热带普通小球藻生长过程中色素质量浓度和颜色值变化及相关性分析

该文基于CIE-L*a*b*颜色分析系统,采用全自动分光测色仪对热带普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长过程中的颜色值变化进行监测,同时测定其细胞密度及色素的质量浓度变化并进行相关分析。结果显示,热带普通小球藻生长过程中细胞密度分为接种期、快速生长期、稳定期和衰亡期4个阶段,绿色素和黄色素质量浓度和颜色参数值黄度值(b*)、色差值(△E)和饱和度(C)均呈增加趋势,而颜色参数值明度值(L*)、红度值(a*)、相角(H°)呈降低趋势;颜色参数值与细胞密度、色素质量浓度具有较强的相关性,线性回归模型拟合度较高,在快速生长期尤为显著,其中b*和△E可作为较佳的指示指标。通过量化热带普通小球藻生长过程中的颜色参数变化,建立非接触性数量及质量动态变化预测模型,可快速准确预测,为提高养殖过程中精细操作及效率提供理论基础。     

Fe~(3+)对鳗池中铜绿微囊藻和小球藻生长的影响

以铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)为研究对象,分别测定了初始Fe3+摩尔浓度为0、1、10、15、20、25、50、100μmol·L-1时铜绿微囊藻和小球藻的生长曲线和叶绿素a含量。结果表明,2株藻均存在铁限制,其中缺铁对铜绿微囊藻生长的限制较为显著,当初始Fe3+浓度为0,1μmol·L-1时,其生长曲线呈现出负增长的趋势;铜绿微囊藻的μmax出现在25μmol·L-1,小球藻的μmax则出现在20μmol·L-1;当浓度为100μmol·L-1时,2株藻的生长均受到了一定的抑制,但此时的生长速度仍高于低Fe3+组。     

营养元素和pH对若夫小球藻生长和油脂积累的影响

以若夫小球藻（Chlorella zofingiensis）为研究对象,考察了不同的营养方式（自养、混养、异养）,不同的氮源、磷（P）质量浓度和pH对其生长和油脂积累的影响.结果表明,若夫小球藻在混合营养方式下藻体质量浓度及油脂质量分数明显高于自养与异养方式,以蔗糖为碳源的混合营养方式下若夫小球藻总脂质量浓度最高（3.14g·L^-1）,分别是自养和异养的4.6和5.0倍.以尿素为氮源时若夫小球藻总脂质量浓度最高（0.79 g·L^-1）.在一定范围内增加P质量浓度能提高若夫小球藻总脂质量浓度,其最适P质量浓度为7.0 ～ 14.0 mg·L^-1.人为改变培养液的pH对若夫小球藻细胞生长影响较大,若夫小球藻能够在pH4.5 ～9.5范围内生长,超出此范围时细胞很快裂解死亡.     

蛋白核小球藻与水蕹菜调控对南美白对虾养殖水体及其生长影响的初步研究

为了解接种蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和种植水蕹菜(Ipomoea Aquatica)对南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)养殖的影响,在南美白对虾养殖水体中设置空白对照组、单纯接种蛋白核小球藻、种植水蕹菜及二者联合的4个处理组,定期监测各处理组中水质理化指标、生长特性及免疫相关酶活性的变化情况。结果显示:与对照组相比,三个处理组均能有效去除南美白对虾养殖水体中的NO~-_2-N、NH~+_4-N、TN和TP,其中接种蛋白核小球藻处理组对NO~-_2-N的去除率达到51.27%;种植水蕹菜处理组对NO~-_2-N、NH~+_4-N和TP去除效果最好,去除率分别为55.19%、70.06%和74.76%;联合处理组对水体TN去除率为49.66%,去除TN效果最佳。三个处理组均能提高南美白对虾的特定生长率和提高其成活率,其中联合处理组效果最佳,分别较对照组提高了0.66%和27.27%,水雍菜处理组分别增加了8.14%和9.10%,蛋白核小球藻处理组分别增加了4.41%和2.28%,同时联合处理组的增重率显著高于其他三组。种植水蕹菜处理组能显著增加南美白对虾CAT、GST活性和GSH含量,分别较对照组增加了128.84%、235.39%和426.26%;联合处理组对南美白对虾肝胰腺的SOD活性和GSH含量促进效果最佳且达到显著水平,分别较对照组增加了52.75%和1 376.69%。综上可见,接种蛋白核小球藻和种植水蕹菜均能不同程度地促进南美白对虾生长及免疫活性,且以联合处理的综合效果最佳。     

不同浓度漂白粉处理对水体中小球藻和原生动物的影响

以小球藻为研究对象,利用小球藻比原生动物耐受氧化剂能力强的特点,往被原生动物污染的藻液中添加7组不同浓度的漂白粉,探讨漂白粉处理小球藻液的最适浓度.结果显示:在温度为25℃、光照为2 500 lx、盐度为26的条件下,以均匀泼洒全池后水体漂白粉浓度为15 mg/L时最利于小球藻生长,且能够有效杀除小球藻中的原生动物,藻细胞在2d内逐渐恢复,显微镜观察未发现原生动物,小球藻生长速度显著升高,达到了常规培养的藻细胞浓度.     

补充CO2对光生物反应器培养小球藻生长和光合作用的影响

试验结果表明,补充1000 μl/L CO2,可促进小球藻的生长,藻细胞密度和生物量显著高于对照组(350 μl/L).补充CO2能够延长指数生长期,并且指数生长期(培养8 d)的最大光合速率、光合作用效率和光合作用饱和光照度均显著提高.但补充CO2降低了小球藻蛋白含量,这可能与Rubisco含量下降有关.     

基于荧光效应和调色板均衡化的小球藻自动计数方法研究

为实现藻类的自动计数,以小球藻为对象,提出一种基于荧光效应和调色板均衡化的小球藻自动计数方法。首先对小球藻荧光显微图像进行预处理,将真彩色小球藻荧光图像转换为256色图像,再采用调色板均衡化算法增强小球藻荧光图像对比度,并利用基于调色板的阈值分割算法将目标藻类与背景进行分割,同时进行计数。结果表明,该计数方法能够避免杂质影响,直接对藻类彩色图像进行图像增强和阈值分割,可以增强图像对比度,避免彩色图像灰度化过程中图像信息损失;采用连通区域标记方法结合连通区域的大小识别低重叠度藻类,可降低重叠藻类对计数结果的影响,从而提高小球藻的计算准确度。研究表明,该方法实现了针对藻类彩色图像的自动计数,且对小球藻的计数精度准确率达到95%以上,高于只使用灰度图像计数的方法。     

Seaweed-based biostimulant improves photosynthesis and effectively enhances growth and biofuel potential of a green microalga Chlorella variabilis

Aquaculture International - The main aim of the present study was to determine the effects of a seaweed-based biostimulant’s supplementation on the growth of Chlorella variabilis. A liquid...     

Use of Chlorella vulgaris as a carotenoid source for rainbow trout: effect of dietary lipid content on pigmentation, digestibility and retention in the muscle tissue

Apparent digestibility, deposition and retention of carotenoids in the muscle of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were investigated comparing the feeding of pigments from Chlorella vulgaris against commercially available pigments at two different total lipid contents (15% and 20% lipid). Algal biomass (ALG) was included in rainbow trout diets and muscle pigmentation was compared to that obtained in trout fed diets containing a 5:3 mixture of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin (MIX) (reflecting the relative concentrations of these carotenoids in the dry alga) or those fed a diet containing astaxanthin only (AST). Apparent digestibilities of pigments and nutrients were determined by the indirect method, using Cr2 O3 as indicator, and the colour intensity and pigment concentration were assessed in the muscle, using the Roche colour card for salmonids and UV-vis spectrophotometry. After 6 weeks feeding, colour intensity was similar for the various pigment sources, achieving levels 12 to 13, yet significantly higher in fish fed the diet with the higher lipid content ( 20%) (p<0.05). Pigment concentration in the muscle was also higher in the fish fed the high-fat diet. Muscle pigment concentrations were similar for fish fed diets ALG and MIX, and over 1.5 times higher than for diet AST (p<0.05) after 6 weeks. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, total energy and specific carotenoid concentrations were also measured. Increased dietary fat content was shown to increase the deposition and the retention of carotenoids in muscle, and the difference increased with time (deposition increase of 10–20% at week 3 and 30–40% at week 6 and retention increase of 10–15% at week 3 and 30% at week 6). Pigment digestibility also apparently increases (10–20%) under those conditions despite the fact that no significant effects in terms of apparent digestibility increase were found for dry matter, protein, lipids or energy. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Assessment of Bioactive Potential of Aqueous Protein Extracts from Diatoms Nitzschia laevis,Spirulina platensis,and Chlorella vulgaris

The bioactivities of protein extracts from Nitzschia laevis, Spirulina platensis, and Chlorella vulgaris were evaluated in vitro. Free radical scavenging potential, reducing power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, superoxide anion radical, xanthine oxidase inhibition, and potential to inhibit angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) and acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) were studied. Nitzschia protein extracts showed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities, reducing power, and ACE inhibitory activity. Spirulina’s proteins showed the highest 2,2′-Azino-bis (3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity, xanthine oxidase, and AChE inhibition activities. Aqueous protein extracts from Nitzschia, Spirulina, and Chlorella showed in vitro antioxidant, anti-ACE, and anti-AChE activities, suggesting possible new sources of bioactive proteins of different phyla with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potentials.     

不同饵料对真蛸浮游幼体生长和存活的影响

为了满足真蛸浮游幼体阶段的营养需要,研究了几种饵料生物对真蛸浮游幼体的育苗效果。结果表明:轮虫不宜作为真蛸浮游幼体的生物饵料;恒温培养试验得出混合营养强化的丰年虫幼体的育苗效果优于混合营养强化的蒙古裸腹溞,并优于小球藻强化的丰年虫幼体及蒙古裸腹溞;常温试验得出梭子蟹溞状幼体+丰年虫幼体组合的饵料效果最好,而微囊营养强化剂强化的丰年虫幼体的育苗效果好于混合营养组合。综上所述,可认为:梭子蟹溞状幼体+丰年虫幼体组合是真蛸浮游幼体期比较适宜的饵料。     

营养方式对小球藻生长性能及营养价值的影响

分别对小球藻Chlorellasp.2003ZGH023进行光合自养、混合营养高碳、混合营养低碳和异养低碳培养,探讨不同营养方式对小球藻生长及细胞营养组成的影响。结果表明,在基础培养基中添加有机碳源,可显著提高小球藻的细胞密度和生物量,其中异养低碳组细胞密度可达54.73×106cell/ml,生物量6.86 g(dw)/L,且混合营养和异养小球藻细胞体积变大。在细胞营养组成上,与自养小球藻细胞相比,异养培养的小球藻细胞内蛋白含量显著下降而脂肪含量显著增加。光合自养组、混合营养高碳组、混合营养低碳组和异养组小球藻细胞粗蛋白含量分别是41.88%±0.14%、24.60%±0.07%、21.93%±0.13%和12.91%±0.35%。不同营养方式下小球藻的氨基酸总量变化与其粗蛋白含量的变化趋势相一致,光合自养组>混合营养高碳组>混合营养低碳组>异养组。小球藻总脂肪含量最高的为混合营养高碳组(15.32%±1.58%)和异养低碳组(14.15%±0.93%),显著高于混合营养低碳组(12.35%±0.25%)和光合自养组(10.04%±0.39%)。小球藻的脂肪酸组成会随着营养方式的改变而改变,光合自养组小球藻...     

两种碘盐对椭圆小球藻生长和生物富碘作用的影响

向培养液中添加KI和KIO3后,椭圆小球藻的生长都受到一定的抑制,干重有所下降,但对碘的富集量则随KI和KIO3浓度的增加而逐步上升,最高富集量分别达到了藻体干重的36%(KI)和32%(KIO3)。椭圆小球藻在富碘的同时,伴随有叶绿素含量的增加和可溶性蛋白含量的提高。     

臭氧处理海水对小球藻生长和水质的影响研究

臭氧消毒后生成的氧化物如果过量将影响养殖生物和饵料微藻的生长,为此采用经臭氧处理的海水培养小球藻(Chlorella spp.),分析臭氧处理海水生成氧化物对小球藻生长的影响以及臭氧处理海水后氨氮(NH4 -N)和亚硝酸盐氮(NO2- -N)含量变化.试验结果表明,在温度(25±1)℃,光照度10 000 lx左右,光照时数:黑暗时数为14 h:10 h,pH 8.0±0.1,盐度30.0±0.1的条件下,臭氧生成氧化物质量浓度<0.735mg/L时,对小球藻不产生毒害作用;在臭氧生成氧化物质量浓度>1.036 mg/L时,有明显的毒害作用(小球藻大量死亡);质量浓度为2.364 mg/L时,小球藻全部死亡.经臭氧处理的海水,其氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的质量浓度降低,其中氨氮最大降低82.6%.     

Effect of varying dietary protein levels on growth and production of Chanos chanos (Forsskal) in inland saline groundwater: laboratory and field studies

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of varying dietary protein (35–45%) and energy levels (17.34–19.44 kJ g⁻¹) on the growth performance of milkfish (Chanos chanos) maintained under laboratory (experiment 1) and field conditions (Experiment 2) in inland saline groundwater. The results of experiment 1 (initial weight of fish: 0.25 g) revealed that, irrespective of the protein source (fish meal or processed full fat soybean), fish fed a diet containing 40% protein showed significantly (p<0.05) higher growth in terms of live weight gain and specific growth rate, low feed conversion ratio [1.71 (fish meal) and 1.58 (soybean)], high nutrient retention (gross protein retention: 28.59 and 31.05%; gross energy retention: 24.23 and 26.04%), apparent protein digestibility (81.74 and 85.91%) and digestive enzyme activity (specific protease and amylase). An observation on the postprandial excretion of metabolites (N–NH₄ and o–PO₄) indicated significantly (p<0.05) low levels of these metabolites in aquaria where the fish were fed 40% dietary protein irrespective of the protein source. The results of experiment 2 also indicate (initial weight of fish: 4.43 g) a significantly (p<0.05) higher growth performance (weight gain, biomass, specific growth rate, growth day⁻¹ and fish production) in ponds where the fish were fed 40% dietary protein. Irrespective of the experimental conditions (laboratory/field), feeding the fish higher dietary protein levels (beyond 40%) not only repressed growth performance but also affected proximate composition by lowering protein accumulation and energy assimilation. An investigation on the effects of feeds on water quality parameters revealed that values for total alkalinity, NH₄–N, NO₃–N, turbidity, total dissolved solids and parameters indicative of productivity (chlorophyll a, net primary productivity and plankton population) increased significantly (p<0.05) from treatments 1–3 (35–40% protein) and declined thereafter, in treatment 4 (42% dietary protein), indicating that water quality characteristics correlated well with fish growth. The results suggest that in order to obtain a high-yield in milkfish culture system the fish should be fed supplementary diets containing appropriate (40%) protein levels, especially when the stocking rates are high.     

中华绒螯蟹对11种饲料原料蛋白质和氨基酸的表观消化率

以氧化钇(Y2O3)作为指示剂,按照"70%基础饲料+30%试验原料"的原则配制饲料,测定了体重(97.34±7.36) g的中华绒螯蟹对不同饲料原料蛋白质和氨基酸的表观消化率.试验选取鱼粉、血粉、肉骨粉、乌贼内脏粉、虾壳粉、啤酒酵母、豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕、花生粕、玉米蛋白粉共11种商品蛋白质饲料原料.试验结果表明,中华绒螯蟹对不同饲料蛋白源的粗蛋白表观消化率为40.62%～89.75%,其中,鱼粉和血粉组的粗蛋白表观消化率分别为86.07%和89.75%,显著高于其他原料组;而菜籽粕(42.41%)和玉米蛋白粉组(40.62%)的粗蛋白消化率则明显低于其他饲料蛋白源(P＜0.05).其他蛋白源的消化率大小顺序依次为:豆粕(77.94%)＞啤酒酵母(76.90%)＞虾壳粉(74.02%)＞肉骨粉(73.78%)＞棉籽粕(71.63%)＞花生粕(65.90%)＞乌贼内脏粉(63.51%).在动物性蛋白源中,中华绒螯蟹对血粉和鱼粉的氨基酸消化率较高,二者的总氨基酸消化率均高于90%,试验结果还显示,蟹对乌贼内脏粉的氨基酸消化率最低,仅为63.51%;单细胞蛋白源啤酒酵母的总氨基酸消化率(86.77%)高于其他植物性蛋白源;在植物性蛋白源中,对棉籽粕的总氨基酸消化率最高(85.37%),其次是豆粕(79.41%).本研究结果对评价不同饲料蛋白源的营养价值,以及开发中华绒螯蟹氨基酸营养平衡的人工配合饲料提供了参考和依据.     

Evaluation of dietary protein and lipid requirements of two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris) cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth performance and bioeconomic benefits of two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris) juveniles, a candidate species for aquaculture sector. Eight experimental diets were formulated with four protein (50, 45, 40 and 35 %) levels for each of the two lipid levels (15 and 10 %). Triplicate groups of juvenile fish with an average initial body weight of ~3.64 g were reared in a recirculating aquaculture system and hand fed twice a day until satiation for a period of 60 days. In the experiment, no difference in survival rate was found between the different groups. Relative growth rate (RGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and daily feed intake were not significantly affected by increasing protein and/or lipid treatments in this present study. However, the RGR, SGR and FCR values showed slightly better efficiency in the experimental group (35/15) fed with lower protein content (35 %) and higher lipid level (15 %) compared with those fed other diets. According to bioeconomic analyses results, the diet with the 35 % protein and 15 % lipid generated the best profit. The results suggest that two-banded seabream can be accepted as a promising alternative species for the aquaculture industry and optimum growth of two-banded seabream fingerlings can be obtained when they are fed a diet containing 35 % crude protein and 15 % crude lipid.     

Protein requirement for maintenance and maximum growth of two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris) juveniles

The effects of various dietary protein levels on growth performance, whole body composition and nutrient utilization were studied in two-banded sea bream ( Diplodus vulgaris ), a candidate species for aquaculture. Fish (initial weight 6.1 g) were fed to satiety six iso-energetic diets, containing 5%, 12.5%, 25%, 35%, 45% or 55% of crude protein during 72 days. Fish fed 35% and 45% protein attained better growth and feed utilization than the other groups ( P  < 0.05). Daily growth index and feed conversion ratio were the poorest for fish fed 5% and 12.5% protein ( P  < 0.001), while the 25% and 55% protein groups had intermediate performance. Lipid retention increased significantly from 13.7% to 30.1% ( P  < 0.0001) and protein retention decreased from 35.5% to 21.3% ( P  < 0.01) with increasing protein levels from 12.5% to 45%. Muscle protein, lipid and energy concentrations were not significantly affected by dietary protein level. The estimated protein requirement for maintenance and maximum growth of two-banded seabream growing from 6 to 20 g were 7.5% and 35.7%, respectively. Protein requirements as calculated from body protein gain were 2.3 and 6.5 g of protein intake per kilogram body weight per day.     

Estimation of productivity growth,technical progress,and efficiency changes in the Korean offshore fisheries

In this study, changes in total factor productivity of 12 Korean offshore fisheries between 1997 and 2009 were estimated through the Malmquist productivity index, which is a nonparametric method. Also, the cause of such changes in productivity of each fishery was analyzed more specifically by segmenting into factors for technological progress and technical efficiency. As a result of this analysis, the total factor productivity change of the entire offshore fisheries was −6.0 %. Changes in the technical efficiency and technological level factors, respectively, contributed 0.2 and −6.2 % to this rate of decrease in total factor productivity; that is, inactivity of technological progress led to the decrease in productivity of the offshore fisheries. In addition, technological progress and technical efficiency were found to differently influence the change in total factor productivity of each fishery. In order for each fishery to improve productivity, better rational fisheries management policies by the government and efforts by the fishing industry and individual fishing business units must accompany factors that promote productivity increase.