灌溉方式对土壤水分运动参数的影响

通过实测和拟合的方法研究了不同灌溉方式对土壤饱和导水率及非饱和土壤水分运动参数的影响。结果表明:膜下滴灌明显改善了土壤导水性能,0-10 cm各土层土壤饱和导水率明显高于地面漫灌,并且两种灌溉方式下土壤饱和导水率都高于裸盐地;不同灌溉方式下,相同含水率所对应的非饱和导水率及非饱和扩散率均不同,0-100 cm各土层都表现为膜下滴灌>地面漫灌>裸盐地。膜下滴灌对土壤水分运动参数的影响,并不是由土壤质地、容重、温度、盐分等因素作用而引起,可能是由于膜下滴灌改变了土壤的团粒结构或土壤中盐分的离子组成而造成的。     

宁南山区草地植被恢复方式对土壤饱和导水率的影响

为评价宁南山区草地植被不同恢复方式对土壤入渗性能的影响,以不同植被群落的饱和导水率为研究对象,采用逐步回归研究退耕农地、禁牧荒地、封育草地导水率的变化及影响因子,并探讨了其作用机制。结果表明：3种植被恢复方式均有利于0-40 cm土壤饱和导水性能提高;各土层土壤饱和导水率均随植被恢复而不断提高,0-5 cm土层改善作用最为明显;农地退耕序列和荒地禁牧序列5-40 cm土层、封育草地序列0-40 cm土层土壤饱和导水率随土层深度下降而降低;影响土壤饱和导水率的因子为土壤有机质因子和土壤结构因子;3种植被恢复方式土壤有机质质量分数与Ks均呈显著的线性相关关系,在该区域有机质质量分数越高,Ks增加越快;土壤有机质积累是土壤饱和导水率提高的根本动力。因此,草地封育更利于提高使该地区土壤导水性能提高,促进生态恢复。     

不同含盐土壤圆盘入渗特征试验

不同含盐土壤水分入渗特征是获得准确的土壤水力参数的基础。该文通过圆盘入渗试验,分析了4种土壤在5个（-1、-3、-6、-9和-12 cm）负水头下的入渗特征。结果表明,随着水头的减小,4种土壤的吸湿率线性减小,稳定入渗率和非饱和导水率呈不同程度减小。随土壤含盐量增加稳定入渗率和导水率呈增大规律。根据实测资料确定了不同负水头下非饱和导水率的Gardner指数模型参数,为盐渍化土壤水力参数的确定提供理论参考。     

添加γ-聚谷氨酸减少土壤水分深层渗漏提高持水能力

γ-聚谷氨酸(Poly-γ-glutamic acid,γ-PGA)是一种高分子聚合物,具有超强的吸水能力和生物降解性。为探明γ-PGA在土壤改良方面的应用及对土壤水分运动的影响,该文基于室内垂直一维入渗土柱试验,研究了不同γ-PGA施量配比(0、0.5%、1%、2%、4%)对土壤水分入渗及持水特性的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加4%的γ-PGA的累积入渗量、入渗率和湿润锋分别减少了57.95%、53.89%、59.58%;四种入渗模型参数的模拟结果显示,与对照组相比,随着γ-PGA施量的增加,Kostiakov公式中的经验系数从0.808减小到0.538,经验指数从0.530增大到0.623;Philip入渗公式中的吸渗率从0.704减小到0.292;Green-Ampt公式中,饱和导水率从0.0043减小到0.0011 cm/min,湿润区有效的土壤水扩散率从1.19减小到0.16 cm~2/min,湿润锋处的土壤水吸力无明显变化;垂直一维入渗代数模型中,饱和导水率从0.0044减小到0.001 cm/min,非饱和土壤吸力分配系数和土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率综合形状系数均无明显变化趋势。土壤的持水特性结果表明:随着γ-PGA施量的增加,土壤饱和含水率增加,且与对照相比,表层土壤(0~10 cm土层)的含水率呈显著增加趋势,深层土壤(≥10~40 cm土层)的含水率则呈减小趋势。同时,湿润土层的厚度逐渐减小,说明γ-PGA不仅可增强土壤的持水能力,而且还可改变土壤剖面水分的分布形态,使更多水分蓄积在作物根区土层区域。该研究为γ-PGA的田间土壤改良及应用提供了理论支撑。     

等高绿篱系统土壤水分入渗特性研究

以等高绿篱(新银合欢和黄荆)前淤积土与石坎梯田为研究对象.探讨等高绿篱系统与石坎梯田不同土层深度、不同距篱/坎的土壤水分人渗特性及其影响因素,并对其土壤水分入渗过程进行模型拟合.结果显示.同一土层,随距篱坎变长,各处理土壤入渗性能坎依次减弱,不同距篱绿篱处理土壤入渗性能存在较大差异,而不同距坎石坎梯田处理土壤人渗性能差异相对不明显,随土层加深,绿篱处理土壤入渗性能相应依次减弱,而石坎梯田处理土壤人渗性能急剧减弱;表层(0-0.15 m)土壤平均人渗性能,石坎梯田处理优于绿篱处理,对于二层(0.15-0.30 m)土壤平均人渗性能.绿篱处理转而优于石坎梯田处理,三层(0.30-0.45 m)土壤,各处理土壤入渗性能基本相当;黄荆处理土壤人渗性能存在明显的空间变化规律,主要通过水平和垂直两个方向来体现.其中水平方向,距篱远近间接反映了黄荆对土壤入渗性能的影响程度,距篱越近,影响越大;土壤容重、砂粘比与有机质对土壤入渗性能均有显著影响.而初始含水量仅对初始入渗率有显著影响,其中砂粘比对初始人渗率、前30 min入渗量影响最大,容重对稳定人渗率影响最大;Green-Ampt模型和Philip模型更适合本研究土壤水分入渗过程描述与模拟,且具有较高的准确性.     

喀斯特峰丛坡地灌木林地与梯田旱地土壤水分入渗特征

为明确喀斯特峰丛坡地土壤的入渗特性,该文测定了灌木林地和梯田旱地不同土层的入渗过程,同时分析了影响入渗的因素,并用不同入渗模型对其过程进行拟合。结果表明:(1)梯田旱地的入渗性能低于灌木林地,其平均入渗系数约是灌木林地的78.6%,尤其在土层30~60 cm的平均初渗率、稳渗率仅为灌木林地的4.3%和4.4%,存在明显的入渗隔层,其原因是梯田旱地本身的土壤黏粒含量充足,加上人为翻耕促使较细颗粒向下移动后堆积。(2)灌木林地土壤中的砂粒含量和有机质含量较高,孔隙度较大,不同土层间的性质差异较小,而梯田旱地0~30 cm与30~60 cm土层的土壤性质差异明显,表现为下层土壤容重大、土壤孔隙度小。两者入渗性能均与土壤容重、孔隙度的相关性极显著(P0.01)。(3)Horton模型对灌木林地和梯田旱地的拟合效果较好(R20.9),且对梯田旱地表层和深层的拟合度比对灌木林地的拟合度更好。Kostiakov模型和Philip模型的拟合效果较差。该文为喀斯特土壤水分管理及土壤入渗模拟提供了理论依据。     

黄土丘陵区典型植被土壤物理性质差异及其对导水特性影响

选取黄土丘陵区12种典型植被样地,通过测定各样地不同土层植物残体生物量、土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度及饱和导水率,研究各指标随土层深度和植被类型的变化规律及其对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:(1)除容重随土层深度增加外,植物残体、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和饱和导水率均随土层深度减少,其中植物残体大多集中于表层土壤(0—10 cm),占总残体生物量的51.4%～85.7%。(2)不同植被类型其植物残体及土壤物理性质存在显著差异,乔木林地植物残体、农耕地土壤容重、灌木林地非毛管孔隙度及饱和导水率均最大,而毛管孔隙度与不同土地利用类型间无显著差异。(3)饱和导水率随植物残体生物量密度(0—10 cm)和土壤容重呈幂函数减小,随毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度呈幂函数增大;土壤容重(BD)和非毛管孔隙度(NCP)是影响土壤饱和导水率(K_s)的主要因素,且土壤饱和导水率可表示为两者的综合非线性方程(K_s=0.6BD~(-4.717)NCP~(0.203),P0.01,R~2=0.63,NSE=0.50)。此外,沙棘灌木林地平均饱和导水率最大,有利于降雨过程中土壤水分入渗,具有较强的水土保持功能。本研究结果可为黄土高原植被恢复生态水文效益评价提供理论依据。     

凹凸棒土对土壤水分运动基本参数的影响

通过向土壤中均匀添加不同含量(0,10,20,30,40,50,60g/kg)凹凸棒土(ATP)来研究其对土壤水分运动及土壤水动力学参数的影响。结果表明,随着ATP含量的增大,土壤入渗速率、累积入渗量减小,Philip公式中的吸渗率S和稳渗率A均减小,Kostiakov公式中入渗系数K减小,经验指数β增大;土壤持水性随着ATP含量的增加而增大,van Genuchten公式中滞留含水率θr减小,饱和含水率θs增大,进气值的倒数α增大,形状系数n减小;利用van Genuchten公式中的相关参数对非饱和土壤导水率、非饱和土壤水扩散率及容水度进行计算,结果表明随着ATP含量的增加,非饱和土壤导水率、扩散率及容水度都呈减小的趋势,利用经验公式对非饱和土壤水扩散率进行拟合,其相关性较高。综合分析可知,加入ATP后的土壤有一定的阻渗作用,持水能力增强且土壤中的大孔隙减少,在一定程度上具有改良土壤的作用。     

植被群落演替对土壤饱和导水率的影响

土壤饱和导水率是表征土壤入渗能力的重要参数,对不同土地利用类型反应敏感。为了揭示植被演替对土壤剖面上饱和导水率的影响规律,采用恒定水头法测定了天童林区155 a植物群落演替序列60 cm深土壤剖面上的饱和导水率。结果表明,不同演替阶段饱和导水率均随土壤深度增加迅速降低,在0～20 cm土层内,各演替阶段饱和导水率均存在极显著差异,0～60 cm土层内饱和导水率的平均值从裸地、石栎+檵木灌丛、马尾松林、木荷+马尾松林、木荷林到栲树林升高极为显著,植物群落演替到灌丛阶段,平均饱和导水率已与裸地存在显著差异,演     

金沙江干热河谷不同土地利用类型土壤入渗特征及其影响因素

在金沙江干热河谷区采用环刀法测定4种不同利用类型土壤的入渗过程,分析不同利用类型土壤入渗特征及其影响因素。结果表明:不同土地利用类型土壤入渗性能存在较大差异,经营多年的果园和灌木地土壤入渗性能最好,其次为草地,旱地土壤入渗性能最差。果园地表下40-60cm土层稳定入渗速率为0.28mm/min,而旱地地表下40-60cm土层为明显的入渗阻滞层,其40-60cm土层稳定入渗速率为0.08mm/min,不到果园40-60cm土层稳定入渗速率的1/3。利用3种公式对入渗过程进行拟合,效果以通用经验公式为最佳,拟合结果表明,初始入渗速率和稳定入渗速率均按照果园、灌木林地、草地、旱地的顺序递减。相关分析表明,容重、有机质、孔隙状况以及水稳性团聚体是影响干热河谷坡地土壤入渗性能的重要因素。灌木林地和草地开垦为旱地后,土壤有机质含量下降,土壤结构稳定性降低,容重增大,入渗性能也随之降低。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.