棚栽花卉白粉虱发生规律及防治

随着人们物质生活水平的提高，花卉保护地生产发展迅速，特别是随着高新技术的发展及应用，智能温室在花卉业生产中更显其重要作用。在棚栽花卉中白粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporariorum)是发生比较普遍的一种害虫，在花卉上的危害日益加重，成虫和若虫群集在花卉的叶背面，吮吸汁液，导致叶片褪色、凋萎，其排泄物引起煤污病的发生，影响开花和观赏价值，还是传播植物病毒的重要媒介昆虫。因此，笔者在智能温室花卉栽培中对白粉虱的发生规律及综合防治进行了一系列的观察研究，现将结果报告如下。     

利用天敌昆虫防治设施园艺害虫

近２０年,利用天敌昆虫,防治设施园艺害虫,进展迅速,近３０种天敌昆虫正实用化。放饲面积稳定增加。现将主要用于防治设施园艺害虫的天敌昆虫（包括螨）概述于下１、小蜂类网纹小蜂广泛用于防治番茄温室粉虱,此外,也防治黄瓜、茄子、西瓜、甜瓜、花卉与尝叶植物的害...     

广东省两种危险性林木害虫的传入及防治情况

广东省两种危险性林木害虫的传入及防治情况何国锋（中山大学昆虫学研究所广州５１０２７５）随着国际交流和科技合作日益频繁，以及工农业生产和人民生活的需要，我国每年从国外进口大量粮食、棉花、木材和各种苗木、种子，尤其近几年观赏花卉、树木种苗的大量引进使得危...     

不同药剂防治方案对某些柑桔病虫害的防治效果及成本分析

1997年7月至2000年6月在浙江黄岩进行了不同药剂防治方案对某些柑桔病虫害的防效及成本的比较试验。结果显示，与果农常规的以使用化学合成农药为主的防治方案相比，采用以使用机油乳剂和铜制剂为主的防治方案既能使柑桔病虫害得到有效的控制，又使果园生态得到改善、天敌群落密度及其对害虫的自然控制力得到恢复，进而使害虫得到可持续的控制。实施该防治方案的初期成本可能会稍高于常规防治方案，但持续实施后，天敌群落密度增加，对害虫的自然控制力提高，需要用药的次数减少，一年后其防治费用会降至常规防治方案之下。     

防治美洲斑潜蝇田间药效试验

防治美洲斑潜蝇田间药效试验湖北省农科院植保所（４３００６４）刘思义柯道秀王少南吴金萍美洲斑潜蝇（ＬｉｒｉｏｍｙｚｅＳａｔｉｒａｅｂｌａｎｃｈａｒｄ）是一种危险性的检疫害虫,其寄主植物多达１４科６０余种,主要危害豆类、瓜类、茄果类等蔬菜及部分花卉。随着...     

我国草坪害虫防治研究进展

根据国内文献报道，介绍了我国草坪害虫防治方面的最新研究进展，在我国草坪上发生的害虫主要有10多种，多种上害虫可对草坪造成毁灭性的影响，如斜纹夜蛾，粘虫，蛴螬等。在防治上仍然以化学药剂防治为主，如可用敌敌喂防治蛴螬，地考虑等害虫，在生物防治方面也取得了一些进展，如可用细菌防治蛴螬。     

玉米苗期害虫防治

玉米苗期受到害虫为害后,往往造成缺苗断垄,严重影响玉米产量.因此,作好玉米苗期害虫的防治是玉米生产上必不可少的一环,应该加以重视.我区玉米苗期害虫的种类主要是玉米黑毛虫、小地老虎、玉米拟瓢跳(虫甲)、蓟马、玉米铁甲虫等,现分述如下:     

小菜蛾的抗药性及其治理

小菜蛾的抗药性及其治理赵建周（中国农科院蔬菜花卉所，１０００８１）小菜蛾是世界性十字花科蔬菜的主要害虫，因其抗药谱广、抗性水平高及发展速度快，成为蔬菜害虫防治中的难题之一。小菜蛾的危害和抗药性问题在我国的南方尤为严重，在北方地区也呈加重趋势。１抗药性...     

温室黄瓜斑潜蝇的发生及其控制

斑潜蝇是蔬菜、花卉、瓜类等作物上的重要害虫.20世纪90年代初传入我国的美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard、南美斑潜蝇L.huidobrensis(Blanchard)现已分布于除西藏外所有的省区.随着设施蔬菜栽培面积的增加及生态条件的改变,成为陕西温室黄瓜上危害最重、防治难度最大的一类害虫,造成的经济损失占温室黄瓜病虫害总损失的15%左右,为制订有效的综合防治措施我们对其进行了研究.     

应用植物技术防治蛀干害虫

蛀干害虫的暴发往往对林、果业造成巨大的经济损失,文章从配置诱饵树和驱避树、选用抗虫品种、采用合理的造林措施、建立稳定的生态系统及利用植物引诱剂诱杀5方面,对蛀干害虫的植物防治研究和应用进行了论述。     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

Measures of durability of resistance

ABSTRACT Conventional models for the durability of resistant cultivars focus on the dynamics of the frequency of resistance genes. This leads to a definition of the durability of resistance as the time from introduction of the cultivar to the time when the frequency of the virulence gene reaches a preset threshold. It is questionable whether this is the most appropriate way to measure durability. Here we use a simple epidemiological model to link population dynamics and population genetics to compare three measures of durability: (i) the expected time until invasion of the virulent genotype, by mutation or immigration, and subsequent establishment of a population (T(invasion)); (ii) the virulence frequency related measure of the time for the virulent genotype to take-over the pathogen population ( T(take-over)); and (iii) the additional yield, measured by the additional number of uninfected host growth days (T(additional)). Specifically, we show how the measures of durability are affected by deployment and epidemiological parameters. We use a combination of numerical solution and analytical approximation of a model for the population dynamics of avirulent and virulent genotypes of a pathogen growing in dynamically changing populations of resistant and susceptible cultivars. The three measures of durability are compared. Some consequences of the results for durable resistance in multilines and mixtures and the regional deployment of resistant cultivars are discussed.     

甲基硫菌灵标样的制备

本文介绍了用进口甲基硫菌灵样品，采用溶剂萃取，高速离心，重结晶，高效液相色谱，红外光谱等分析方法进行系统分离与鉴定，得到其标样的方法。