绵羊肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解河南省绵羊肠道寄生虫感染情况,应用寄生虫常规检测方法对5个规模化养羊场共1265份粪样进行了寄生虫感染情况调查。结果显示,共检出虫卵和卵囊5类,其中原虫2类(球虫、隐孢子虫)、线虫2类（类圆线虫、鞭虫）、绦虫1类。本次调查中共发现1178份粪便样品为寄生虫阳性,寄生虫总感染率为93.12％(1178／1265),5个绵羊场的隐孢子虫平均感染率为3.10％,球虫平均感染率为88.94％,鞭虫平均感染率为10.83％,类圆线虫平均感染率为59.11％,绦虫平均感染率为43.96%。本次调查发现绵羊寄生虫混合感染现象比较严重,其中球虫、绦虫和类圆线虫混合感染的比例达到60.10％;绵羊寄生虫感染率呈现随着年龄的增长而减少的趋势。     

安徽某野生动物园哺乳动物消化系统寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解野生动物园动物寄生虫感染情况,采用饱和盐水漂浮法和自然沉淀法对安徽某野生动物园19种野生动物71份新鲜粪样进行了检测。结果显示:寄生虫总感染率为22.5%;共检获7种寄生虫,其中狮弓蛔虫、毛圆线虫、古柏线虫、毛首线虫、莫尼茨绦虫、结肠小袋虫和球虫的感染率分别为4.2%、8.5%、11.3%、4.2%、4.2%、5.6%和5.6%;梅花鹿等草食动物、小熊猫等杂食动物和非洲狮等肉食动物寄生虫感染率分别为36.7%、13.3%和11.5%,其中草食动物寄生虫感染较为普遍,应加强草食动物寄生虫病的防治。     

上海市市售青蛙寄生蠕虫感染情况初步调查

为了解上海市市售青蛙蠕虫的感染情况,对52只黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)进行剖检,按脏器检查、收集寄生虫虫体,统计寄生虫的感染率与感染强度。结果显示,青蛙蠕虫感染率为90.38%,平均感染强度为20.21条。不同种类寄生虫的感染情况明显不同,线虫、吸虫、绦虫和棘头虫的感染率分别为50.00%、86.54%、17.31%和51.92%,感染强度分别为3.38、15.00、5.11和5.22条。不同脏器寄生虫的感染情况不同,肠道的寄生虫感染率最高,为90.38%;肠道、肌肉与皮下寄生虫的感染强度分别为15.34和11.38条,明显高于其他器官。不同种类寄生虫的寄生虫部位明显不同,线虫、吸虫和棘头虫主要来源于肠道,绦虫主要来源于肌肉与皮下。通过对检出虫体的形态进行初步观察,吸虫、线虫、绦虫和棘头虫种类分别约有6、3、1和2种,但具体种类尚需进一步鉴定。本调查结果为掌握上海市市售青蛙寄生虫感染状况和做好寄生虫病防控提供了基础数据。     

新疆部分地区牧马肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解新疆地区牧马肠道寄生虫感染情况,采用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法对新疆19个市/县32个牧马群的共519份新鲜马粪便样本进行检查。结果显示:304份样品呈肠道寄生虫阳性,总感染率为58.4%;检出7种肠道寄生虫,以圆线虫为主要感染种类,感染率为53.8%,副蛔虫感染率次之,为13.7%;球虫、隐孢子虫、蛲虫、裸头绦虫和双腔吸虫的感染率分别为1.0%、0.8%、0.4%、0.4%和0.2%。不同地区牧马肠道寄生虫感染率差异极显著(P0.01);不同年龄段牧马肠道寄生虫感染率差异显著(P0.05)。调查表明,新疆不同地区牧马肠道寄生虫感染普遍,应加强综合防控。     

化隆县牛羊寄生虫区系调查

采用寄生虫学完全剖检法对化隆县谢家滩乡12只绵羊、6头牦牛进行寄生虫种类和数量的调查。结果表明：牦牛调查发现线虫9种、绦虫蚴1种和牛皮蝇蛆,单体荷虫数为77条,优势虫种为普通奥斯特线虫,感染率为100％,感染强度为20（9～28）。绵羊调查发现线虫19种、绦虫2种、绦虫蚴1种、吸虫2种和羊鼻蝇蛆,单体荷虫数为405条,优势虫：仲为普通奥斯特线虫和蒙古马歇尔线虫,感染率均为100％,感染强度分别是45（14～120）和133（13～285）。     

上海市市售蟾蜍寄生蠕虫感染情况初步调查

为了解上海市市售蟾蜍寄生蠕虫的感染情况,对60只中华大蟾蜍进行剖检,按脏器检查、收集寄生虫虫体,统计寄生虫的感染率与感染强度。结果显示,蟾蜍寄生虫感染率为100%,平均感染强度为28.23条。不同种类寄生虫的感染情况明显不同,线虫、吸虫、绦虫和棘头虫的感染率分别为93.33%、73.33%、8.33%和15.00%,感染强度分别为17.52、14.48、10.40和2.67条。不同脏器寄生虫的感染情况不同,肠道和肺脏的寄生虫感染率最高,分别为100%和88.33%;肠道、肺脏、肌肉寄生虫的感染强度分别为15.63、12.28和11.33条,明显高于其他器官。不同种类寄生虫的寄生虫部位明显不同,线虫主要来源于肺部和肠道,吸虫和棘头虫主要来源于肠道,绦虫主要来源于肌肉。通过对检出虫体的形态进行初步观察,吸虫、线虫、绦虫和棘头虫种类分别约有3、4、1和1种,但具体种类尚需进一步鉴定。本调查结果为掌握上海市市售蟾蜍寄生虫感染状况和做好寄生虫病防控提供了基础数据。     

榆林某牛场肉牛肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

研究旨在了解榆林某牛场肉牛寄生虫感染情况。试验随机采集54份榆林某牛场肉牛新鲜粪便,通过饱和食盐水漂浮法、离心沉淀法、斯陶尔氏虫卵计数法对该牛场肉牛寄生虫感染种类、感染率及感染强度进行检测。结果显示,该牛场肉牛寄生虫感染率为53.7%,其中犊牛寄生虫感染率为92.9%,成年牛寄生虫感染率为40.0%。肉牛感染线虫、绦虫、吸虫、球虫的感染率分别为42.6%、25.9%、0、40.7%,线虫、绦虫、球虫的平均感染强度分别为434、90、264个/g,且存在混合感染,两重感染率为33.3%,三重感染率为11.1%。研究表明,该牛场内感染寄生虫种类以线虫和球虫为主,不同年龄肉牛寄生虫感染率存在差异,犊牛感染率远高于成年牛。该牛场应加强对寄生虫病的预防和治疗。     

乌鲁木齐南山牧场羊消化道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解新疆乌鲁木齐南山牧场羊消化道寄生虫病的感染情况,笔者采用寄生虫常规检测方法,随机抽取乌鲁木齐南山牧场的菊花台、东白杨沟、西白杨沟和鹰沟4个地点的散养羊159只,进行了消化道寄生虫感染情况的调查。调查结果表明:上述4个地点羊均存在线虫、绦虫和球虫的感染及混合感染情况。159份样品中,阳性样品98份,总感染率为61.64%;其中菊花台、东白杨沟、西白杨沟、鹰沟的羊消化道寄生虫感染率分别为47.1%(16/34)、62.5%(30/48)、56.3%(18/32)、75.6%(34/45);混合感染率为59.1%(94/159)。检测出的寄生虫主要包括仰口线虫、毛圆线虫、奥斯特线虫、毛尾线虫、夏伯特线虫、食道口线虫、细颈线虫、捻转血矛线虫、艾美尔球虫、莫尼茨绦虫。     

安阳地区羊肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解安阳地区羊肠道寄生虫感染情况,采用显微镜检测技术对滑县、内黄县、汤阴县、林州市和安阳县共计880份羊粪便样品进行了寄生虫感染情况调查。结果检测到球虫、贾第虫、隐孢子虫、圆线虫、毛尾线虫、绦虫和吸虫7种肠道寄生虫,共发现589份寄生虫阳性粪便样品,寄生虫总感染率为66.93%(589/880)。其中,球虫感染率为55.00%,贾第虫感染率为1.82%,隐孢子虫感染率为0.34%,圆线虫感染率为18.86%,毛尾线虫感染率为2.16%,绦虫感染率为2.39%,吸虫感染率为2.73%,以球虫和圆线虫为本地区优势虫种。     

野生动物园动物肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解四川某野生动物园动物肠道寄生虫感染情况,本试验采用离心沉淀法、卢戈氏碘液染色法、饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法对40种野生动物及混居水禽共计180份粪便样本进行调查。寄生虫总感染率为74.4%,共发现8种寄生虫,其中球虫、阿米巴原虫、蛔虫、鞭虫、毛细线虫、圆线虫、绦虫和吸虫感染率分别为31.1%、19.4%、15.6%、10.6%、17.2%、20.6%、4.4%和1.7%。结果表明,某野生动物肠寄生虫感染较为普遍,应采取有效的综合防治措施,以保证野生动物的健康。     

哈尔滨北方森林动物园观赏肉食目动物寄生蠕虫感染情况调查

为了解哈尔滨北方森林动物园观赏肉食目动物寄生蠕虫的感染状况，于2009年3～5月采用饱和盐水漂浮法和水洗沉淀法对犬、猫、熊和浣熊4科的67只观赏肉食目动物粪便进行了蠕虫虫卵检查。结果有19只检出虫卵，感染率为28．4％。其中猫科、熊科、浣熊科、犬科的感染率分别为63．6％、16．7％、14．3％和5．0％，在检出的虫卵中，各种蛔虫卵占优势。该调查为动物园制定肉食目动物驱虫方案奠定了基础。     

Hepatozoon spp. (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) infection and selected hematological values of the neotropical rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Viperidae), from Brazil

This study aims to establish the hematological values of Crotalus durissus collilineatus snakes captured in Brazil as well as to verify the effects of hematozoan infection on these snakes. Eighty-three blood samples were drawn from C. d. collilineatus specimens for analysis. The sample set was composed of 30 males and 30 females, recently caught from the wild, and 11 males and 12 females bred in captivity. Blood samples were used to determine red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, thrombocyte counts, hematocrit values, hemoglobin concentration, and total plasma protein. Blood smears were used to diagnose Hepatozoon spp. infection and to calculate the parasitic load in the sample as well as the percentage of immature red cells. Results obtained for the wild-caught animals, with and without parasites, were compared among themselves and with the values obtained for the captive-bred animals. Hematological values for C. durissus were established. Wild-caught snakes had an infection rate of 38.3%, while no Hepatozoon sp. infection was detected in the captive-bred animals. The snakes which were not infected by the Hepatozoon sp. exhibited average weight, length, and weight-length ratios higher than those of the infected animals. An increase in immature red cells was noted in the Hepatozoon-infected snakes.     

Hepatitis E virus in wild rabbits and European brown hares in Germany

Recently, a change of hepatitis E from being a typical travel‐associated disease to an autochthonous zoonosis in Germany was observed. An increasing number of autochthonous infections with the hepatitis E Virus (HEV) have been recognized in developed countries. Venison from wild boar is already known to be a potential source of infection, if not prepared properly by the consumer. In Germany, certain wild animals are known to be a reservoir for HEV. However, current information is missing about European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) and wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Thus, a total of 833 hunting‐harvested animals (European brown hares n = 669; wild rabbits n = 164) were tested for the occurrence of HEV RNA and HEV antibodies. For this, liver and blood specimens were taken after hunts in six German federal states. HEV antibodies were found by ELISA in 2.2% (624/14) of European brown hares, but no HEV RNA was detectable by nested real‐time RT‐PCR. In contrast, a seroprevalence of 37.3% (126/47) was observed for wild rabbits, and 17.1% (164/28) of the samples were HEV RNA positive. Genomic analysis revealed that these partial sequences clustered within the rabbit clade of HEV‐3 genotype. In addition, one rabbit sequence segregated into subtype 3g of HEV‐3. Highest seroprevalences for hares and rabbits were detected in the federal states of Bavaria and of Schleswig‐Holstein, respectively. Comparing urban, rural and insular areas, the highest seroprevalence was shown for wild rabbits in rural areas and for European brown hares on the northern island Fehmarn. This study provides evidence that European brown hares and wild rabbits from Germany can be infected with HEV. The different prevalences indicate that wild rabbits are a potential reservoir for HEV in Germany, whereas European brown hares seem to be only of minor importance for the epidemiology of HEV.     

Detection of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in sylvatic lagomorphs from an epidemic area of Madrid using the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test

An outbreak of human leishmaniosis was confirmed in the southwest of the province of Madrid, Spain, between July 2009 and December 2012. Incidence of Leishmania infection in dogs was unchanged in this period, prompting a search for alternative sylvatic infection reservoirs. We evaluated exposure to Leishmania in serum samples from animals in the area with an indirect immunofluorescence test (IFAT). Using promastigotes from six culture passages and a 1/25 threshold titer, we found anti-Leishmania infantum seroreactivity in 9.3% of cats (4 of 43), 45.7% of rabbits (16/35) and 74.1% of hares (63/85). Use of promastigotes from >10 in vitro passages resulted in a notably IFAT lower titer, suggesting antigenic changes during extended culture. Postmortem inspection of seropositive animals showed no clinical signs of infection. The results clearly suggest that asymptomatic hares were the main reservoir in the outbreak, and corroborate IFAT as a sensitive serological surveillance method to detect such cryptic Leishmania infections.     

新疆昭苏地区纯血马寄生虫感染情况研究

目的 研究分析新疆昭苏地区不同性别、不同年龄段纯血马在不同月份的寄生虫感染情况,为纯血马的健康养殖以及科学驱虫提供参考。方法 随机选取不同年龄段纯血马122匹,分为5组,哺乳马驹30匹,青年母马25匹,青年公马20匹,繁殖母马35匹,种公马12匹。采用马场分栏群体舍饲和单厩饲养模式,保证不同年龄段纯血马饲料和饮水充足,分别在5月和10月采集粪便样品。使用虫卵计数法检测马匹粪便中的寄生虫,计算不同年龄纯血马在不同时间段的寄生虫感染率和感染强度。结果 5月纯血马马蛲虫以及马球虫感染率较高,除种公马外,感染率均在94.00%以上,其中,哺乳马驹马蛲虫的感染率高达98.89%,哺乳马驹马球虫的感染率高达98.33%。10月纯血马马副蛔虫以及马球虫的感染率均在93.00%以上,其中,繁殖母马马副蛔虫感染率高达99.52%,哺乳马驹马球虫感染率高达98.33%。5月哺乳马驹的马副蛔虫、毛圆线虫、盅口线虫与细颈三齿线虫感染强度均显著（P<0.05）高于其他年龄段的纯血马;马蛲虫、马球虫和埃氏腹盘吸虫的感染强度显著（P<0.05）高于种公马,与其他阶段纯血马相比差异不显著（P>0.05）。10月哺乳马驹马副蛔虫、毛圆线虫、裸头绦虫感染强度显著（P<0.05）高于除繁殖母马以外的其他年龄段纯血马,细颈三齿线虫感染强度显著（P<0.05）高于其他年龄段纯血马,马球虫和埃氏腹盘吸虫的感染强度显著（P<0.05）高于种公马。种公马马副蛔虫与细颈三齿线虫感染强度显著（P<0.05）低于其他阶段的纯血马。不同年龄段纯血马马蛲虫感染强度差异不显著（P>0.05）。结论 纯血马感染的肠道寄生虫主要有马蛲虫、马球虫、毛圆线虫、细颈三齿线虫、盅口线虫、马副蛔虫、裸头绦虫以及埃氏腹盘吸虫,不同年龄段、不同月份均有感染,且混合感染较为严重。哺乳马驹感染强度及感染率普遍高于其他年龄段纯血马。     

The effects of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) when compared with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, survival and migration

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of birdsfoot trefoil and chicory on parasitic nematode development, survival and migration when compared with perennial ryegrass. In experiment one, sheep faeces, containing 10,385 Cooperia curticei eggs were added to 25 cm diameter pots containing birdsfoot trefoil, chicory or ryegrass, and the pots maintained under optimal conditions for nematode parasite development. Replicate pots of each forage type were destructively sampled on day 8, 16, 20, 28 and 37 to collect the nematode larvae. When forages were compared on a dry matter basis, by day 16 there were 31% and 19% fewer larvae on birdsfoot trefoil and chicory than on ryegrass, respectively (P<0.01). In the second experiment, replicate 1m(2) field plots of birdsfoot trefoil, chicory and ryegrass were sub-sampled on day 14, 21, 35 and 49 for larval counts following the application of sheep faeces containing 585,000 Teladorsagia circumcincta eggs to each plot on day 0. Results showed there were a minimum of 58% and 63% fewer infective stage parasitic larvae on birdsfoot trefoil and chicory, respectively, compared with ryegrass on day 14 and 35 when forages were compared on a forage dry matter, plot area sampled and leaf area basis (P<0.01). Overall, these results indicate that the number of infective stage larvae on birdsfoot trefoil and chicory pasture was reduced by the effect of their sward structure on the development/survival/migration of ovine parasitic nematodes. These effects may be one of the ways in which these forages may affect parasitic infections in grazing livestock.     

The Susceptibility of Muskrats and Snowshoe Hares to Experimental Infection with a Chlamydial Agent

Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) were exposed experimentally by various routes to a chlamydial agent (designated strain M56) originally isolated during a die-off of muskrats and snowshoe hares which occurred in Saskatchewan during 1961. Both species were susceptible to experimental infection. Whereas M56 was highly lethal for snowshoe hares (18 deaths/19 exposed), it was less virulent for muskrats (6 deaths/20 exposed).

The degree of susceptibility of muskrats to induced infections with M56 was influenced by the presence or absence of specific antibodies at the time of exposure. A febrile illness was observed in 11 of 20 muskrats. In the six that died, widespread focal necrosis was found in the liver. Following intraperitoneal or oral exposures, chronic infections were established and the agent was recovered from the brain and the small intestine up to 96 days post-infection. Specific antibodies were found in 11.8% of 127 sera of muskrats trapped form the wild in Saskatchewan, the Canadian Arctic, and Wisconsin.

In snowshoe hares, M56 induced an acute, febrile, emaciating illness, and the almost invariable fatal course was short with terminal signs of opisthotonos, convulsions, and hypoglycemia. Snowshoe hares succumbed with intravenous doses of less than ten mouse intracerebral LD₅₀ of M56. The same syndrome was produced by intravenous, subcutaneous, and oral infections. M56 was found in high titers in all tissues examined. The highest titers were found in the liver and spleen which correlated with the pathology observed. M56 was recovered from female rabbit ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) engorging on experimentally infected snowshoe hares.

     

内蒙古某牲畜交易市场绵羊肠道蠕虫感染情况调查

[目的] 掌握内蒙古某大型牲畜交易市场绵羊肠道蠕虫的感染情况。[方法] 2020年7月—2021年6月逐月收集该市场绵羊粪便样本12次,共1 082份,采用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法进行虫卵检查,对绵羊感染的肠道蠕虫卵进行形态学鉴定。采用统计学方法比较不同月份、年龄、性别绵羊肠道蠕虫感染率差异。[结果] 282份粪便样本呈蠕虫卵阳性,感染率为26.1%（282/1 082）。鉴定出6种蠕虫,以圆线虫为主要感染虫种,感染率为16.5%（179/1 082）;鞭虫、莫尼茨绦虫、细颈线虫、蛲虫和钩虫的感染率分别为7.8%（84/1 082）、3.2%（35/1 082）、1.9%（21/1 082）、0.6%（7/1 082）和0.1%（1/1 082）。10月和11月绵羊的肠道蠕虫感染率较高,分别为47.4%（45/95）和43.7%（38/87）;1月和2月绵羊的肠道蠕虫感染率较低,分别为13.0%（12/92）和12.2%（11/90）;不同采样月绵羊肠道蠕虫感染率统计学差异极显著（χ²=63.957,df=11,P<0.01）。≤6月龄、7~12月龄和>1岁的绵羊肠道蠕虫感染率分别为14.5%（56/385）、31.1%（161/517）和36.1%（65/180）,不同年龄段绵羊肠道蠕虫的感染率统计学差异极显著（χ²=42.853,df=2,P<0.01）。公羊和母羊的肠道蠕虫感染率分别为24.3%（102/420）和27.2%（180/662）,无统计学差异（P>0.05）。[结论] 该牲畜交易市场绵羊肠道蠕虫感染与季节、年龄有关,应针对性确定防治方案。     

长沙市蛇寄生钩虫感染情况调查

为了解湖南省长沙市蛇寄生钩虫感染情况,2009年3月~2010年1月,在长沙市2个主要的蛇来源市场随机抽取180条蛇进行寄生钩虫感染情况调查。结果显示,124条蛇体内检测到钩虫,感染率为68.89%;2个市场的感染率分别为75%、58.82%。可见,长沙市钩虫感染比较严重,开展钩虫病的预防工作十分必要。     

Parasitic nematodes - from genomes to control

The diseases caused by parasitic nematodes in domestic and companion animals are major factors that decrease production and quality of the agricultural products. Methods available for the control of the parasitic nematode infections are mainly based on chemical treatment, non-chemical management practices, immune modulation and biological control. However, even with integrated pest management that frequently combines these approaches, the effective and long-lasting control strategies are hampered by the persistent exposure of host animals to environmental stages of parasites, the incomplete protective response of the host and acquisition of anthelmintic resistance by an increasing number of parasitic nematodes. Therefore, the challenges to improve control of parasitic nematode infections are multi-fold and no single category of information will meet them all. However, new information, such as nematode genomics, functional genomics and proteomics, can strengthen basic and applied biological research aimed to develop improvements. In this review we will, summarize existing control strategies of nematode infections and discuss ongoing developments in nematode genomics. Genomics approaches offer a growing and fundamental base of information, which when coupled with downstream functional genomics and proteomics can accelerate progress towards developing more efficient and sustainable control programs.