to have lower methionine requirements. Research has also examined sensory differences between specialty and conventional meat chickens in the United States. Consumer panelists indicated no preference between these products, although trained panelists found some differences in the flavor of thigh meat. More meat quality differences were due to genotype than to outdoor access. Breast meat from slow-growing birds was more tender than that from fast-growing birds. Outdoor access resulted in leaner meat, but only in the case of slow-growing birds. As interest grows in specialty and organic poultry meat products, additional research is needed.     

中国规模猪场腹泻调查

[目的 ]掌握猪腹泻在规模猪场(年出栏1000头)的流行情况和主要病原,分析疫病发生的风险因素。[方法 ]采用横断面研究方法,选取江西、河南、湖南、四川和广西5个省、区407个规模猪场,开展了问卷调查、现场调查和实验室检测。[结果 ]调查发现腹泻的场流行率为71.99%,腹泻的发生率与猪场规模呈负相关(R2=0.87),不同种类猪的流行率不同,母猪、育肥猪、保育猪和哺乳仔猪发生腹泻的流行率分别为3.48%(95%CI,2.24%-4.96%)、2.4%(95%CI,1.35%-3.63%)、12.78%(95%CI,10.25%-15.41%)和33.80%(95%CI,31.02%-36.86%)。多重logistic回归分析结果表明,腹泻的发生与饲养年限、车辆进场消毒以及产房温度等因素有关。     

中国饲料2021年第1期目次

木纤维素或木质纤维素是一种不可溶性膳食纤维添加剂,主要成分为纤维素、半纤维素和木质素。研究表明,木纤维素具有提高家禽生产性能、促进肠道蠕动、改善肠道微生物区系及提高抗病力和免疫力等功能,因此木纤维素在畜禽限抗养殖中有着广泛的应用前景。本文基于国内外研究成果,对木纤维素的特性及应用进行综述,以期为木纤维素在家禽养殖中的应用提供参考。     

Risk for interspecies transmission of zoonotic pathogens during poultry processing and pork production in Peru: A qualitative study

Interspecies transmission of pathogens is an unfrequent but naturally occurring event and human activities may favour opportunities not previously reported. Reassortment of zoonotic pathogens like influenza A virus can result from these activities. Recently, swine and birds have played a central role as “mixing vessels” for epidemic and pandemic events related to strains like H1N1 and H5N1. Unsafe practices in poultry markets and swine farms can lead to interspecies transmission, favouring the emergence of novel strains. Thus, understanding practices that lead to interspecies interactions is crucial. This qualitative study aimed to evaluate poultry processing practices in formal and informal markets and the use of leftovers by swine farmers in three Peruvian cities: Lima (capital), Tumbes (coastal) and Tarapoto (jungle). We conducted 80 direct observations at formal and informal markets and interviewed 15 swine farmers. Processors slaughter and pluck chickens and vendors and/or processors eviscerate chickens. Food safety and hygiene practices were suboptimal or absent, although some heterogeneity was observed between cities and chicken vendors versus processors. Both vendors (76%) and processors (100%) sold the chicken viscera leftovers to swine farmers, representing the main source of chicken viscera for swine farms (53%). Swine farmers fed the chicken viscera to their swine. Chicken viscera cooking times varied widely and were insufficient in some cases. Non‐abattoired poultry leads to the sale of poultry leftovers to small‐scale swine farms, resulting in indirect but frequent interspecies contacts that can lead to interspecies transmission of bacterial pathogens or the reassortment of influenza A viruses. These interactions are exacerbated by suboptimal safety and hygiene conditions. People involved in these activities constitute an at‐risk population who could play a central role in preventing the transmission of pathogens between species. Educational interventions on hygiene and food safety practices will be important for reducing the risk of interspecies influenza transmission.     

丁酸梭菌在家禽生产中应用的研究进展

丁酸梭菌作为一种益生菌,存在于人和动物的肠道中,不易受到胃酸、消化酶和胆汁酸等因素的影响,不仅可以通过把营养物质降解成丁酸为动物提供营养与能量,而且可以保护肠道健康,促进营养物质的吸收和动物的生长,以及增强免疫功能等,因此丁酸梭菌可以作为饲料添加剂用于畜禽生产。本文对丁酸梭菌对家禽生理、生产性能的影响及其机制进行综述,以便为丁酸梭菌在家禽生产中的应用提供参考。     

乳酸菌在家禽生产中的应用

乳酸菌是人、畜禽胃肠道以及一些食物中的重要菌群之一,广泛用于食品、饲料和医药等领域,是一类具备多种益生功能的微生物.以乳酸菌为代表的微生态制剂,具有改善机体生长性能、促进机体免疫系统发育防止发生疾病、维持机体胃肠道微生态平衡、提升抗氧化能力、促进机体对营养物质的消化吸收等作用,一直是各大饲料企业以及家禽养殖业关注的焦点...     

牛磺酸的生物学功能及其在家禽生产中的应用

牛磺酸是一种条件性必需氨基酸,具有广泛的生物学功能。本文从脂质代谢、脂质过氧化、神经内分泌系统、免疫功能等方面重点讨论牛磺酸的生物学功能及其在家禽生产中的应用。     

微量元素钼在畜禽生产中的应用

本文从分布、代谢、营养、缺乏及过量方面阐述了钼的特点及在畜禽生产中的应用并指出钼研究领域存在的问题和研究方向。     

茶多酚的生物学功能及其在禽生产中的应用

本文对茶多酚的生物学功能及其在禽生产中的应用作一综述。     

酵母硒在畜禽生产中的应用

酵母硒具有促进动物生长、增强免疫功能、提高胴体品质和改善繁殖性能等营养生理作用。本文主要介绍了酵母硒在畜禽生产中的营养作用。     

小肽的功能及其在家禽生产中的应用

小肽是动物降解蛋白质为氨基酸过程中的中间产物,是动物的重要营养物质。它能在动物胃肠内被完整的吸收,这被认为是一种重要的生理现象,完善了传统蛋白质代谢理论。文中就小肽的分类和吸收特点、小肽的功能、小肽在家禽养殖中的应用效果及其应用前景作了简要综述。