长期定量施肥对玉米光合碳分配的影响

基于中国科学院海伦生态实验站的长期定位试验,采用13CO2脉冲式标记方法,研究了长期施肥对玉米光合碳分配机制的影响.结果表明,光合碳分配到玉米不同组织的δ13C值差异较大,地上部>根部>土壤>土体.施肥对玉米地上部δ13C影响较大,缺索处理CK、NK、PK的δ13C值较大,可以达到333.5‰～339.5‰,而养分均衡的NP、NPK和NPKM处理地上部占δ13C值较小,为168.8‰～196.0‰.NK处理在标记当天(0 d)地上部13C分配比例最大,为76.12%,标记第7天(7 d)后变为53.26%.NPKM处理土壤13C分配比例增幅较大,可由标记0 d的0.98%到增加到标记7 d后的3.50%,增加了2.52个百分点.标记0 d,根际呼吸将消耗转移到地下的光合13C的52.89%～94.38%,NPKM和NPK处理消耗最大,达94.38%和93.59%,在标记7 d后,13C光合产物分配达到平衡状态.     

地膜覆盖与施氮肥对光合碳在玉米-土壤系统分配的影响

地膜覆盖(简称"覆膜")与施肥是促进作物增产增收的重要技术措施。光合碳是"大气-植物-土壤"系统碳固定的起点,也是土壤有机碳的重要来源。基于沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验站,利用~(13)CO2对苗期玉米进行田间原位脉冲标记,分析光合碳在植物-土壤系统动态分配,探讨覆膜与施氮肥对其的影响,对深入认识土壤有机碳固定具有重要意义。试验处理包括:裸地施氮肥(N4)、裸地不施肥(CK)、覆膜施氮肥(FN4)和覆膜不施肥(FCK)。结果表明,与不施肥处理相比,覆膜施氮肥提高了玉米茎叶和根的生物量,而裸地施氮肥却降低了玉米生物量。苗期标记后第1 h,玉米-土壤系统光合净固定~(13)C量为194~468 mg m~(-2),其中FN4处理净固定~(13)C量最高,~(13)C同化率为76.8%,其次为FCK和CK处理,平均约为51.7%,N4处理净固定~(13)C量最低,为31.8%;标记结束后(第30 d)~(13)C同化率平均约为36.0%。光合碳分配到茎叶的比例为48.1%~89.5%,根为3.6%~19%,根际土壤和非根际土壤平均分别为9.27%和5.83%。FCK和FN4处理光合碳分配到地下部(根、根际土壤和非根际土壤)的比例在标记后第1 d达到最高,分别为29.97%和39.10%,在标记后第30 d分别下降到23.41%和31.44%。CK和N4处理光合碳分配到地下部的比例分别从标记后第1 h的14.87%和11.98%增加到标记后第30 d的27.86%和48.22%。光合碳在地下部的分配与运转受植物生长和土壤本身理化性质的影响与制约。     

应用脉冲标记法对杉木富集~(13)C技术的初步研究

通过盆栽试验对杉木幼苗进行13C同位素标记,并对杉木不同器官光合产物的分配进行研究,为木本植物的同位素标记与光合分配研究提供参考依据。结果表明,未标记杉木针叶、枝干的δ13C值随时间呈下降趋势,根呈现先下降后上升的趋势;标记后,杉木各器官δ13C值随时间呈现明显上升,达到高点后有一定下降。光合碳分配到杉木不同器官间的Atom%13C存在差异,大致呈现出当年生针叶最大,一年生针叶最小,根、枝干居中。13C标记使杉木针叶、枝干、根的δ13C由-25.185‰、-24.689‰、-25.326‰升为116.737‰、106.800‰、124.080‰。经过13C标记可获得富集13C的木本植物材料,可为研究土壤碳组分周转提供试验材料。     

土壤呼吸及其13C同位素测定方法的对比研究

为比较不同方法在土壤呼吸及其_¹³C同位素测定中的差异，我们应用几种常见的方法测定了不同有机质含量的水稻土壤在一定时间内的CO₂排放量及_¹³C-CO₂丰度，以期准确评估土壤呼吸及碳排放，并为相关研究提供参考。本实验采用了气相色谱仪法(GC-TCD)、稳定同位素比值质谱仪气体进样法(Gasbench-IRMS)、甲酚红显色法(MicroResp)、碱液吸收法四种方法测定土壤呼吸速率；Gasbench-IRMS法和碱液吸收法两种方式检测土壤呼吸的_¹³CO₂含量。结果表明,(1)两种仪器法(GC、IRMS)测定土壤呼吸速率的数值结果相近(基础呼吸)或趋势一致(诱导呼吸),且重复性好（标准差分别为0.011、0.010 mg C /kg/h）,准确度高；MicroResp法的测定结果与仪器测量值较为相近,但分辨率较低；碱液吸收法的测定结果较真实值偏高(当土壤有机质含量低时)或偏低(当土壤有机质含量高时)。(2)在测定CO₂中的_¹³C含量上,Gasbench-IRMS直接测定的结果误差小(δ_¹³C值的标准偏差为0.137‰),接近实际值,可以准确地反应出土壤微生物呼吸时对底物的利用状况。综上,仪器法较化学分析法(MicroResp、碱液吸收)更能准确测定土壤呼吸及其_¹³C同位素。     

坡面片蚀泥沙有机碳组分及13C同位素不均匀富集对水动力学参数的响应

[目的] 探究片蚀泥沙轻组有机碳(LF_OC)和重组有机碳(HF_OC)不均匀富集的水动力学和碳同位素特征,为正确理解水蚀作用下土壤有机碳库变化提供理论与技术支撑。[方法] 以陕西省咸阳市杨凌区土为研究对象,采用改进"三区"移动式变坡钢制土槽,结合人工模拟降雨技术,测定径流水动力学参数和泥沙各粒径团聚体有机碳组成及其δ¹³C值,并辅以棕壤侵蚀泥沙有机碳δ¹³C值和水力参数,验证土试验结果的准确性。[结果] ①雨强和坡度较小时,侵蚀泥沙LF_OC和HF_OC易发生富集,且相较黏粉粒和微团聚体,大团聚体LF_OC与HF_OC含量受雨强和坡度的影响更大; ②侵蚀泥沙黏粉粒中有机碳δ¹³C值与其有机碳活跃分数(λ)呈负相关,而其他粒径团聚体有机碳δ¹³C值与其λ呈显著正相关(p<0.05); ③流速与黏粉粒λ显著正相关(p<0.05),雷诺数与各粒径团聚体有机碳δ¹³C值均呈显著负相关(p<0.01),片蚀过程中流速越大,黏粉粒中LF_OC越易于优先输移,而紊流加剧则促进低δ¹³C值团聚体有机碳的优先输移; ④对于侵蚀泥沙黏粉粒,流速和雷诺数越大,其有机碳δ¹³C值越小,λ越大;对于微团聚体和大团聚体,雷诺数越小,其有机碳δ¹³C值与λ越大。[结论] 片蚀过程中轻重组有机碳流失与流速和雷诺数密切相关。并进一步验证了¹³C同位素对侵蚀泥沙有机碳示踪的有效性。     

不同施肥处理对光合碳在花生-土壤系统中分配的影响

通过室内花生盆栽,设置NPK(常规氮磷钾施肥)、NPKS(常规氮磷钾加玉米秸秆)、NPKA(常规氮磷钾加腐殖酸)和CK(不施肥对照)4个不同的施肥处理,采用3次~(13)CO2脉冲标记的方法对不同施肥处理下光合碳在花生-土壤系统中的分配进行定量研究。结果表明:不同施肥处理对标记期内花生总生物量影响不显著,但是NPKA处理显著提升了花生根系生物量,较CK、NPK和NPKS分别高22.04%、19.47%和53.38%。NPKS处理地上部~(13)C丰度最高,但土壤中~(13)C丰度最低,NPKA处理土壤中~(13)C丰度最高。各处理地上部的~(13)C含量无显著差异,NPKA处理根系的~(13)C含量显著高于NPK且土壤~(13)C含量显著高于其他处理。NPKA处理地上部的~(13)C分配比例最低而土壤中分配比例最高,根系~(13)C分配比例与其他处理无显著差异,根系与土壤~(13)C分配比例之和显著高于其他处理。本研究表明腐殖酸能显著促进花生光合碳向地下部的转运。     

不同施肥处理土壤覆膜后秸秆碳对土壤有机碳的贡献

基于公主岭黑土长期定位试验站,利用13C标记的玉米秸秆进行田间原位培养试验,分析不同施肥处理土壤覆膜后秸秆碳在土壤的转化及其对土壤总有机碳(SOC)的贡献,以期为东北黑土区土壤培肥和碳的固存提供依据。结果表明:裸地土壤添加秸秆后不施肥(CK)与单施化肥(NPK)处理SOC的δ13C值显著高于有机肥配施化肥(MNPK)处理(P<0.05);覆膜土壤添加秸秆第360天SOC的δ13C值为-18.27‰^-17.19‰,且各施肥处理间差异不显著(P>0.05)。覆膜条件下土壤有机碳中秸秆碳(13CSOC)含量显著高于(P<0.05)裸地,尤其在第60天覆膜处理是裸地处理的1~3倍,说明覆膜改善了土壤的水热条件,促进了秸秆碳在土壤中的积累。裸地条件下CK、NPK和MNPK处理秸秆碳对土壤有机碳的贡献率平均分别为1.28%,1.32%和0.46%;覆膜条件下分别为0.81%,1.51%和0.97%。由上可以看出,无机氮、磷和钾养分的供应有利于秸秆碳在土壤的积累,对土壤有机碳库固定起着正反馈作用。     

长期不同施肥模式对日光温室土壤硝态氮时空分布及累积的影响

通过连续7 年的定位试验, 研究了日光温室生产中不同施肥模式(常规模式、无公害模式和有机模式)对土壤NO₃^--N 时空分布及累积的影响。结果表明, 随着种植年限的增加, 3 种施肥模式土壤剖面各层次NO₃^--N含量均呈上升趋势, 年增加量顺序为常规施肥模式＞无公害施肥模式＞有机施肥模式。受氮素输入量(施肥)的影响, NO₃^--N 主要分布在0~40 cm 土层, 0~60 cm 土层NO₃^--N 含量总体呈作物生长前期低、中期高、后期低的趋势; 与上层土壤相比, 100 cm 以下土层NO₃^--N 含量有不同程度的增加。0～200 cm 土体NO₃^--N 平均累积量有机施肥模式比无公害施肥模式低33.8%, 比常规施肥模式低45.9%; 无公害施肥模式比常规施肥模式低18.3%。3 种施肥模式下, NO₃^--N 都有向2 m 以下土体淋洗的趋势。与施用化学肥料相比, 施用有机肥能明显降低土壤剖面NO₃^--N 含量, 控制其累积峰的下移, 但不合理施用有机肥也会产生NO₃^--N 淋洗而污染环境。     

不同施肥条件下农田硝态氮迁移的试验研究

NO^-₃-N的淋失是旱地农田氮素损失的重要途径之一，也是引起地下水污染的一个主要原因。在黄土高原地区，夏玉米生长正逢雨季，是NO^-₃-N淋失的主要时期。该研究基于阻水层理论和黄土高原地区传统的垄作习惯，在手工模拟机具成垄压实施肥的基础上研究了该施肥法与传统的平地施肥、垄沟施肥(成垄不压实)条件下土壤NO^-₃-N的迁移动态，结果表明，在供水量相同条件下，由于平地和垄沟条件下水分分布的差异，导致平地土壤中的NO^-₃-N较垄沟耕作易于迁移。在生育前期，由于作物根系对NO^-₃-N的吸收和拦截，成垄压实与成垄不压实施肥对阻止NO^-₃-N随水下移差异不大；生育后期，当作物需肥量减小时，成垄压实施肥能够阻止NO^-₃-N向深层土壤迁移累积。玉米收获后，3种施肥方式下土壤NO^-₃-N迁移深度为平地(>60 cm)>垄沟施肥(>45 cm)>成垄压实施肥(＜35 cm)。     

退化喀斯特森林植被自然恢复中土壤有机碳δ~(13)C值特征

采用空间代替时间与稳定性碳同位素技术相结合的方法,研究了茂兰喀斯特森林自然恢复中土壤有机碳(SOC)δ13C值特征。结果表明:整体上SOCδ13C值随恢复进展0~20 cm土层(-25.72‰~-19.91‰)趋正、20 cm土层(-23.76‰~-18.13‰)先趋正后趋负。随土层加深除草灌、灌乔外其他阶段均趋正,草灌阶段上层土与乔木、顶极阶段底层土SOC为C4碳,SOCδ13C值变化受地带性和喀斯特环境的双重影响。群落优势种凋落叶δ13C值(-31.79‰~-16.76‰)随恢复进展趋负,说明生境日益改善,其与0~20cm土层SOCδ13C值呈极显著正相关(R20.96,p0.01)、而与20 cm土层极不相关,说明0~20 cm土层主要为新碳;SOC周转速率随恢复进展递增、随土层加深递减,土壤生化反应具较强表聚性;SOCδ13C值与土壤可矿化碳、易氧化碳含量呈显著的负相关关系(R2-0.50,p0.05),与微生物生物量碳具有一定的负相关关系(R2=-0.389),SOCδ13C值在一定程度上可以指示SOC的活性;喀斯特森林自然恢复是复杂多变、多途径的统一,其中C4植物在恢复中具有重要意义;碳同位素方法与"空间代替时间"方法相结合能较好地重现喀斯特植被更替的历史。     

Effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon balance and soil microbial activity

We investigated the behavior of biochars in arable and forest soil in a greenhouse experiment in order to prove that these amendments can increase carbon storage in soils. Two qualities of biochar were produced by hydrothermal pyrolysis from ¹³C labeled glucose (0% N) and yeast (5% N), respectively. We quantified respiratory losses of soil and biochar carbon and calculated mean residence times of the biochars using the isotopic label. Extraction of phospholipid fatty acids from soil at the beginning and after 4 months of incubation was used to quantify changes in microbial biomass and to identify microbial groups utilizing the biochars. Mean residence times varied between 4 and 29 years, depending on soil type and quality of biochar. Yeast-derived biochar promoted fungi in the soil, while glucose-derived biochar was utilized by Gram-negative bacteria. Our results suggest that residence times of biochar in soils can be manipulated with the aim to “design” the best possible biochar for a given soil type.     

Identification of Metabolically Active Rhizosphere Microorganisms by Stable Isotopic Probing of PLFA in Switchgrass

Root-derived rhizodeposits of recent photosynthetic carbon (C) are the foremost source of energy for microbial growth and development in rhizosphere soil. A substantial amount of photosynthesized C by the plants is translocated to belowground and is released as root exudates that influence the structure and function of soil microbial communities with potential inference in nutrient and C cycling in the ecosystem. We applied the ¹³C pulse chase labeling technique to evaluate the incorporation of rhizodeposit-C into the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) in the bulk and rhizosphere soils of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Soil samples of bulk and rhizosphere were taken at 1, 5, 10 and 20 days after labeling and analyzed for ¹³C enrichment in the microbial PLFAs. Temporal differences of ¹³C enrichment in PLFAs were more prominent than spatial differences. Among the microbial PLFA biomarkers, fungi and Gram-negative (GM-ve) bacterial PLFAs showed rapid enrichment with ¹³C compared to Gram-positive (GM+ve) and actinomycetes in rhizosphere soil. The ¹³C enrichment of actinomycetes biomarker PLFA significantly increased along with sampling time in both soils. PLFAs indicative to fungi, GM-ve and GM+ve showed a significant decrease in ¹³C enrichment over sampling time in the rhizosphere, but a decrease was also observed in GM-ve (16:1ω5c) and fungal biomarker PLFAs in the bulk soil. The relative ¹³C concentration in fungal PLFA decreased on day 10, whereas those of GM-ve increased on day 5 and GM+ve remained constant in the rhizosphere soil. However, the relative ¹³C concentrations of GM-ve and GM+ve increased on days 5 and 10, respectively, and those of fungal remain constant in the bulk soil. The present study demonstrates the usefulness of ¹³C pulse chase labeling together with PLFA analysis to evaluate the active involvement of microbial community groups for utilizing rhizodeposit-C.     

添加生物炭对酸性红壤中玉米生长和氮素利用率的影响

Biochar added to soil can improve crop growth through both direct and indirect effects, particularly in acidic, highly weathered soils in subtropical and tropical regions. However, the mechanisms of biochar improving crop growth are not well understood. The objectives of this study were i） to determine the crop responses to biochar addition and ii） to understand the effect of biochar addition on N use efficiency. Seven acidic red soils varying in texture, p H, and soil nutrient were taken from southern China and subjected to four treatments： zero biochar and fertilizer as a control（CK）, 10 g kg-1biochar（BC）, NPK fertilizers（NPK）, and 10 g kg-1biochar plus NPK fertilizers（BC＋NPK）.15N-labeled fertilizer was used as a tracer to assess N use efficiency. After a 46-d pot experiment,biochar addition increased soil p H and available P, and decreased soil exchangable Al3＋, but did not impact soil availabe N and cation exchange capacity（P 〉 0.05）. The N use efficiency and N retained in the soil were not significantly affected by biochar application except for the soil with the lowest available P（3.81 mg kg-1） and highest exchanageable Al3＋（4.54 cmol kg-1）. Greater maize biomass was observed in all soils amended with biochar compared to soils without biochar（BC vs. CK, BC＋NPK vs. NPK）. This agronomic effect was negatively related to the concentration of soil exchangeable Al3＋（P 〈 0.1）. The results of this study implied that the liming effect of biochar improved plant growth through alleviating Al toxicity and P deficiency, especially in poor acidic red soils.     

Variable use of plant- and soil-derived carbon by microorganisms in agricultural soils

In this study we used compound specific ¹³C and ¹⁴C isotopic signatures to determine the degree to which recent plant material and older soil organic matter (SOM) served as carbon substrates for microorganisms in soils. We determined the degree to which plant-derived carbon was used as a substrate by comparison of the ¹³C content of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) from soils of two sites that had undergone a vegetation change from C3 to C4 plants in the past 20-30 years. The importance of much older SOM as a substrate was determined by comparison of the radiocarbon content of PLFA from soils of two sites that had different ¹⁴C concentrations of SOM.The ¹³C shift in PLFA from the two sites that had experienced different vegetation history indicated that 40-90% of the PLFA carbon had been fixed since the vegetation change took place. Thus PLFA were more enriched in ¹³C from the new C4 vegetation than it was observed for bulk SOM indicating recent plant material as preferentially used substrate for soil microorganisms. The largest ¹³C shift of PLFA was observed in the soil that had high ¹⁴C concentrations of bulk SOM. These results reinforce that organic carbon in this soil for the most part cycles rapidly. The degree to which SOM is incorporated into microbial PLFA was determined by the difference in ¹⁴C concentration of PLFA derived from two soils one with high ¹⁴C concentrations of bulk SOM and one with low. These results showed that 0-40% of SOM carbon is used as substrate for soil microorganisms. Furthermore a different substrate usage was identified for different microorganisms. Gram-negative bacteria were found to prefer recent plant material as microbial carbon source while Gram-positive bacteria use substantial amounts of SOM carbon. This was indicated by ¹³C as well as ¹⁴C signatures of their PLFA. Our results find evidence to support ‘priming’ in that PLFA indicative of Gram-negative bacteria associated with roots contain both plant- and SOM-derived C. Most interestingly, we find PLFA indicative of archeobacteria (methanothrophs) that may indicate the use of other carbon sources than plant material and SOM to a substantial amount suggesting that inert or slow carbon pools are not essential to explain carbon dynamics in soil.     

Sorption, microbial uptake and decomposition of acetate in soil: Transformations revealed by position-specific C labeling

Many previous studies on transformation of low molecular weight organic substances (LMWOS) in soil were based on applying ¹⁴C and/or ¹³C labeled substances. Nearly all these studies used uniformly labeled substances, i.e. all C atoms in the molecule were labeled. The underlying premise is that LMWOS transformation involves the whole molecule and it is not possible to distinguish between 1) the flux of the molecule as a whole between pools (i.e. microbial biomass, CO₂, DOM, SOM, etc.) and 2) the splitting of the substance into metabolites and tracing those metabolites within the pools.Based on position-specific¹⁴C labeling, we introduce a new approach for investigating LMWOS transformation in soil: using Na-acetate labeled with ¹⁴C either in the 1st position (carboxyl group, -COOH) or in the 2nd position (methyl group, -CH₃), we evaluated sorption by the soil matrix, decomposition to CO₂, and microbial uptake as related to both C atoms in the acetate. We showed that sorption of acetate occurred as a whole molecule. After microbial uptake, however, the acetate is split, and C from the -COOH group is converted to CO₂ more completely and faster than C from the -CH₃ group. Correspondingly, C from the -CH₃ group of acetate is mainly incorporated into microbial cells, compared to C from the -COOH group. Thus, the rates of C utilization by microorganisms of C from both positions in the acetate were independently calculated. At concentrations of 10 μmol l⁻¹, microbial uptake from soil solution was very fast (half-life time about 3 min) for both C atoms. At concentrations <100 μmol l⁻¹ the oxidation to CO₂ was similar for C atoms of both groups (about 55% of added substance). However, at acetate concentrations >100 μmol l⁻¹, the decomposition to CO₂ for C from -CH₃ decreased more strongly than for C from -COOH.We conclude that the application of position-specifically labeled substances opens new ways to investigate not only the general fluxes, but also transformations of individual C atoms from molecules. This, in turn, allows conclusions to be drawn about the steps of individual transformation processes on the submolecular level and the rates of these processes.     

Linking Microbial Community Dynamics Associated with Rhizosphere Carbon Flow in a Biofuel Crop (Jatropha curcas L.)

Photosynthetically derived rhizodeposits are an important source of carbon (C) for microbes in root vicinity and can influence the microbial community dynamics. Pulse labeling of carbon dioxide (¹³CO₂) coupled with stable isotope probing techniques have potential to track recently fixed photosynthate into rhizosphere microbial taxa. Therefore, the present investigation assessed the microbial community change associated with the rhizosphere and bulk soil in Jatropha curcas L. (a biofuel crop) by combining phospholipid fatty acid (¹³C-PLFA) profiling using a stable isotope ¹³CO₂ labeling approach. The labeling (¹³C) took place after 45 days of germination, PLFAs were extracted from both soils (rhizosphere and bulk) after 1 and 20 days pulse labeling and analyzed by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. There was no significant temporal effect on the PLFA profiles in the bulk soil, but significantly increased abundance of Gram positive (i15:0) and Gram negative (16:1ω7c and 16:1ω5c) biomarkers was observed in the rhizosphere soil from day 1 to day 20 after labeling. The Gram negative (16:1ω7c) decreased and fungal (18:2ω6,9c) increased significantly in rhizospheric soil compared to bulk soil after day 1 of labeling. Whereas, after 20 days of labeling, the Gram negative biomarker (16:1ω7c and 18:1ω7c) decreased and Gram positive (a15:0) increased significantly in rhizospheric soil compared to bulk soil. One day following labeling, i15:0, a15:0, i16:0, 16:1ω5c, 16:0, i17:0, a17:0, 18:2ω6,9c, 18:1ω9c, and 18:0 PLFAs were significantly more enriched in δ¹³C in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Twenty days after labeling, 16:1ω5c (Gram negative) and 18:2ω6,9c (fungal) were significantly more enriched in δ¹³C in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. These results shows the effectives of PLFA coupled using the pulse chase labeling technique to examine the microbial community changes in response to recently fixed photosynthetic C flow in rhizodeposits.     

Distribution and fate of 13C-labeled root and straw residues from ryegrass and crimson clover in soil under western Oregon field conditions

Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were pulse-labeled with ¹³C-CO₂ in the field between the initiation of late winter growth (mid-February) and through flowering and seed formation (late May). Straw was harvested after seed maturation (July), and soil containing ¹³C-labeled roots and root-derived C was left in the field until September. ¹³C-enriched and ¹³C-unenriched straw residues of each species were mixed in factorial combinations with soil containing either ¹³C-enriched or ¹³C-unenriched root-derived C and incubated in the field for 10 months. The contributions of C derived from straw, roots, and soil were measured in soil microbial biomass C, respired C, and soil C on five occasions after residue incorporation (September, October, November, April, and June). At straw incorporation (September), 25–30% of soil microbial biomass C was derived from root C in both ryegrass and clover treatments, and this value was sustained in the ryegrass treatment from September to April but declined in the clover treatment. By October, between 20 and 30% of soil microbial biomass C was derived from straw, with the percentage contribution from clover straw generally exceeding that from ryegrass straw throughout the incubation. By June, ryegrass root-derived C contributed 5.5% of the soil C pool, which was significantly greater than the contributions from any of the three other residue types (about 1.5%). This work has provided a framework for more studies of finer scale that should focus on the interactions between residue quality, soil organic matter C, and specific members of the soil microbial community.     

32P Isotope to Determine the Efficiency of Mycorrhizal Wheat Symbiosis Subjected to Saline Water

Phosphorus (P) behavior and its efficiency in mycorrhizal plants are of great importance. The objective was to evaluate the behavior of soil labeled P absorbed by different mycorrhizal wheat genotypes subjected to saline water. Three wheat genotypes including cultivar Kavir, the local cultivar Roshan, and the mutated line Tabasi T-65-7-1 were inoculated with different species of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) including Glomus etunicatum, G. mosseae, and G. intraradices. Plants were irrigated using saline water (electrical conductivity of 13.87 dS m^?1). The experiment was a factorial with 12 treatments and three replications under greenhouse conditions. Wheat genotypes and AM species significantly affected plant dry weight, specific activity, and total plant activity (P?=?0.01). A maximum of 1.49-fold increase in specific activity or P uptake per gram of plant dry matter and 3.53-fold increase in plant activity or plant total P uptake resulted by G. etunicatum as compared with control.     

青贮玉米-牛粪尿体系的15N标记及氮素转化研究

15N示踪技术已开始应用于畜禽粪便氮素循环与利用研究领域,而15N在畜禽粪便不同组分和不同形态氮素中的丰度与数量将直接影响到畜禽粪便15N示踪去向与氮素实际去向的一致性。为了解15N在畜禽粪便标记过程的转化特点和在标记粪尿的分布特征,本文首先采用改进的、含有15N标记硫酸铵(60 atom%15N)的Hoagland营养液砂培种植15N玉米,然后将15N玉米和普通玉米以55∶45的氮配比作为混合青贮饲料饲喂1头已空腹2 d的2龄黄牛,饲喂4 d后停喂2 d,收集全部牛粪尿并对其不同组分和形态氮素的15N丰度和数量进行分析。结果表明:标记玉米、混合青贮饲料、牛粪尿的15N丰度分别为48.024%、26.579%和8.044%;标记玉米对硫酸铵15N的回收率为26.3%,牛粪尿对标记玉米15N回收率为36.0%。在收集的牛粪尿氮中,牛粪全氮、牛尿全氮、牛粪铵态氮和牛尿铵态氮量分别占70.25%、29.75%、5.44%和0.03%,其15N丰度分别为9.223%、5.261%、6.505%和5.419%。在短期内通过饲喂黄牛15N青贮饲料制备的标记牛粪尿中,15N丰度在不同组分和形态氮素中的分布并不相同,牛尿氮的15N丰度低于牛粪氮,矿质态和易于矿化态氮的15N丰度低于不易矿化态氮。