金属污染土壤的植物修复

本文就金属污染土壤的植物吸取、植物稳定、植物挥发这三种植物修复技术国际研究与发展的态势作一描述，以进一步推动我国在土壤生物修复这一世界科学前沿领域的研究。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究进展

对于石油污染土壤的修复,其生物修复具有环境友好、费用较低等特点,是最具应用前景的土壤修复技术。本文较全面地介绍了石油污染土壤生物修复的影响因素、石油污染土壤的生物修复技术,并对该领域今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

钒污染土壤生物修复研究进展

钒污染土壤对生态环境和人体健康存在危害，已成为土壤修复领域关注的热点之一。选取科学合理的修复方法对钒污染土壤进行精准治理十分必要。生物修复技术是钒污染土壤绿色可持续治理的重要发展方向，具有操作简便、环境友好、成本低廉、修复效率较高等优势。本文从植物、动物、微生物单一及联合修复的角度，综述了近年来钒污染土壤生物修复的研究进展，探讨了影响钒污染土壤生物修复效果的主要因素，总结了现阶段的研究不足，并对未来研究方向进行了展望，以期为钒污染土壤生物修复技术的总结与发展应用提供科学依据与理论参考。     

砷污染土壤的生物修复研究进展

土壤As污染已是全球性问题,我国也不例外,对As污染土壤的生物修复已是研究热点,但相关机理仍不完全清楚.本文综述了国内外微生物、蚯蚓、植物在As污染土壤中吸收转化As及其解As毒机理,以及微生物-植物复合系统修复As污染土壤方面实验室内研究情况.目前广泛认为植物修复土壤重金属/非金属污染较有应用前景,可限于甚至是使用超富集植物单一作用下仍有较多缺陷,如通过微生物技术及蚯蚓调节根际微生态,以利于植物在污染土壤中存活或/和吸收更多的As,将极具应用前景.     

生物泥浆反应器在污染土壤修复中的应用

近年来生物修复技术因具有处理费用低、不产生二次污染且处理效果可靠有效的特点被认为是最具生命力的一种土壤处理手段.总结了生物泥浆反应器这种高效生物修复技术的原理,工艺流程、运行方式、应用范围和运行费用,并重点介绍了其强化手段.已有的土壤生物修复技术受环境条件限制较大,很难在短时间内达到修复目的,生物泥浆反应器作为一种高效的土壤生物修复技术在高浓度、难降解有机物污染土壤的快速修复处理中具有良好的研究开发价值和广阔的应用前景.     

土壤中砷的生物转化及砷与抗生素抗性的关联

砷是一种广泛存在于自然环境中毒性较强的类金属元素,农田生态系统中的植物(尤其水稻)很容易吸收积累土壤环境中的砷。植物中的砷沿食物链向高等动物传递,威胁人类健康。除土壤本身的理化性质外,土壤中砷的生物转化也强烈影响砷的生物有效性。目前研究发现异化砷酸盐(As(V))呼吸性还原、细胞质As(V)还原、亚砷酸盐(As(III))氧化、As(III)甲基化和有机砷的去甲基化在土壤砷的生物地球化学过程中起重要作用。随着分析化学和分子生物学技术的进步,最新研究发现土壤生物也参与了砷糖、砷糖磷脂、砷甜菜碱、砷代草丁膦、硫代砷等有机砷的合成,其中三价一甲基砷和砷代草丁膦可作为新型抗生素,但其合成机制及生态学功能有待进一步研究。本文还详细介绍了为适应复合污染环境微生物通过自身的进化对抗生素和重金属形成的四种共选择抗性机制:共抗性,交叉抗性、共调控和生物膜感应,特别提出了土壤中砷污染与抗生素抗性相关联这一新的研究方向。最后对砷生物转化和砷与抗生素共抗机制的未来研究方向做了展望。     

“十四五”土壤生物学分支学科发展战略

土壤生物是地球生物多样性的重要组成部分。土壤生物驱动着土壤中有机质降解、元素循环、污染物转化与降解以及温室气体的产生与消耗,在全球粮食安全、环境保护以及应对气候变化等方面发挥着重要作用。土壤生物学是研究土壤生物多样性与分布、土壤生物的过程与功能以及土壤生物的调控与应用的科学。21世纪以来,分子生物学技术的突破与生态学理论的广泛应用极大地推进了土壤生物学研究的发展。本文回顾了土壤生物学科的发展历程,详细介绍了土壤生物学科的发展现状,提出了土壤生物学科在理论与应用上的发展趋势,并对未来土壤生物学科的发展方向进行了展望。随着多学科交叉融合以及研究手段的进步,土壤生物学迎来了一个新的发展时期。土壤生物学研究在生物资源挖掘、时空分布格局、生态服务功能和生物调控等方面取得的重要成果,将更好地服务于土壤健康、植物健康、人类健康以及我们的星球健康。     

生物修复石油污染土壤研究现状

石油污染土壤的生物修复方法具有操作简便、费用低、对周围环境污染小、修复效率高等优点,应用前景广阔。从石油污染土壤生物修复过程中修复生物的选择、修复条件的优化、修复效果的评价等方面对近年来生物修复技术的研究进展进行了综述。为推动该方法的广泛应用,还应深入探究降解微生物之间的拮抗和协同机制、进一步降低修复成本、进一步完善修复评价标准,加强重石油污染土壤和特殊环境下石油污染土壤的治理研究,开展复合污染(如石油污染和重金属污染)土壤的修复研究。     

丛枝菌根真菌在植物修复砷污染土壤中的作用

丛枝菌根真菌能增强植物对矿质元素的吸收、提高植物的抗逆性、增强抗病性、改善植物根际微环境,减轻重金属对植物的毒害,影响植物对重金属的吸收和转运,在重金属污染土壤的植物修复中显示出极大的应用潜力。近年来,As污染已成为全球非常突出且急需解决的环境问题之一,对As污染土壤的生物修复也因而成为研究热点。本文主要从丛枝菌根真菌改变土壤pH和酶活性、增强植物对As的耐性和影响植物对As的吸收方面综述了丛枝菌根在As污染土壤修复中应用的研究进展,揭示出菌根应用在As污染土壤中的作用潜力和研究方向。     

基于复合钝化剂施用植物轮作模式对农田土壤Cd和As污染的修复

镉(Cd)和砷(As)是土壤环境中广泛存在的重金属污染物,具有不可降解性和生物累积性的特点,应及时开展Cd和As污染的修复工作。研究以湖南中、轻度Cd和As污染农田土壤为对象,选取当地优势植物。通过田间试验,添加生物炭与纳米零价铁的复合钝化剂,利用不同植物(油菜-蚕豆、玉米-苎麻)配套种植模式,探讨基于复合钝化剂施用植物轮作模式对土壤中Cd和As污染的修复效果。结果表明:(1)间作种植模式(蚕豆-油菜、玉米-苎麻)更有利于土壤中Cd和As的固定,试验土壤中Cd和As的最佳固定效果依次为原供试土壤的45.19%和19.00%。(2)复合钝化剂可显著提升农田土壤中Cd和As的固定效果,当生物炭和纳米零价铁以53∶1的比例混合配施时,Cd和As的钝化效果最为明显。(3)在间作模式下施加复合钝化剂,可以有效促进Cd和As污染土壤的修复。研究认为此类方式更适合中、轻度Cd和As复合污染土壤的修复工程应用。复合钝化剂最佳配比及植物间作模式的使用为Cd和As复合污染土壤的修复与治理工作提供试验依据和理论支撑。     

Arsenic Uptake by Two Hyperaccumulator Ferns from Four Arsenic Contaminated Soils

A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate and compare arsenic accumulation from four arsenic contaminated soils by two arsenic hyperaccumulators, Pteris vittata and Pteris cretica. After growing in soils for six weeks, the plants were harvested and separated into above- and below-ground biomass. Total As, P, Ca, K, glutathione and biomass were measured for the plants, and total As, Mehlich-3 P and As, exchangeable K and Ca, and arsenic fractionation were performed for the soils. Pteris vittata had significantly higher total biomass (14 g/plant) and As accumulation than P. cretica. Arsenic accumulation in both ferns followed the arsenic concentrations in the soil. The P/As molar ratio in the fronds, growing in arsenic contaminated soils, ranged from 80 to 939 in P. vittata and 130 to 421 in P. cretica. Plant arsenic concentrations were significantly positively correlated with Mehlich-3 arsenic in the soils. Soil pH was also significantly correlated with Mehlich-3 arsenic before and after plant uptake. Plant As uptake was significantly correlated with exchangeable potassium in the soil before plant uptake. Glutathione availability was not implicated as a major detoxification mechanism in these ferns. Though both plants were effective in taking up arsenic from various arsenic contaminated soils, P. vittata was overall a better candidate for phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soils.     

应用灰色关联度法评价砷污染土壤修复效果

采用盆栽试验进行砷污染土壤修复研究,根据4种不同改良剂对土壤修复的效果来评价改良剂的优劣,确定土壤修复最优模式.并采用灰色关联分析和聚类分析评价方法,以生菜生物量、农艺性状和生菜砷吸收量等为指标,对污染土壤修复贡献值进行定量分析和聚类评价.结果表明,磷石膏(20 g/kg)处理关联度值r=0.824最大,聚类分析为最优,是修复砷污染土壤的最优改良剂处理.     

Assessment of Arsenic Toxicity and Tolerance Characteristics of Bean Plants (Phaseolus Vulgaris) Exposed to Different Species of Arsenic

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the arsenic toxicity, its accumulation and phytoremediation potential of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in soils contaminated with different species of arsenic such as arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). Bean plants were grown in soils amended by aqueous solutions of 20 and 50 mg kg^?1 of As (III), As(V) or DMA. Arsenic species negatively affected the yield and growth of the plant. The study demonstrated arsenic accumulation in the plant parts. The concentration of arsenic compounds in the shoots decreased in the order arsenate > arsenite > dimethylarsinic acid while in the roots as arsenite > arsenate > dimethylarsinic acid. Most arsenic is accumulated in the roots with limited transfer to shoots. Thus, bean plants can be considered as an arsenic excluder and has the potential for phytostabilization of arsenic contaminated sites. The study also reveals that removal of arsenic by boiling the vegetables with excess of water is not possible.     

植物砷的生理和分子生物学研究进展——从土壤、根际到植物吸收、运输及耐性

砷既是抗癌药物,也是致癌物质。砷不但会对植物造成毒害,并且能够通过食物链进入人体和动物体,对其造成伤害。近年来包括我国在内的世界上许多国家发生的砷中毒事件,引起了公众的极大关注,促使各国科学家致力于砷从环境进入植物体的过程和机理研究。本文从土壤砷、根际砷、植物对砷的吸收和运输,以及植物耐砷机理和微生物在植物抗砷过程中的作用这五个方面,概括了砷从土壤到植物根际并进入植物体的过程,植物抗砷的生理分子机制以及微生物与植物抗砷的研究进展。并对将植物耐砷机理运用到作物上,以及利用砷超积累植物清除环境中的砷做了展望。     

Production and Characterization of Siderophores and its Application in Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Soil

Siderophores are small molecular weight extracellular organic compounds secreted by microorganisms under iron-starved conditions, used by them to chelate and solubilize iron. Though they are specific ferric iron chelator, but is reported that they bind other metals also, such as divalent heavy metals and actinides because of potentially high metal-siderophore stability constants. Thus metal contaminant fate and transport in subsurface environment can be heavily influenced by siderophores. This approach can be successfully used in removing many toxic metals off the soil which poses a serious health threat. Our research focuses on the correlation between cell growth and siderophore production and chemical characterization of the siderophore type. Its also documents the development of an assay method for the screening of different metals for complexation with siderophores based on the Chrome Azurol S (CAS) assay. The present research aims at batch scale mobilization of arsenic from arsenic contaminated soils using siderophore produced by P. azotoformans and thus evaluating its efficiency as compared to Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA), Citric Acid (CA) for the same. FT-IR spectroscopic studies were carried out to determine the interaction between soil, arsenic and siderophore. Results have shown that the cell growth and siderophore production are inversely related. Characterization of siderophore produced by P. azotoformans has revealed that it is of mixed-type catecholate and hydroxamate. Siderophore was found to complex with heavy metals like Cadmium, Lead, Nickel, Arsenic (III, V), Aluminium, Magnesium Zinc, Copper, Cobalt, Strontium other than Iron. Five washings by siderophore, EDTA, CA removed almost 92.8%, 77.3%, 70.0% arsenic respectively as compared to only 33.8% removal by control. Washing of arsenic contaminated soil with tap water revealed that ≈ 65.8% of arsenic in contaminated soil is in freely available or weakly bound form. The IR spectra revealed that hydrogen bonding exists between siderophore, arsenic and soil. Encouraging results of arsenic removal by biomolecule-siderophore can lead to an emerging tool brimming with opportunities for environmental clean up.     

STINGING NETTLE (URTICA DIOICA L.) GROWTH AND MINERAL UPTAKE FROM LEAD-ARSENATE CONTAMINATED ORCHARD SOILS

Growth and mineral uptake was studied in stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) grown on lead-arsenate contaminated orchard soils. Six soil samples including a non-orchard control were used. Uniform U. dioica seedlings were transplanted into pots arranged in a completely randomized design and raised under uniform greenhouse conditions. Shoots were harvested at day 26, and shoot (harvest 2) and root portions 50 days after transplanting. All samples were oven dried, weighed, and processed for mineral analysis. Elevated arsenic levels in soil did not significantly affect nettle growth except at the highest concentration of 163 mg kg^?1. There was arsenic bio-concentration in U. dioica roots and high levels of arsenic and lead in both below- and aboveground tissues. Stinging nettle is a plant of economic importance harvested for food and medicine. Our results show that humans can be exposed to toxic levels of arsenic and lead through contaminated nettle products.     

微生物影响稻田土壤中砷转化研究进展

稻田砷污染是一个全球性环境问题。稻米是以大米为主食的人群砷暴露的主要途径，稻米砷含量超标，会对动物和人体健康造成威胁。微生物是影响砷环境生物化学行为的重要角色，在植物-土壤-微生物系统的砷循环中发挥着重要作用。了解微生物对砷在土壤-水稻系统中的生物化学循环的影响，能够为稻田砷污染的有效治理提供理论基础。本文综述了砷氧化微生物、砷还原微生物以及砷甲基化微生物分别对砷氧化、还原和甲基化过程的影响（直接作用），并总结了微生物通过间接影响铁、硫的环境生物化学循环，进而影响稻田-水稻系统中砷的赋存形态及其转化与迁移的过程。最后，本文归纳了砷污染农田微生物修复技术的相关研究进展，并提出了研究展望。     

Legacy Arsenic Pollution of Lakes Near Cobalt,Ontario, Canada: Arsenic in Lake Water and Sediment Remains Elevated Nearly a Century After Mining Activity Has Ceased

Century old mine tailings in the Cobalt and Silver Center areas are widely dispersed throughout the terrestrial and aquatic environments and contain high concentrations of arsenic. Arsenic concentrations were found to be as high as 972 μg/L in surface waters and 10,800 mg/kg in lake sediment. The mean values for arsenic in surface waters and sediment from 9 lakes directly influenced by mining activity were 431 μg/L and 1704 mg/kg, respectively, whereas in the 12 control lakes with no mining activity in their catchment had mean values of 2.2 μg/L and 11 mg/kg in their water and sediment, respectively. Lakes impacted by downstream tailing migration (n?=?4) were also assessed and had intermediate concentrations of arsenic. Principal component analysis identified contaminated lakes as having different geochemical signatures than control lakes but lake sediment that was sampled below tailings in contaminated lakes, deposited pre-mining, can resemble the geochemistry of those found in control lakes. Arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 4.4 to 185 mg/kg, which can be considered reasonable background as these areas contained abundant mineral deposits that could naturally elevate background concentrations. Even though background concentrations are naturally elevated, the presence of arsenic-rich tailings in these lakes has prevented any natural recovery from occurring. Fe-Mn oxides at the water-sediment interface perpetually scavenge arsenic from buried tailings below and from contaminated surface waters that cause arsenic concentrations to remain enriched in the upper sediments even after tailings have been buried by lake sediment. This process has prevented recovery of the lake ecosystems even after nearly a century without mining.     

Effect of Flooding Lead Arsenate–Contaminated Orchard Soil on Growth and Arsenic and Lead Accumulation in Rice

Lead arsenate has been used as pesticide. Flooding soils contaminated by lead arsenate could increase plant arsenic and lead and become a human health risk. The objective was to determine the effects of flooding of lead‐arsenate soils on rice grain yield and arsenic and lead accumulation. Bagstown and Chashmont soils with high levels of arsenic and lead were planted with rice in the greenhouse under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Flooding reduced grain yield and increased grain arsenic concentration on both soils. Grain lead decreased with flooding for the Bagstown soil but increased for the Chashmont. Arsenic and lead concentrations in the straw were more than in grain. Grain arsenic and lead levels observed would not be expected to become a human health risk. However, bioavailability studies are needed. The high arsenic and lead in the straw may indirectly become a human health risk because rice straw is used for livestock feed and bedding.     

Arsenic immobilization in soil using starch-stabilized Fe/Cu nanoparticles: a case study in treatment of a chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-contaminated soil at lab scale

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The present study investigates the possible use and effectiveness of starch-stabilized Fe/Cu nanoparticles for in situ immobilization of arsenic in contaminated...