葡萄冬芽自然休眠诱导期间的呼吸代谢变化

【目的】研究葡萄冬芽自然休眠诱导过程中呼吸速率和呼吸途径的变化规律,明确呼吸代谢与自然休眠诱导的关系,为休眠调控技术如无休眠栽培和秋促早栽培技术的发展提供理论依据,进而解决葡萄鲜果的周年供应问题。【方法】以‘贝达’嫁接的3年生高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’和低需冷量葡萄品种‘京蜜’为试材,采用专一性呼吸抑制剂法借助氧电极测定葡萄冬芽呼吸速率及呼吸途径的变化,结合利用单芽扦插沙基培养法界定自然休眠诱导的进程,研究自然休眠诱导过程中葡萄冬芽的呼吸代谢变化。【结果】低需冷量葡萄品种‘京蜜’的冬芽自然休眠诱导开始和结束的时间晚于高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’,且自然休眠深度浅于高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’。需冷量不同的‘京蜜’和‘夏黑’两葡萄品种在自然休眠诱导期间冬芽的总呼吸速率变化趋势相同,呈单峰曲线,于自然休眠诱导结束时达最大值;低需冷量葡萄品种‘京蜜’在自然休眠诱导结束时冬芽的总呼吸速率和增幅略低于高需冷量的葡萄品种‘夏黑’。‘京蜜’和‘夏黑’两葡萄品种在自然休眠诱导期间,冬芽底物氧化水平和电子传递链水平上不同呼吸途径的运行活性发生了明显的变化,且变化趋势基本一致,与其自然休眠进程紧密相关,其中冬芽底物氧化水平上的戊糖磷酸途径（PPP）途径的运行活性与容量、蛋白质脂肪-TCA途径的容量和电子传递链水平上的交替途径的运行活性与容量,随着自然休眠进程的推进迅速增加;低需冷量葡萄品种‘京蜜’冬芽底物氧化水平上的PPP、蛋白质脂肪-TCA和电子传递链水平上的交替途径等与自然休眠诱导密切相关的呼吸途径的运行活性和容量都要略低于高需冷量葡萄品种‘夏黑’的冬芽。【结论】在自然休眠诱导期间,葡萄冬芽的总呼吸速率达最大值即峰值是葡萄冬芽自然休眠诱导期结束的标志。PPP途径和交替途径的运行活性与容量及蛋白质脂肪-TCA途径的容量的迅速增加是葡萄冬芽进入自然休眠的关键,是葡萄冬芽自然休眠诱导期的标志性生理变化。     

Respiratory Response of Dormant Nectarine Floral Buds on Chilling Deficiency

Changes in main biochemical respiratory pathways in dormant nectarine floral buds were studied with nectarine trees （Prunus persica.var, nectariana cv. Shuguang） in order to determine the function of respiration in dormancy release. Oxygen-electrode system and respiratory inhibitors were used to measure total respiratory rates and rates of respiratory pathways. Results showed that chilling deficiency blocked the transition of respiratory mode, and made buds stay in a state of high level pentose phosphate pathway （PPP） and low level tricarboxylie acid cycle （TCA）. The decline of PPP and activation of TCA occurred synchronously with the release of dormancy. In addition, the inhibition of PPP stimulated a respiration increase related with TCA. It could be concluded that the function of PPP activation in dormancy release might be limited and PPP declination inducing TCA activation might be part of respiration mode transition mechanism during bud sprouting.     

渗透胁迫下高粱幼苗根抗氰呼吸的研究

用呼吸抑制剂和氧肟酸滴定法,在渗透胁迫下测定了两个抗旱性不同的高粱品种三尺三(抗旱性弱)和3197B(抗旱性强)幼苗根中抗氰呼吸的变化。结果表明:正常供水条件下,三尺三根中电子传递以交替途径为主,3197B根中则以细胞色素途径为主。水分胁迫下,三尺三幼苗根中交替途径下降,细胞色素途径上升,转变成以细胞色素途径略占优势,而3197B交替途径运行量增大,细胞色素途径运行量减小,转变成以交替途径为主。     

葡萄芽自然休眠期间的呼吸代谢变化

【目的】探讨葡萄芽呼吸代谢与自然休眠解除的关系,为葡萄人工休眠调控技术措施的制定提供理论依据。【方法】以高需冷量品种夏黑和低需冷量品种京蜜为试材,采取呼吸抑制剂法借助氧电极研究休眠解除过程中芽的呼吸代谢变化。【结果】不同需冷量品种休眠期间芽的呼吸速率和各呼吸途径所占比例大致相同,而且变化趋势也基本一致,但低需冷量品种京蜜呼吸速率及呼吸途径发生显著变化的时间比高需冷量品种夏黑提前20 d左右,且变化更为迅速,只是变化幅度略小于夏黑。休眠期间总呼吸速率呈单曲线变化,当休眠解除时达到顶峰。底物水平上,糖酵解-三羧酸途径所占比例在休眠解除时大幅度增加。电子传递链水平上,剩余呼吸和交替途径在休眠解除时显著增加。【结论】不同品种对低温的敏感度不同,低需冷量品种对低温刺激更为敏感。糖酵解-三羧酸途径是葡萄芽休眠解除的关键因素,剩余呼吸和交替途径的激活在葡萄芽休眠解除过程中起重要作用。     

应用抑制消减杂交技术筛选葡萄冬芽和夏芽生理休眠相关基因

【目的】葡萄新梢上的芽有冬芽和夏芽两种,根据这两种芽休眠特性的差异,筛选与芽生理休眠相关基因,进而从分子水平研究葡萄芽生理休眠的相关机制。【方法】以‘赤霞珠’葡萄新梢上冬芽和夏芽为材料,夏芽作为驱动方（driver）,冬芽作为实验方（tester）,采用抑制消减杂交技术（suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH）构建冬芽和夏芽的SSH-cDNA文库,筛选冬芽和夏芽差异表达的基因片段。通过NCBI同源比对,寻找与葡萄芽生理休眠相关的基因,并对差异表达基因进行功能注释和分类。最后,运用Real-time PCR技术对部分候选基因进行检测,以验证其与葡萄芽生理休眠的相关性。【结果】共获得359条有效、高质量的差异基因片段,经CAP3软件聚类拼接,得到106个unique EST。在GenBank中进行BLASTN同源比对,有98条EST与已知蛋白或基因具有不同程度的同源性,占全部EST的92.4%。进行BLASTX同源比对,有54条EST与功能已知蛋白或基因具有不同程度的同源性,占全部EST的51%。已知功能的EST涉及休眠、逆境胁迫、细胞代谢、胞内物质运输等方面,且绝大多数基因信息来源于葡萄、苜蓿、橄榄、油菜、高粱、棉花、大蒜、拟南芥等植物。对差异基因片段进一步的功能分析发现,调控开花的基因占生物学过程的20%;与环境胁迫相关的基因占生物学过程的6%;与细胞代谢相关的基因占生物学过程的20%;与胞内物质运输相关的基因占总生物学过程的6%;其他包括DNA转录、减数分裂、细胞死亡及细胞壁松弛作用等。这些基因的分子功能主要有半胱氨酸型肽链内切酶、甲基转移酶、蛋白激酶、催化活性、结构分子活性、蛋白结合功能、DNA结合功能、ATP结合功能、蛋白质二聚体催化活性及丙酮酸氨基转移酶活性等。经Real-time PCR检测得知,在夏芽萌发过程中,候选基因在冬芽和夏芽中表达量呈不规律变化,且同一基因在相同节位的冬芽和夏芽中表达量均有较大差异。【结论】发现了一些在冬芽中表达频率较高的基因,如编码MADS FLC-like蛋白、钙依赖蛋白激酶、NADP依赖型的苹果酸酶、细胞壁水解酶、细胞壁松弛蛋白、外被体蛋白β亚基、热激蛋白、衰老相关蛋白、细胞色素P450、细胞壁关联蛋白等基因,认为线粒体蛋白基因、未知蛋白基因、开花相关基因、ATP合成酶β亚基基因、MADs FLC-like蛋白基因等与葡萄芽生理休眠具有相关性。     

冬季自然降温对三种蓝莓抗寒生理指标的影响

\t\t\t\t\t目的\t\t\t\t\t为了研究桃树花芽越冬过程中细胞内含物变化与花芽休眠的关系。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t方法\t\t\t\t\t以‘中华寿桃’（Prunus persica L. var. densa Makino cv. Zhonghuashoutao）为试材,分析比较越冬过程中8个时期花芽休眠状态和细胞内含物变化。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t结果\t\t\t\t\t‘中华寿桃’花芽在内休眠期间SOD活性呈现逐渐上升,随着内休眠解除,活性降低;POD活性在内休眠阶段出现先升高后降低的变化,内休眠解除过程中先降低后升高的变化;内休眠维持和解除过程中,CAT活性逐渐降低,而Vc出现几次较大的波动;内休眠阶段H₂O₂含量和\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t相似文献   

Effects of Temperature and Several Chemicals on Metabolic Changes During Dormancy Release in NJ72 Nectarine

Poor, delayed and ununiform budbreak is a major problem for peaches in greenhouse. To clari-fy the mechanism of breaking bud dormancy in nectarines, the effect of temperature and three dormancy-breaking agents on metabolic changes during dormancy release in two-year old NJ72 nectarine (Prunus persicaL. Batch) was investigated. The result showed temperature and chemicals affected the budbreak and the me-tabolism of NJ72 nectarine during dormancy. Endogeneons peroxide content in buds increased soon after lowtemperature treatment. Meanwhile, catalase activity was also shown to increase significantly at low temperature treatment, coincided with increase of the activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismntase. The rate of res-piration in flower buds increased at low temperature during dormancy. The rate of the pentose phosphate path-way increased, while the rate of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway decreased and the rate of triearboxlic acid cycle changed little. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increased at low temperature during dormancy.At the same time we found an accumulation of peroxide after treatment with dormancy-breaking chemicals. Inflower buds treated with dormancy-breaking agents, thiourca, KNO3 and NH4 NO3, catalase activity was in-hibited soon after treatment, whereas peroxidase activity increased, and the changes of superoxide dismutaseremained little. In this study, it was found that the rates of respiration in flower buds increased by chemicalssprays during dormancy. The activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme in the pentosephosphate pathway (PPP), increased by spraying with dormancy-breaking agents, concomitantly with the ac-tivatlon of the pentose phosphate pathway.     

Effect of Photoperiod Treatments on Dormancy Induction and Changes in Correlated Respiratory Rate of Nectarine Peach Bud

The responses of dormancy induction to illumination and the characteristics of respiratory rate were studied with the nectarine peach bud in this article. The trial was conducted with nectarine （Prunus persica var. nectariana cv. Shuguang） and involved three treatments： a short day treatment （8 h）, a long day treatment （16 h）, and the normal condition as the control. The dormancy status was determined with the growth of shoot and the sprouting ability, and the respiratory rate was mensurated with oxygen electrode. Short day treatment could induce the growth stopping of peach shoots ahead, promote the development of dormancy, and induce buds into dormancy with 21 d previous to control. Long day treatment postponed the growth stopping and the induction and development of dormancy. The respiratory rate decreased according to the development of dormancy induction. The minimum respiratory rate appeared about 7 days after the start of dormancy induction. Bud respiratory rate increased during this period and then declined and remained at low level during dormancy period. Long day reduced buds respiratory rate slightly. Short day could induce dormancy obviously, and long day postponed dormancy induction. The changes of respiratory rate were correlated with the development of dormancy induction, and the bud respiratory rate was also affected by photoperiod.     

辣椒核质互作雄性不育系与保持系呼吸速率研究

 以辣椒核质互作雄性不育系9704A,8214A和它们相应的保持系9704B,8214B为材料,研究了叶片和不同发育阶段花蕾的总呼吸速率(Vt)、抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)的变化趋势。结果表明：在不育系中,随着花蕾的发育,总呼吸速率(Vt)、抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)呈下降趋势;而在保持系中总呼吸速率(Vt)变化趋势不明显,抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)呈上升趋势;在叶片中,不育系的总呼吸速率(Vt)、抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)均小于保持系。     

光周期处理对油桃芽休眠诱导效应及呼吸速率的影响

 【目的】分析光周期处理对油桃芽休眠诱导及发展进程的影响,并探讨休眠诱导期内桃芽呼吸速率的变化规律。【方法】以曙光油桃（Prunus persica var. nectariana cv. Shuguang）为材料,设置3个光周期处理：短日照（8 h）、长日照（16 h）和自然日照,结合测定枝梢的生长和桃芽萌芽能力界定桃芽休眠状态,利用氧电极测定桃芽呼吸速率的变化。【结果】短日照能够诱导曙光油桃新梢提前停长,使桃芽提前7 d进入休眠诱导期,且促进休眠迅速向深度发展,较对照提前21 d进入自然休眠期;长日照明显延迟油桃新梢停长,并且延缓桃芽休眠诱导及发展的进程。呼吸速率随着休眠诱导而降低,桃芽进入休眠诱导期7 d后出现呼吸速率低谷,休眠诱导期内呼吸速率出现回升后降低并在休眠诱导期结束时维持在较低水平。另外,短日照明显减弱芽体的呼吸速率,并维持其在较低水平,长光照略使呼吸速率上升。【结论】短日照对休眠的产生具有明显诱导效应,长日照可推迟休眠诱导的发生,呼吸速率变化与休眠的诱导与发展进程相关,也与光周期有关。     

休眠期曙光油桃芽电导率及丙二醛含量的变化

[目的]探讨膜渗透性在落叶果树休眠中的作用,为休眠的人工调控提供理论依据。[方法]以曙光油桃的花芽和叶芽为材料,研究油桃芽体休眠期电导率及丙二醛含量的动态变化。[结果]12月31日曙光油桃花芽、叶芽的萌芽率分别是54.52%、55.23%,表明其自然休眠已经解除。休眠期油桃芽体的电导率及丙二醛含量的变化趋势基本一致即11月6日之前,花芽和叶芽的电导率、丙二醛含量均呈下降趋势;11月6日以后,随着外界低温的来临,芽体进入休眠状态,电导率、丙二醛含量均呈迅速升高趋势,并都稳定在较高水平。[结论]诱导芽体休眠时,芽体膜透性变化与其休眠关系密切,芽体休眠后,膜透性大而稳,说明芽体对低温有很好的适应性。     

硫化氢气体处理对水稻叶片抗氰途径的诱导和基因表达的影响

以水稻为试验材料,分析水稻叶片在不同时间经H2S气体处理对其呼吸系统的影响,通过Clark氧电极追踪了H2S处理中抗氰呼吸活性变化及电子传递在两条途径中的分配.结果表明,水稻叶片组织随着H2S气体处理时间的增加,其总呼吸明显下降,同时,细胞色素途径(CP)容量也明显下降.但是交替途径(AP)在短时间的H2S气体处理下上升,在长时间的H2S气体处理下(≥5 min)时,交替途径下降.Western 杂交结果表明,交替呼吸的诱导运行主要是由交替氧化酶的表达结果.此外,采用半定量RT-PCR方法对交替氧化酶AOX1基因家族中AOX1a、AOX1b、AOX1c的表达调控情况进行分析,AOX1b的转录表达量的变化与交替氧化酶的活性变化相一致;因此,推测AOX1b在硫化氢气体处理下是交替氧化酶活性变化的调控基因.     

玉米细胞质雄性不育性与组织抗氰呼吸关系的研究

研究了3种核背景（Mo17、77、B37）4种细胞质类型（N,C,S,T）玉米细胞系雄性不育系及其可育保持系根组织以及Mo17背景4种细胞质类型花药组织的抗氰呼吸。初步表明玉米细胞质雄性不育性与抗氰呼吸的缺乏有关。研究了玉米细胞质雄性不育系抗氰呼吸的程度与其生活力之间的相关并讨论了可能的原因。     

PpMAPK6 regulates peach bud endodormancy release through interactions with PpDAM6

The MADS-box(DAM) gene PpDAM6, which is related to dormancy, plays a key role in bud endodormancy release, and the expression of PpDAM6 decreases during endodormancy release. However, the interaction network that governs its regulation of the endodormancy release of flower buds in peach remains unclear. In this study, we used yeast two-hybrid(Y2H) assays to identify a mitogen-activated protein kinase, PpMAPK6, that interacts with PpDAM6 in a peach dormancy-associated SSHcDNA library. PpMAPK6 is ...     

石灰氮和水杨酸对油桃金山早红花芽休眠的影响

以金山早红油桃为试材,在花芽自然休眠进程的不同阶段施用不同浓度的石灰氮和水杨酸后置于温室中进行萌芽培养,并对芽体内活性氧含量、抗氧化酶活性和呼吸速率变化进行了测定.结果表明:①初休眠期和深休眠期施用水杨酸对油桃破眠无效,后期休眠10%水杨酸对促进油桃破眠有一定效果,萌芽较对照提前8 d,最终萌芽率达100%;在整个休眠期石灰氮处理对破眠无效.②在初休眠期和深休眠期,石灰氮和水杨酸处理的花芽H2O2含量、抗氧化酶和呼吸速率的变化趋势相似.③在休眠后期,芽体的H2O2含量很低,但石灰氮处理的有所升高,而水杨酸处理的则呈下降趋势;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在较低水平上有所升高后再继续下降,但水杨酸处理的活性比石灰氮处理的上升幅度小;石灰氮和水杨酸处理的过氧化物酶(POD)活性在低水平上升高,幅度大于对照;而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则在较高水平上缓慢下降,但10%水杨酸处理的在培养后期有所回升;石灰氮处理的呼吸速率变化幅度很小,但10%水杨酸处理的上升幅度较大.     

Effect of Azoxystrobin on Oxygen Consumption and cyt b Gene Expression of Colletotrichum capsici from Chilli Fruits

Azoxystrobin acts as an inhibitor of electron transport by binding to the Qo center of cytochrome b （cyt b）. Resistance to azoxystrobin was usually caused by the point mutation of cyt b gene or by the induction of alternative respiration. Oxygen consumption test for mycelia of Colletotrichum capsici showed that azoxystrobin inhibited mycelial respiration within 12 h; however, as time went on, the respiration of the mycelia recovered when the mycelia were treated with azoxystrobin and salicylhydroxamic acid （SHAM, a known inhibitor of alternative respiration）, and the oxygen consumption of the mycelia could not be inhibited. Meanwhile, cytochrome b （cyt b） gene expression increased with the recovery of mycelial respiration. The increased cyt b gene expression might play a role in the development of resistance to azoxystrobin in C. capsici.     

松乳菇子实体两个发育时期的转录组分析

以松乳菇子实体为研究材料,采用de novo测序对松乳菇子实体进行测序与生物信息学分析,探究松乳菇子实体生长发育过程中幼菇期(LDG-1)和成熟期(LDG-2)基因表达的差异,并探寻影响松乳菇生长发育相关的主要基因和代谢通路。测序结果显示,共获得7.44G(LDG-1)和7.21G(LDG-2)的分析数据(clean reads)。KOG功能注释结果显示,松乳菇在幼菇期(LDG-1)和成熟期(LDG-2)具有全面而复杂的基因功能类别。GO富集结果提示,松乳菇在不同生长阶段(LDG-1和LDG-2)的生物代谢功能存在一定的差异。基因表达水平与聚类分析显示,ATP酶、多功能伴侣蛋白等家族基因为LDG-1和LDG-2主要高表达基因,在能量代谢与参与调控细胞周期中起重要作用。分析差异表达基因发现,相较于LDG-1期,LDG-2期有16 789个差异表达基因,其中7 635个基因上调,9 154个基因下调。差异表达基因KEGG富集通路分析结果显示,氧化磷酸化途径是松乳菇幼菇期生长发育过程中能量代谢的关键途径。进一步分析显示,MAPK信号通路是影响松乳菇子实体发育的关键信号通路,在促进松乳菇子实体进行有性生殖和调控菌丝体的极性生长中起重要作用。     

Effects of growth regulators on the respiration metabolism of pear buds during dormant period

The effects of growth regulators on the respiration metabolism of pear buds during dormant period were studied in this experiment. The results showed that, during early dormant period, the respiration intensity of pear buds was infirm and increased slowly. As the weather became very cold, the respiration intensity rapidly declined, and after that it changed a little. In the later stage of dormant period, the respiration intensity rose rapidly. The maximum value appeared on January 4th, at 0.390 mo1 O₂·g⁻¹ FW·min⁻¹, but thereafter declined to its original level. Under natural conditions, three respiratory pathways showed different changes. Pentose phosphate pathway might be the main reason for dormancy release in pear buds. The exogenous gibberellins were more efficient than salicylic acid in increasing the respiration rate. The exogenous SA appeared to play a more important role than exogenous GA₃ in phosphopentose pathway. The effect of gibberellins would be more effective than SA in tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). The respiration rate of glycolysis was not affected by gibberellins and salicylic acid.     

欧李果实发育期内挥发性成分变化特征

[目的]研究欧李果实发育过程中的挥发性成分与含量变化,揭示果实香气的香型转化特征,明确参与挥发物合成的主要代谢途径,为探讨果实香气代谢机制及品质育种提供数据支持.[方法]以'燕山1号'欧李为试材,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱仪-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS),自坐果25 d开始,每隔10 d对果实挥发性成分...