大鼠胰腺间充质干细胞的分离鉴定及体外诱导成脂和成骨研究

从新生大鼠胰腺中分离出间充质干细胞(MSCs),研究其分化潜能,为胰腺疾病的干细胞移植治疗探寻新的细胞来源。无菌条件取出新生3 d的大鼠胰腺,通过Ⅴ型胶原酶消化获得细胞,常规培养传代、贴壁筛选法纯化细胞、吉姆萨染色观察细胞形态、流式细胞仪测定表面标志CD34和CD44;用成骨、成脂诱导剂鉴定其分化潜能。结果显示,纯化细胞在成骨诱导剂作用下被诱导成成骨细胞,在成脂诱导剂作用下被诱导成脂肪细胞。证明所纯化的细胞为尚未分化的基质细胞,而不是组织的成体细胞,它具有多向分化潜能。     

激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路抑制猪AMSCs向脂肪细胞分化

本研究以猪脂肪间充质干细胞(AMSCs)为材料,通过LiCl对AMSCs细胞中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路第二信使β-联蛋白(β-catenin)的稳定作用,探讨体外激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路对猪AMSCs向脂肪细胞分化的作用及其初步机制。应用细胞免疫化学染色鉴定AMSCs细胞表面分子CD44和CD105的表达;油红O染色法检测AMSCs成脂分化潜能;采用半定量RT-PCR及Westernblot等技术分析Wnt/β-catenin通路各因子及脂肪细胞分化转录因子的表达。结果显示,猪AMSCs表达CD44和CD105,并具有多向分化潜能;25mmol·L-1的LiCl处理AMSCs后,细胞中β-catenin蛋白表达明显增强;激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路后,猪AMSCs在成脂诱导剂作用下向脂肪细胞分化的数目减少、细胞内甘油三酯含量降低,脂肪细胞分化转录因子C/EBPα和PPARγ的表达受到抑制。以上结果表明,激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路能明显抑制猪AMSCs向脂肪细胞分化,其抑制作用可能是通过下调脂肪细胞分化转录因子PPARγ和C/EBPα的表达来实现的。     

动物脂肪组织的分化起源

动物脂肪组织是机体重要的器官,主要负责能量的储存和代谢,同时分泌多种脂肪细胞因子(adipokines)参与机体生理功能的调控。脂肪组织的功能紊乱与人类的肥胖病、糖尿病以及代谢综合症密切相关,多年以来动物脂肪组织的细胞分化起源一直是研究的热点。白色脂肪、棕色脂肪和肌肉组织都来源于机体的间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs),长期以来,人们一直以为白色脂肪和棕色脂肪的分化起源更加亲近,但随着对棕色脂肪分化机制的深入研究,发现白色脂肪和棕色脂肪在早期发育阶段有着不同的前体细胞,而棕色脂肪组织与肌肉组织的分化支系更加亲近。以往的脂肪分化研究往往利用基质血管组分(stromal vascular fractions,SVF)或肌卫星细胞等混合细胞群作为实验材料,随着流式细胞仪、转基因动物模型和干细胞表面标志抗原识别等技术的发展,使我们可以从这样的混合细胞群中分离得到纯的前体脂肪细胞系,从而提示我们之前的研究可能过高的估计了这样的混合细胞群体的活体分化潜能。进一步深入研究动物脂肪组织的分化起源,有助于我们理解机体脂肪沉积的具体机制,从而为治疗脂肪代谢相关疾病以及提高动物肉品品质提供理论依据。     

动物脂肪组织的分化起源

动物脂肪组织是机体重要的器官,主要负责能量的储存和代谢,同时分泌多种脂肪细胞因子(adipokines)参与机体生理功能的调控.脂肪组织的功能紊乱与人类的肥胖病、糖尿病以及代谢综合症密切相关,多年以来动物脂肪组织的细胞分化起源一直是研究的热点.白色脂肪、棕色脂肪和肌肉组织都来源于机体的间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs),长期以来,人们一直以为白色脂肪和棕色脂肪的分化起源更加亲近,但随着对棕色脂肪分化机制的深入研究,发现白色脂肪和棕色脂肪在早期发育阶段有着不同的前体细胞,而棕色脂肪组织与肌肉组织的分化支系更加亲近.以往的脂肪分化研究往往利用基质血管组分(stromal vascular fractions,SVF)或肌卫星细胞等混合细胞群作为实验材料,随着流式细胞仪、转基因动物模型和干细胞表面标志抗原识别等技术的发展,使我们可以从这样的混合细胞群中分离得到纯的前体脂肪细胞系,从而提示我们之前的研究可能过高的估计了这样的混合细胞群体的活体分化潜能.进一步深入研究动物脂肪组织的分化起源,有助于我们理解机体脂肪沉积的具体机制,从而为治疗脂肪代谢相关疾病以及提高动物肉品品质提供理论依据.     

白来航鸡不同来源间充质干细胞的比较研究

【目的】以禽类间充质干细胞(MSCs)为研究对象,探讨不同来源MSCs生物学特性上的差异及其临床应用潜力。【方法】培养白来航鸡4种不同组织器官骨髓(BM)、脂肪(AT)、脐带(UC)和脾脏(S)衍生的MSCs,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测细胞表面标记物的表达,采用细胞生长曲线观察种群倍增时间变化,利用噻唑蓝细胞毒性检测法(MTT)确定基质细胞衍生因子1(SDF-1)对不同来源MSCs的细胞毒性,并选用细胞小室检测MSCs体外迁移情况,通过蛋白质印迹法方法确定MSCs体外迁移影响因素,最后选用成骨分化和成脂分化观察不同来源MSCs的体外分化情况。【结果】不同来源的MSCs细胞形态基本一致;细胞表面标记物CD29、CD44、CD71、CD90和CD105等基因呈阳性表达;不同来源的MSCs表面标记物的相对表达量不同,CD29基因的相对表达量基本相同,CD44基因在AT-MSCs中的相对表达量显著高于BM-MSCs(P<0.05),CD71基因在UC-MSCs中的相对表达量显著低于BM-MSCs(P<0.05),CD90基因在UC-MSCs和S-MSCs中的相对表达量极显著低于...     

西门塔尔牛胰腺间充质干细胞原代培养及其多向分化潜能研究

旨在对西门塔尔牛胰腺间充质干细胞（pancreatic mesenchymal stem cells,PMSCs）进行原代培养并研究其体外分化潜能,为细胞疗法和组织工程学方面提供新的种子细胞。本研究从3月龄的西门塔尔牛胚胎中无菌分离胰腺组织,分别采用胶原酶消化法和组织块贴壁法分离PMSCs,进行原代培养;绘制第3代、第9代、第15代细胞生长曲线并测定群体倍增时间及克隆形成能力,采用免疫荧光检测干细胞表面标志物（CD29、CD44、CD73、CD90、CD34和CD45）,RT-PCR检测干细胞细胞表面标志物（CD29、CD44、CD73、CD90、CD106、CD166、CD34和CD45）;染色体核型分析检测其基因稳定性,通过向成脂、成骨、成软骨和成肝样细胞诱导分化,检测其多向分化潜能。结果表明,两种方法都可成功分离出PMSCs,细胞贴壁后形态均为长梭形,漩涡状生长,生长趋势呈典型的S形;第9代细胞群体倍增时间显著低于第15代而高于第3代（P<0.01）;第9代PMSCs克隆形成率显著低于第3代而显著高于第15代（P<0.05）;免疫荧光结果表明,PMSCs特异性表达CD29、CD44、CD73和CD90,RT-PCR结果显示PMSCs特异性表达CD29、CD44、CD73、CD90、CD106和CD166,未表达造血细胞表面标志物CD34和CD45,与国际细胞治疗学会组织干细胞委员会指定的MSCs表面标记物相对应;核型分析表明,PMSCs为正常二倍体（2n=60,XY）,染色体基因组未发生变异;特异性染色和RT-PCR结果表明,从西门塔尔牛体内获得的PMSCs可分化为脂肪细胞、骨细胞、软骨细胞和肝样细胞。本试验证实两种方法均可成功建立西门塔尔牛PMSCs体外分离培养体系,PMSCs具有活性好、增殖速度快的特点,与MSCs有相似的生物学特性和多项分化的潜能。可为组织工程学提供新的种子细胞。     

鸡肺脏间充质干细胞的分离鉴定及其对禽流感病毒的易感性研究

本研究分离并鉴定了1~2周龄雏鸡的肺脏间充质干细胞(MSCs)。显微镜下观察,这些培养细胞呈成纤维细胞样形态。表型上,这些细胞表达对干细胞自我更新和多功能性至关重要的CD44、CD90、CD105和转录因子PouV。鸡MSCs的多向分化潜能性显示其能够被诱导分化成为脂肪细胞和成骨细胞。与鸡骨髓MSCs和哺乳动物MSCs相同,鸡肺脏间充质干细胞具有免疫调节活性并能严重抑制T细胞受有丝分裂原刺激后的增殖。进一步检测了这些细胞对禽流感病毒(AI)H1N1和H9N5的易感性。鸡肺间充质干细胞可以表达已知的α-2,3和α-2,6唾液酸受体,且H1N1和H9N5这2个禽流感毒株都能在其中复制增殖。病毒感染MSCs能引起细胞裂解和细胞因子及趋化因子的产生。对鸡及其他哺乳动物的肺间充质干细胞(MSCs)特性的进一步鉴定将有助于理解肺感染性与非感染性疾病的发病机理和肺损伤修复的机制。     

胎牛视网膜干细胞向神经细胞诱导研究

旨在研究胎牛视网膜干细胞(Retinal stem cells,RSCs)的分离、培养、鉴定及向不同类型细胞诱导分化等的生物学特性。采用机械吹打法从胎牛眼睫状体部细胞中分离RSCs,通过免疫荧光方法鉴定RSCs标志物Nestin、Pax-6和Chx-10,并诱导其向星形胶质细胞、神经元及少突胶质细胞诱导分化,检测其多向分化潜能。结果表明,机械吹打法获得的胎牛RSCs不仅表达干细胞特有的标志,而且成功诱导分化为星形胶质细胞、神经元及少突胶质细胞。综上表明,胎牛RSCs具有良好的体外增殖能力和多向分化潜能。为今后视网膜干细胞的研究提供相应的理论依据。     

奶牛脂肪间充质干细胞体外分离培养与鉴定

探讨奶牛脂肪来源的间充质干细胞(adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells,AD-MSCs)体外分离培养方法及其生物学特性。采集不同部位奶牛脂肪,选用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,并进行贴壁培养,获取原代奶牛AD-MSCs,通过传代培养进一步纯化扩增。显微镜观察细胞形态及生长特征,并采用MTT法绘制2种AD-MSCs生长曲线,利用免疫荧光化学染色法检测其表面标志物,对该细胞进行了向成骨及成脂诱导分化培养试验,采用油红O和钙盐染色法对其分化能力进行鉴定。比较研究了不同部位脂肪的形态,2种不同部位的AD-MSCs均呈长梭形、纺锤形或多角形贴壁生长,且2个部位来源的AD-MSCs的生长曲线无明显差异(P0.05)。分离培养的AD-MSCs的表面标志物CD44和CD73呈阳性表达,而CD34和CD45呈阴性表达。在诱导分化培养试验中呈现出较强的成脂和成骨分化能力。本试验选取不同部位的脂肪组织,成功的分离并鉴定了奶牛AD-MSCs,为纯化鉴定奶牛AD-MSCs提供了依据。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -