供钾水平对香蕉苗期生长和钾素吸收积累的影响

采用水培试验方法研究16种供钾水平对香蕉营养生长和钾素营养吸收积累的影响.结果表明:当溶液中的钾离子浓度在225mg/L以下时,香蕉的干物质积累量、含钾量及吸钾量随着供钾水平的增加而增加;当溶液中的钾离子浓度在225～520mg/L之间时,随着供钾水平的增加,香蕉的干物质积累量、含钾量及吸钾量的增加不显著;当溶液中的钾离子浓度达到600 mg/L时,香蕉的干物质积累量和吸钾量出现下降.香蕉干物质相对产量与溶液中的供钾浓度的响应方程为:y=-0.000401 x2+0.307 6x+45.676(R2=0.881**).计算得到香蕉缺钾临界值为228 mg/L,适宜的供钾浓度为228～539mg/L.     

不同玉米基因型对钾素吸收利用的研究

本项研究对60个杂交玉米组合钾素的吸收利用进行了测定分析。结果表明,不同玉米基因型对钾素营养吸收利用有着很大的差异。以产量为指标将其聚类为低、中、高产三类,子粒含钾量有随产量的提高下降的趋势。在秸秆含钾量上,低产基因型由于向子粒中的转化能力低,而使秸秆中含钾量较一般基因型的高;而高产基因型为了支持更高的子粒产量,需要有更强大的茎秆,所以含钾量也较高。低产基因型杂交种钾素利用效率不到中、高产基因型杂交种的50%,中、高产基因型杂交种吸收钾量的20%用于子粒生产。而低产基因型只有10.3%。高产基因型杂交种较一般类型的杂交种可从土壤中多吸收27%以上的钾素,钾的吸收效率高是其高产的原因之一。     

不同大豆品种对钾素吸收和利用效率差异的比较研究

以钾高效大豆品种九农15和低效品种GD8521为试验材料,在溶液培养条件下研究不同钾浓度处理下植株干重及各部分钾含量、钾积累量的变化情况,从而分析其吸收及利用钾素效率的差异.结果表明:钾高效品种相对干重显著大于低效品种,高效品种植株各部分钾含量分布均匀,在低钾胁迫下根系和叶片中的钾含量均高于低效品种,表现出了对钾的高效吸收和利用特性;而低效品种吸收的钾却富集在茎秆中,说明钾在植株体内的运输受到阻碍.由此可见,钾在植物体内的利用情况如运输、同化是植物钾效率差异的关键.     

玉米根系特征的基因型差异及与氮吸收效率的关系

在4个硝酸盐浓度下进行2个玉米品种盆栽砂培试验,研究玉米根系特征的基因型差异对硝酸盐浓度的响应及与氮素吸收效率的关系。结果表明,氮高效品种郑单958在硝酸盐浓度为0.08、0.8、4.0 mmol/L时,根重、根幅、根长、根表面积、根体积、分枝数、分形维数、根系活力均显著高于氮低效玉米品种内单314。各根系形态指标随硝酸盐浓度的增加逐渐增加,当硝酸盐浓度从4.0 mmol/L增加至8.0 mmol/L时,不同基因型品种间差异不显著。在低氮胁迫条件下,玉米主要通过增加细根比例、增加根表面积吸收更多的氮素;在氮素供应充足条件下,通过增加根系平均直径,形成高密的分枝系统吸收氮素。进一步通径分析表明,根长与根体积对氮吸收效率直接影响最大,是氮吸收效率差异的主要原因。     

田间低钾胁迫条件下水稻对钾的吸收和利用效率

通过田间试验,研究了在不同程度低钾胁迫条件下,杂交稻和常规稻在不同生育阶段对钾的吸收、分配和利用效率。在连续8季施氮、磷肥而不施钾肥的严重低钾胁迫条件下,施用钾肥使稻谷产量、水稻钾吸收总量显著增加而钾利用效率显著降低,同时表现出明显的耕作历史同施用钾肥间的交互作用。从幼穗分化期到抽穗期,水稻钾的积累量约占总积累量的一半以上,为水稻积累钾的关键时期。水稻对钾肥反应存在明显的品种间差异,在供钾充足条件下,杂交稻协优46的钾吸收量显著大于常规稻秀水11,但其钾利用效率却显著低于秀水11,表现出对钾的奢侈性吸收;在缺K条件下,杂交稻的钾吸收量低于常规稻,其钾利用效率与常规稻无明显差异。运用混合型离子交换树脂球测试法,可以了解淹水条件下土壤中生物有效性钾的动态变化特征,原地埋置7 d的树脂球的钾吸附量同水稻地上部分钾吸收量呈显著正相关。     

不同基因型水稻镉吸收差异及镉对水稻的影响研究进展

研究镉对水稻污染的生理生物学的作用机制,筛选富镉或低吸镉的水稻基因型品种对保护生态环境和生产绿色食品都具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。综述了稻田镉污染的现状、危害,水稻镉吸收积累差异以及镉对水稻生长发育的影响等方面的研究成果,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

低钾胁迫对玉米苗期根系生长和钾吸收特性的影响

研究低钾胁迫对玉米苗期根系生长和钾吸收特性的影响。玉米自交系种子A(不耐低钾)和B(耐低钾)用三个钾离子浓度(5μmol/L,100μmol/L,1000μmol/L)进行液体培养,4周时将苗转入培养桶中,连续培养50天。在转入的0d、3d、10d、25d、50d天时距根尖2cm处取样,观察根部形态特征及解剖结构,对其根系活力、Imax、Km进行测定。结果表明:耐低钾品种B低钾条件下,根表形态结构上,根毛数量增加,且形成部位距根尖较近;根解剖结构上,木质部导管分化增强,并改善了疏导组织运输能力;根冠比上,长度、重量根冠比增加;根系吸收能力上,根系活力、Imax显著提高,Km显著降低。耐低钾品种从根形态结构改变及根系活跃吸收能力增强两方面协同作用适应低钾胁迫,提高钾吸收能力。     

不同基因型玉米氮素吸收利用效率研究进展

玉米氮效率的评价方法与指标不尽一致,导致对玉米基因型不同的分类结果。玉米氮效率研究主要集中于根系对氮素的吸收、叶片对氮素的还原同化、氮素在植株体内的积累和分配以及地上部生长势与氮效率的关系方面。以子粒为主要收获对象的玉米,穗、子粒发育状况对玉米产量起着关键作用,有关穗、子粒发育对玉米氮效率贡献率的大小、不同氮效率基因型玉米穗、子粒发育的差异以及内在生理生化机制研究较少。对不同氮效率基因型玉米子粒发育与氮效率之间关系、子粒发育尤其是顶部子粒的早期发育(决定穗粒数的形成)对氮素的反应、氮高效品种顶部子粒的早期发育是否优于氮低效型、氮素对不同氮效率基因型玉米子粒发育的影响机制等问题有待进一步研究。     

钾高效基因型烟草的选育及研究进展

钾是影响烟叶品质最重要的元素之一,选育钾高效基因型烤烟是提高我国烟叶钾含量的有效途径.综述了钾高效基因型烤烟钾素吸收、积累和分配特性,选育方法等方面的研究成果,并指出了今后的主要研究方向.     

不同基因型玉米吸钾特性和耐低钾机理研究

通过低钾土壤钾素耗竭实验、盆栽土培实验系统地对12个不同基因型玉米进行了吸钾特性研究。幼苗耗竭实验结果表明：农大86吸钾能力最强,钾积累量最大;甜玉米吸钾能力弱,钾积累量少;吸钾能力强的基因型吸收矿物钾的比例也大。土培试验结果表明：在低钾土壤条件下,农大86吸钾能力强,甜玉米和聊玉18钾素利用效率高;在高钾条件下,登海9号增产率大,钾肥利用率高。钠对钾替代作用的研究表明,不同基因型玉米钾效率虽然不同,但对钠的吸收差异不显著。不同基因型玉米无论高钾还是低钾条件,对钠的吸收没有明显的差异,钾高效、耐低钾基因型玉米不存在钠、钾替代现象。     

不同品种甘蔗对钾素吸收差异性的研究

研究了温室沙培条件下不同品种甘蔗在0.02和2 mmol/L钾水平处理下的吸钾特性与钾利用效率的关系。结果表明:施钾促进甘蔗根部、茎(叶)部生长,降低根冠比,提高光合速率,有利于生物量的积累;低钾胁迫,促进粤糖159(YT159)根系生长,增加吸收面积,提高根际钾素有效性。随着钾水平的提高,粤糖2号(YT2)和新台糖22号(ROC22)的根系也随着生长,YT159的根系生长则受到抑制;在两种钾水平的处理下,YT159的生物量、根系形态指标值、光合速率都比ROC22和YT2要高,说明YT159是钾高效品种。从低钾到高钾处理中,YT159的生物量增幅小,发达的根系使其能够正常生长,因此,YT159也是耐低钾品种。     

不同钾吸收类型小麦品种(系)秸秆还田对农田钾素平衡的影响

为明确不同小麦品种(系)秸秆还田对土壤钾素平衡的影响,采用大田试验,研究了32个小麦品种(系)成熟期植株的钾含量及分布,对比分析了秸秆直接就地还田与收获不还田条件下不同小麦品种(系)钾素的携出量、回田量与土壤钾素盈亏量。结果表明,在麦田钾肥施用量为93kg·hm-2条件下,秸秆还田后,小麦植株返还到土壤中的钾素量高达60.4~146.3kg·hm-2。与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田多向农田返还钾素44.6~112.6kg·hm-2。在秸秆还田条件下,种植所有品种(系)的土壤钾素均呈现大量盈余状态,其盈余量为65.7~81.3kg·hm-2,占施钾量的70.7%~87.4%。秸秆还田还有利于缩小不同品种(系)种植农田土壤钾素的差异。秸秆不还田条件下农田钾素盈亏状况在品种(系)间差异显著,而秸秆还田条件下不同品种(系)间农田钾素盈亏状况差异较小。钾高效吸收型小麦品种(系)具有较高的钾素携出量和回田量及较低的土壤盈余量,而钾低效吸收型小麦品种(系)则具有较低的钾素携出量和回田量及较高的土壤盈余量。从土壤可持续发展而言,无论小麦品种(系)钾吸收效率高低,秸秆还田条件下麦田均应大幅减少钾肥施用量。     

香蕉果实营养差异及其对人体膳食摄入量贡献评价

为了解不同香蕉品种的营养成分差异及其对人体推荐膳食摄入量(RNI)的贡献,分别以7个海南产香蕉品种的果实为试验材料,通过对糖、酸、维生素C、粗蛋白、矿物质含量等果实品质指标的研究以及香蕉果实营养成分间相关性及变异度的分析,并比较不同品种香蕉果实内含营养对人体营养摄入的贡献。结果表明:不同品种的香蕉果实分别含有5.36%~21.16%的还原糖、15.46%~23.16%的总糖;每百克果实中含有0.20~0.68 g总酸、14.21~34.07 mg维生素C、0.92~1.72 g粗蛋白、262.0~444.3 mg的钾;每千克香蕉果实含0.61~3.51 mg锌、3.79~5.66 mg铁;每百克香蕉可提供膳食推荐摄入量9.5%~14.2%的能量、14.2%~34.1%的维生素C、13.1%~22.2%的钾、2.5%~3.8%的铁以及0.4%~2.3%的锌。通过分析结果表明,不同香蕉品种间的果实营养含量表现出较大的变异幅度,香蕉果实对RNI的部分指标具有较大贡献。     

Response of Leaf Photosynthesis to Vapor Pressure Difference in Rice (Oryza sativa L) Varieties in Relation to Stomatal and Leaf Internal Conductance

Abstract

In the afternoon when air humidity decreases, leaf photosynthetic rate (P_n) often declines in rice grown under irrigated conditions. To clarify the genotypic difference of P_n in response to humidity, we measured P_n and stomatal conductance (g_s) for nine rice varieties with diverse genetic backgrounds, at various vapor pressure differences (VPD) and developmental stages. P_n and g_s of all the varieties decreased with VPD increase from 1.0 to 2.3 kPa of VPD. The variety with high g_s at low VPD exhibited a greater decline of g_s with VPD increase than the variety with low g_s, but cv. Takanari showed the highest g_s under altered VPD conditions. Significant logarithmic relations were found between the decreased P_n and g_s at the respective developmental stages, suggesting that g_s is the dominant factor determining P_n and its response to VPD change. To explicate the effect of decreased g_s on P_n, we analyzed the relations by using the model that accurately estimated the genotypic difference in P_n at a low VPD with g_s and leaf nitrogen content per unit leaf area in the previous study. The model assuming that leaf internal conductance (g_w) remains unchanged well explained the decreased P_n at high VPDs by g_s change alone. The analysis also suggested the constancy of g_w and carboxylation capacity at high VPD. It is concluded that the genotypic difference in the decrease of P_n at a high VPD is brought mainly by that in decreased g_s, and the varieties with a high g_s always exhibit a high P_n owing to their relatively high g_s at either high or low VPD environments.     

香蕉硅吸收动力学参数确定方法

以海南常见6种香蕉品种幼苗为试验材料,采用改进耗竭法研究适用于香蕉硅吸收动力学的数据处理方式及参数量纲表示方法。结果表明:3种数据处理方式、6种量纲得到的香蕉硅吸收动力学方程相关程度不同,采用LB法处理数据相关性最好,根系、地上部分和全株干重和鲜重作为量纲均能满足香蕉硅吸收动力学测定的要求,回归方程的相关系数(R2)为0.955 8~0.998 3,均达到极显著水平;H法不适用于香蕉硅吸收动力学的分析。     

施钾对春玉米产量、养分吸收及分配的影响

通过连续两年田间试验,研究吉林省中部玉米主产区施钾对春玉米产量、养分吸收、转运、分配及钾肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施用钾肥可显著提高春玉米产量,在一定施钾范围内,春玉米产量随施钾量的增加而增加,当施钾量超过90 kg/hm2后产量不再增加,根据玉米产量(y)和施钾量(x)拟合,得出最佳施钾量为82.9~86.6 kg/hm2。施钾肥可提高干物质最大积累速率和积累总量、养分最大吸收速率和吸收总量,提前干物质最大积累速率和养分最大吸收速率出现的时间。施钾可提高春玉米氮、磷、钾养分向子粒的转运量及转运率,施钾量30~90 kg/hm2范围内抽雄期养分积累量与子粒转运量和转运率呈正比,当施钾量超过90 kg/hm2后,氮、磷、钾养分转运出现负效应。钾素农学利用率和偏生产力随着施钾量的增加而下降,钾肥当季回收率以施钾量90 kg/hm2处理最高。在吉林省中部玉米主产区,适宜施钾量为82.9~86.6 kg/hm2。     

3个香蕉品种黄酮含量与果实发育成熟的关系

为了明确香蕉果实发育及成熟过程中黄酮含量变化规律,对巴西香蕉、粉蕉和皇帝蕉果实采前发育和采后成熟过程中的黄酮含量进行测定。结果表明:3个香蕉品种在果实发育成熟过程中果皮中黄酮含量均显著高于果肉中黄酮含量。从抽蕾、断蕾到采收,3个品种果皮中的黄酮含量逐渐降低,表现出与发育负相关。采前巴西蕉和黄帝蕉果肉中黄酮含量也是逐渐降低,但粉蕉果肉中黄酮含量呈先升后降的趋势。在采后成熟过程中,3个香蕉品种果皮果肉中的黄酮含量逐渐升高。且用外源乙烯和1-MCP处理后发现,香蕉果皮和果肉中的黄酮含量明显受外源乙烯诱导而增加,受1-MCP的抑制而减少,表现出与成熟正相关。     

Effects of plant density and nitrogen and potassium fertilization on cotton yield and uptake of major nutrients in two fields with varying fertility

As the most important cultural practices for cotton production, the single effects of plant density and [nitrogen (N) and potassium (K)] fertilization on yield and yield components are well documented but their combined effects on Bt cotton are poorly understood. Using a split–split plot design with four replications, we conducted a two-year field experiment in two fields, one with lower fertility and the other with higher fertility, in the Yellow River Valley of China. The aim was to evaluate both the individual and combined effects of plant density and nitrogen and potassium fertilization on yield, yield components and uptake of major nutrients. The main plots were assigned to plant density (4.5 and 7.5 plants/m²), while nitrogen (0 and 240 kg N/ha) and potassium fertilization (0 and 150 kg K/ha) were assigned to the sub- and sub–subplots. Lint yield was improved with high plant density (7.5 plants/m²) in the lower fertility field, particularly without N and K application, but not in the higher fertility field. Nitrogen or K application also increased lint yield, and a combination of high plant density, N and K application further improved lint yield in the lower fertility field, while only K application increased lint yield in the higher fertility field. Lint percentage was not affected by any of the variables studied. Thus, the yield increase due to plant density, fertilization or their combinations was attributed to increases in boll number or boll weight. The ratio of seed cotton to stalk (RSS) was linearly correlated with harvest index, and thus can be a simple indicator of dry matter allocation to reproductive structures. Increased yield due to plant density and fertilization was mainly attributed to the enhanced biological yield in the lower fertility field, while the yield increase due to K fertilization was mainly due to increased RSS in the higher fertility field. The plants used approximately equal N and P to produce 100 kg lint in both fields, but the uptake of K to produce 100 kg lint in the higher fertility field was about 21% more than that in the lower fertility field. Ratios of N:P:K were 1:0.159:0.604 in the lower fertility field and 1:0.159:0.734 in higher fertility field. This study suggests that K fertilization was extremely important for maintaining high yield, although luxury consumption occurred in the higher fertility field; N was applied more than required in the highly fertile field, and increased plant density would be beneficial to cotton yield in the lower fertility field.     

Differential Responses in Potassium Absorption and Use Efficiencies in the Halophytes Catapodium rigidum and Hordeum maritimum to Various Potassium Concentrations in the Medium

Abstract

The changes in biomass production, root length, mineral nutrition, potassium absorption efficiency (KAE), and potassium use efficiency (KUE) of the halophytes Catapodium rigidum and Hordeum maritimum in response to potassium availability were assessed under natural conditions. Plants were cultivated in the greenhouse of the experimental station of the Biotechnology Centre of Borj Cédria (a Mediterranean coastal area) 30 km south-east of Tunis for four months from the autumn to winter of 2007–2008. H. maritimum biomass production was not significantly affected by the K⁺ concentration, but C. rigidum growth was increased significantly with increasing K⁺ concentration in the medium. Root/shoot dry weight ratio remained constant in C. rigidum, but decreased significantly at 1000 and 3000 µM K⁺ in H. maritimum. KAE increased but KUE decreased significantly with increasing K⁺ concentration in the medium in both species. However, KAE was higher in H. maritimum than in C. rigidum showing a contrasting response to K⁺ concentration between the two species. Overall, the maintenance of a cationic balance may be explained by cation antagonism. The lower K⁺ requirement of H. maritimum to express its optimal growth can be attributed to its higher efficiency to acquire and transfer K⁺ to shoots.     

香蕉茎叶堆制还田对土壤各形态钾的影响

在室内模拟大田环境中香蕉茎叶堆肥还田对土壤中各形态钾的影响。结果显示:土壤中添加香蕉茎叶腐熟材料能提高土壤的pH值,在0～240mg/kg(以香蕉茎叶中的钾折算每千克土中添加钾的量,下同)添加量下,土壤pH值随添加量的增加而升高,总体维持在6.3～7.0范围内;土壤速效钾的含量也随着堆肥样品添加量的增加而增大。由于堆肥样品中各种物质的影响,土壤速效钾的量高于外源钾添加量和原始土壤中速效钾的量总和,且速效钾增率随堆肥样品添加量的增加而增大。90d后土壤中速效钾增率仍维持在36.83%～137.58%之间。缓效钾的量与速效钾相比,堆肥样品添加量对其在土壤中的含量变化影响不大,在大部分时间内不同堆肥样品添加量下缓效钾的量差异不显著。