兔灭鼠药和杀灭菊酯中毒的诊断与防治

1灭鼠药中毒 灭鼠药的种类较多，目前我国使用的有20余种，中毒的主要症状为，①磷化锌中毒。一般潜伏期30-60分钟。精神委靡，厌食，呕吐，腹痛，呕吐物有蒜臭味，在暗处可发磷光，腹泻，粪混血液，尿量减少或血尿瞳孔放大，呼吸困难，心律不齐，共济失调，最后昏迷，在抽撞中死亡。食入毒量大的最急性病例，往往无症状而突然死亡。②安妥中毒。潜伏期1小时以上，表现体温低，呕吐，腹泻，运动失调。咳嗽，口鼻流出灰色或血样泡沫，可视黏膜发发绀，心跳加快，呼吸急促，肺水肿，后期呼吸高度困难，最后窒息死亡，死前出现阵挛性惊厥。③氟乙酸钠中毒。潜伏期30~120分钟。食欲不振，呕吐，口渴，心悸，大小便失禁，呼吸抑制，阵发性抽搐等。④敌鼠钠盐中毒。3天后表现不食，精神不振，进而出血性素质，如鼻、齿龈出血，血便血尿，皮肤紫癜，并伴发关节肿大，疼痛、跛行，腹痛，卧地不起，贫血，体温偏低。后期呼吸高度困难，结膜发绀，严重的因发生休克窒息而死。⑤杀鼠灵中毒。灭鼠灵属抗凝血灭鼠剂，以出血为特征。急性中毒的常突然死亡。尤其在脑血管、心包腔、纵膈和胸腔发生大出血时，常很快死亡；亚急性中毒者黏膜苍白，呼吸困难，常见鼻出血和便血。体表可能出现大面积血肿，稍有创伤即长时间出血不止。常有关节肿胀，并有压痛。当肺出血时呼吸极度困难，鼻孔流红色泡沫状液体。如出血发生于脑、脊髓或硬膜下间隙，则表现轻瘫，共济失调，痉挛而很快死亡。     

你是蝴蝶翩翩起舞

Ta，有一个好听的法文名字，Papillon，意为蝴蝶。它的头颅很小，宽度中等，在两耳间，略呈圆拱型。它的口吻很精致，从头部下来突然变细，在口吻与头部结合的位置，止部的轮廓十分清晰。它有着非常细的鼻尖，鼻镜呈黑色，圆形，上端略平，而嘴唇略薄且黑，咬合为剪状咬合。它的眼，如葡萄般，     

中西医结合治疗奶牛子宫脱一例

奶牛子宫脱在奶牛业中常发生，严重影响正常生产。现将以中西医结合治疗奶牛子宫脱一例的情况报告如下，供参考。１主诉 ２０００年１月９日，我场第三牛舍３３１８号牛，营养中等，体重５００千克左右。昨天午后产一犊，随即发生子宫及阴道脱出。以前曾产２胎，小犊均亡。现脱出的子宫部分拖于地，食欲不好，体质瘦弱。２临证所见 体温３７．８℃，脉象细弱，口色淡白，舌津滑利，苔薄，白晴血管弩张，暗红，体质瘦弱，皮毛干燥，行走缓慢，不愿行走，反射尚佳，食欲减少，喜喝热水，脱出的子宫冰冷，且较硬，色微红，胎衣具有臭味。角、耳…     

绿色保健 势在必行

现在，保健一词极为火爆，非常时尚，人用的保健品铺天盖地，强身的招法五花八门。鱼龙混杂，真假难辨。向人医学习，生猪的保健也提上福利日程。新的保健方案不断面世，保健品充斥市场。然而，多以抗生素为核心。残酷的事实，沉痛的教训告诉我们抗生素保健弊端多多，遗害无穷。应该就此打住，代之以绿色保健，势在必行。     

鸡蛋新鲜度的检验

蛋新鲜度的兽医卫生检验可以概括为：看，嗅，透视，摇，水试。看看蛋的表面，形状，大小，清洁度，有无霉斑、光泽。良质蛋、蛋壳实整平滑，无破损，清洁无粪污，无斑点，壳壁坚实，气孔不显露，蛋壳上有一层霜状粉末。陈蛋，表面粉霜脱落，皮色油亮或乌灰，碰撞声空洞。嗅打开蛋壳嗅气味。泻黄蛋有不愉快的气味。黑腐蛋（老黑蛋，腐败蛋，坏蛋）有强列硫化氢臭味。重度黑粘壳蛋，蛋液有异味。透视用光照透视来检验蛋内容物状况，根据气室大小，判断蛋新陈。新鲜蛋的蛋黄呈圆莆，较小，转动慢，陈蛋蛋黄偏大，或散开，转动快。摇陈旧蛋由于…     

丰县白山羊

“丰县白山羊”是由丰县人民以黄淮白山羊(江苏称徐淮白山羊)为母本，莎能山羊为父本，杂交选育后经横交固定而形成的肉皮兼用山羊新品种，群体规模已达到220万只，具有体格大，生长快，成熟早，耐粗饲，易饲养，繁殖率高，产肉力强，板皮质量好的特征，中心产区位于该县的梁寨、宋楼、华山、师寨等乡镇。 1、外貌特征。全身白色，被毛有光泽。躯体高，体躯长，体质结实，结构匀称。头长清秀，鼻直，眼大，耳长而立，67％左右有角。公羊头大颈粗，胸部宽深，背腰平直，腹部紧凑，外形雄伟，睾丸发育良好，有须和肉垂。母羊颈长，胸宽，背平，腰大而不下垂，乳房大，质地柔软。     

注水肉的鉴别

畜禽胴体注水之后，全身及各内脏器官极度充水，明显可见腹部膨胀，体态异常，步履蹒跚，行动困难，生猪肛门可见肠子流出。注水的畜禽肉色较正常的淡，有一种水样光泽，切面呈淡红色或玫瑰色，用手指按压时，有水滴流出，指压后凹陷恢复较慢。屠宰家畜的耳、尾直立，眼睛溜圆。四肢僵直如木马，皮肤如充气的皮囊一样紧臌，腹部臌胀，肛门外翻，剥皮，开膛刀口所到之处，都有稀薄的血水渗出。     

绵羊柞树嫩叶中毒的防治

在干旱少雨的春季，由于牧草出土晚、农田又已耕种完毕，羊群只好在光秃秃的山冈坡地上放牧，饥不择食的绵羊很容易采食柞树的嫩叶，从而发生中毒事故。近年来，此类事件时有发生，应引起人们的注意。中毒病羊初期表现为精神沉郁，食欲减退，反刍减少，瘤胃蠕动音减弱。磨牙，体温变化不明显。排粪迟滞，粪便干燥，附有粘液或血液。尿频，尿液稀薄，量多。中毒中后期的病羊精神高度沉郁，体温正常或稍低，脉搏增速，节律不齐，食欲废绝，反刍停止。粪便腥臭，呈黑褐色稀便，混有粘液或血液。病羊颌F、腹下、阴唇、股内等一处或几处水肿。水…     

中草药治疗母牛误食胎衣病例

在农村，由于管理不善，偶尔会有母牛产犊后，将胎衣吃掉的情况。因牛是草食动物，胎衣在胃内难以消化。误食胎衣的牛常因消化紊乱及胎衣腐败产生毒素而导致一系列症状。主要表现为精神萎顿，食欲下降或废绝，泌乳减少，甚至停滞，被毛粗乱，渐进性消瘦。瘤胃蠕动减弱，反刍减少或停止。间隙性臌气，有的便稀泄泻，有的下肢浮肿，口色青黄，脉象迟细无力，体温一般正常，病情严重的，身瘦如柴，卧地不起。用西药治疗往往无效。临床实践中，笔者根据民间单方，结合自身实践，摸索出一套中草药治疗方法，成功治愈母牛误食胎衣８例。疗效明显，…     

典型方剂防治畜禽病毒病

研究表明，一些中药对病毒有抑制作用。如丹皮，黄芩，黄连，金银花，连翘，大青叶，板蓝根，大黄，桂枝，茵陈，石韦，桑寄生，巷术，赤芍，侧柏叶，茜草，黄芪，甘草，何首乌，淫羊藿，贯众，水飞蓟等。其中大多数对流感病毒有抑制作用，有的还对肝炎病毒，肠道病毒，疱疹病毒，腺病毒，鼻病毒等有抑制作用。这些中药中兽医扶正祛邪，标本兼治的原则组成方剂后，     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -