Hydroacoustic assessment of young-of-year perch, Perca fluviatilis, population dynamics in an oligotrophic lake (Lake Annecy, France)

Abstract  A cohort of perch, Perca fluviatilis (L.) was monitored from hatching to first winter in the oligotrophic Lake Annecy, France, by combining hydroacoustic and direct capture methods (fish plankton net and pelagic trawl). The total stock of pelagic fish increased by a factor of 10 during the season, reaching a maximum in August and decreasing in autumn. Juvenile perch were mainly pelagic, being aggregated into schools in the daytime and dispersed at night. Migration of young-of-year (Y-O-Y) perch to the pelagic zone of Lake Annecy in late spring did not significantly affect zooplankton population abundance. It did, however, result in changes in zooplankton vertical distribution, with Daphnia remaining deeper in the water column. The increase in Y-O-Y biomass during summer was possibly associated with collapse of the Daphnia population by late July, and copepods one month later.     

Generalist versus specialist: the performances of perch and ruffe in a lake of low productivity

Abstract –  To elucidate the performances of perch and ruffe in oligotrophic lakes, we carried out a field study in reoligotrophic Upper Lake Constance. Both these percids used the same habitat, albeit with different activity patterns. Interspecific competition for food was relevant only in summer when both species fed on zoobenthos. Even then, niche overlap was low, while intraspecific diet overlap was moderate to high throughout the season. Perch did not perform fixed, ontogenetic diet shifts, but used a wide range of prey. During spring and early summer, all size classes were planktivorous, then switched to benthivory and cannibalism in summer, and part of the population reverted to planktivory in autumn. Ruffe, by contrast, fed mainly on chironomid larvae and pupae throughout the year. It is suggested that in lakes of low productivity the euryphagous characteristics of perch, including cannibalism, provide a clear advantage over the benthivorous specialist ruffe in two ways: (i) it allows perch to switch to alternative prey types if one prey type becomes scarce; and (ii) reduces both intra- and interspecific competition for food.     

福建沿海张网作业捕捞能力的计算分析

根据2002年福建沿海张网作业的生产调查及全省渔业统计,应用数据包络分析(DEA)法,分析福建沿海6个地级市和4个县市张网作业的捕捞能力及其影响因素,并与单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)法进行比较。结果表明,2000年和2002年,福建沿海张网作业"能力利用度"的变化范围分别为5 2%～100%和7 3%～100%,平均为67 2%和80 9%。各地市间张网作业的"能力利用度"有极显著差异(P<0 01),对给出的投入要素的利用未达到充分发挥其应有产出能力的水平,存在张网作业船数和网具数量的投入过多、渔船功率和吨位的投入偏大的问题。调查36个捕捞单位的"能力利用度"变化范围为46 4%～100%,平均77 4%。4个县市不同生产水域间张网作业"能力利用度"的差异极显著(P<0 01),捕捞单位间的"能力利用度"有显著差异(P<0 05)。近海有翼张网的平均"能力利用度"高于沿岸无翼张网的平均"能力利用度";张网捕捞单位投入的功率、吨位、网具数量、渔船数和作业天数,对其捕捞能力的发挥有比较重要的影响。跨生产水域比较各捕捞单位投入的网具规格和船员数对其"捕捞能力"有一定的影响。CPUE法仅适用于单一或两个投入因子的计量,不足以充分反映张网作业的实际捕捞能力;DEA法则擅长多种投入要素的生产决策,提供各种约束条件的最优选择途径,可以有效获取比     

Effects of salinity on growth and mortality of migratory and resident forms of Eurasian perch in the Baltic Sea

Abstract – In the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea, there are two forms of perch (Perca fluviatilis). One of the forms is migratory and spawns in streams entering the Baltic Sea. The other form is resident and spawns in brackish water. Both forms utilise the coastal habitat for foraging. We examined the spawning success of the two forms in fresh and brackish water (7‰, equal to salinity in the south Baltic Sea). The experiments showed that hatching success was equally high in freshwater and in brackish water despite female origin. The survival of yellow‐sac and free swimming fry was significantly reduced in brackish water, which was independent if the fish was of migratory or brackish resident origin. Further, growth rate of perch fry was severely reduced in brackish water. The results indicate that perch has not developed any tolerance to brackish water in the young life stages. The migratory life strategy of perch can thus be explained by higher survival of fry in freshwater.     

Salinity tolerance of cultured Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis L.: Effects on growth and on survival as a function of temperature

Eurasian perch is generally only considered to be a candidate for freshwater aquaculture even though wild populations are found in estuarine and brackish water habitats. Little knowledge exists on two issues a) the effect of temperature on the salinity tolerance of perch and b) the long-term effects of brackish water on their overall growth performance. The present study addresses these two questions.

Firstly, the effect of temperature (12, 15, 20 and 25°C) on perch survival of a salinity challenge at either 13 or 18‰ was determined. Survival was unaffected by 13‰ at the two lowest temperatures whereas higher temperature and higher salinities had a dramatic detrimental effect (at 25°C, 50% mortality was reach at 62h and 39h for 13‰ and 18‰, respectively). Secondly, we examined the effect of salinity on growth, which was assessed by measuring standard length and body weight at regular intervals for 130days. In addition, Specific growth rate (SGR), Fulton's condition factor (K) and food conversion ratio (FCR) were also calculated as was the effect of salinity on plasma osmolality, blood ion content (Na⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺) and muscle water content at the termination of the experiment. The optimum growth for this study was seen in the lowest salinities at 0 and 4‰. Surprisingly, even small increases in salinity were detrimental to perch growth. At 10‰, growth in terms of body weight was reduced by about 50% after 130days compared to perch reared in freshwater.

Interest in brackish water production of perch would be most likely served best by selecting a strain of perch that is adapted to saline conditions, as found in the lower Baltic region. Further studies are required to understand the potential for brackish water perch production.     

Diet and movements of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) in a large oligotrophic lake with an exceptionally high pikeperch yield

Through the recent increases in abundance, pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) has not only become a valuable target for recreational and commercial fishing, but also the most important top predator in many lakes. Generally oligotrophic Lake Höytiäinen (283 km²) sustains one of the most economically valuable pikeperch stocks in Finland, and its annual fisheries yield (up to 5.5 kg/ha) is exceptionally high among Finnish lakes. Here, we followed seasonal movements of fish using conventional tagging, and studied short‐term and long‐term diet of pikeperch by stomach content and stable isotope analyses to examine if the movements were motivated by prey availability. A clear seasonal migration pattern was observed: in summer, 80% of the tag recoveries were obtained from the shallow and mesotrophic northern and western areas, whereas in autumn and winter, the deep and oligotrophic southern area dominated in the recaptures. The diet of pikeperch consisted of the most abundant fish species in the lake, perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus), as well as insects. Stable isotope analysis indicated a shift from a dominance of pelagic food sources to littoral food sources during the growing season of pikeperch. Our results suggest that the pikeperch migrations facilitate efficient material transfer from the mesotrophic part while the deeper and oligotrophic part offers a favourable overwintering environment.     

拖网作业参数对南极磷虾捕捞效率的影响

为了解南极磷虾(Euphausia superba Dana)拖网作业中捕捞效果及影响因素,根据 2017 年 12 月 2018 年 6月随“龙腾”轮在南极海域生产时收集的作业参数、网具深度和声学数据等信息,利用声学方法获取磷虾集群质量中心深度与期望入网渔获量,结合网位变化和渔捞统计情况量化捕捞效率;利用广义可加模型(GAM)分析不同拖速和曳纲长度下,网位与磷虾集群质量中心的偏离程度,研究其对网具捕捞效率的影响。结果表明:(1)磷虾集群质量中心水深为(37.29±9.72) m,拖网稳定拖曳期间网位深度为(30.72±10.41) m,网位调整幅度为(11.52±7.09) m。网位与磷虾集群质量中心深度偏离(6.33±3.58) m。(2)网次渔获量为(16.25±6.77) t,拖曳过程中网口始终对准磷虾集群质量中心进入网口的磷虾总量为(27.06±10.19) t,捕捞效率为(63±19)%。(3)网位与磷虾集群质量中心深度差值对捕捞效率影响极显著(P<0.001),两者吻合较好时捕捞效率高;拖速与捕捞效率呈显著相关关系(P<0.05),拖速增大网位上升,捕捞效率越低;曳纲长度增加网位下降,但曳纲长度变化与捕捞效率相关性不明显(P=0.087)。研究结果将有助于南极磷虾拖网作业中有效利用磷虾行为特征,改善网具性能,提高拖网捕捞效率。     

基于栖息地指数的东太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场分析

长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)是东太平洋海域重要的金枪鱼种类之一,也是我国金枪鱼延绳钓的主要捕捞对象之一。本文根据2009~2011年美洲间热带金枪鱼委员会(IATTC)在东太平洋海域(20°N~30°S、85°W~150°W)长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓生产统计数据,结合海洋遥感获得的表温(SST)和海面高度(SSH)的数据,运用一元非线性回归方法,以渔获产量、单位捕捞努力量CPUE为适应性指数,按季度分别建立了基于SST和SSH的长鳍金枪鱼栖息地适应性指数,采用算术平均法获得基于SST和SSH环境因子的栖息地指数综合模型,并用2012年各月实际作业渔场进行验证。研究结果显示,在东太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的栖息地预测中,以CPUE为适应性指数的栖息地指数模型比以渔获量为适应性指数的栖息地指数模型预测更为准确。2012年中心渔场的预报准确性达75%以上,具较高预报准确度,可为金枪鱼延绳钓渔船寻找中心渔场提供指导。     

ENSO现象对中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔场的影响分析

ENSO(El Nin^-o Southern Oscillation)是引起全球气候变化的最强烈的海-气相互作用现象,对世界渔业生产具有重要影响。本文研究表明：ENSO现象对中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔场的空间分布有显著影响,厄尔尼诺发生时,单位捕捞努力量渔获量经度重心随着暖池的东扩而东移,拉尼娜发生时则随着暖池向西收缩而西移。同时,Nifio 3．4区海表温度与单位捕捞努力量渔获量经度重心有显著相关关系,可将Nifio 3．4区海表温度作为预报、预测中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔场位置的一个重要指标。     

Impacts of fishing,river flow and connectivity loss on the conservation of a migratory fish population

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以VIIRS-DNB数据为基础的黄海渔船夜间灯光动态

将VIIRS/DNB卫星遥感夜间灯光图像作为研究渔业船舶动态的数据来源,使用黄海海域2016年间共719幅夜间灯光影像,根据黄海海域特点确定阈值,提取夜间作业船舶的灯光点位信息,结合中韩渔业协定区及黄海海域渔场划分对提取的船舶灯光点进行分析。结果显示,黄海海域夜间渔业灯光分布季节性变化显著,四季的渔船数量呈现秋季>春季>夏季>冬季的态势。识别的灯光点数量韩方一侧水域最多,中方一侧水域次之,中韩协定区水域最少,结合灯光点密度分布图可看出,韩方一侧水域秋季作业强度高、分布范围广,而其他季节作业强度适中,常年有高等级密集区分布在沿岸海域;中方一侧水域春、秋季节作业强度高,夏、冬季节作业强度低,整体分布范围广阔但密集程度较低。在禁渔期,中方一侧水域灯光点数下降比例高达86.9%,且密度图像中的高等级密集区分布情况与黄海传统渔场位置相吻合,因此推断,识别的灯光点多数为渔业活动船只,本研究可以为黄海海域渔业活动监测和研究提供数据支撑。     

基于广义可加模型研究时间和环境因子对南极半岛北部南极磷虾渔场的影响

基于南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(CCAMLR)统计公报(Statistical Bulletin,Volume 23)提供的数据,利用广义可加模型(generalized additive model,GAM),实验对1998-2009年南极半岛北部(CCAMLR 48.1、48.2和48.3小区)内的南极磷虾渔场时空分布及其与环境因子(表温和叶绿素a浓度)之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明,模型对3个小区的单位捕捞努力量渔获量(catch per unit fishing effort,CPUE)总偏差解释率分别为51.11％、69.25％和65.82％,其中各小区贡献最大的因子均为月份.1998-2009年期间,3个小区内各年平均CPUE保持相对稳定.48.1小区各年间平均CPUE值变化最小,而48.3小区则较48.2小区大.3个小区之间及48.2小区和48.3小区内年均CPUE差异不明显,而48.1小区内平均CPUE则存在显著性年份差异.从CPUE月均变化可以看出,3个小区均呈单峰分布,48.1～48.3小区的峰值分别出现在4月、5月和6月.3个小区之间平均CPUE月变化不显著,但各区内平均CPUE则存在显著的月变化.48.1～48.3小区南极磷虾渔场的适宜表温范围分别为-3～2℃、-2～2℃和0～5℃,但CPUE主要分别集中在表温-2～1℃、-1～0℃和1℃左右以及0.8～2.4℃范围内.48.1小区(53％)、48.2小区(39％)和48.3小区(51％)3个小区较大比例的CPUE值处于叶绿素a浓度为0～0.2 mg/m3的范围内.     

Integrating fishing and conservation in a risk framework: A stochastic population model to guide the proactive management of a threatened freshwater crayfish

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Differential population dynamics of a coastal porpoise correspond to the fishing effort in a large estuarine system

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应用Ricker动态综合模型模拟解析东海区伏季休渔效果

中国政府于1995年正式宣布在东海区实施伏季休渔制度,休渔范围为27°00′N~35°00′N海域,时间为每年的7月1日至8月31日;1998年将范围进一步扩大到26°00′~35°00′N海域;时间延长,定为每年的6月16日至9月15日,并在中国的南海和黄渤海全面推广伏季休渔制度。自该制度的贯彻执行以来,取得了显著的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益。本研究以东海区的主要经济鱼———带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)为研究对象,应用Ricker动态综合模型,解析东海区实施3个月的伏季休渔效果,揭示在不同的开捕年龄(tc)与捕捞死亡系数(F)组合下对带鱼渔业资源保护和利用之间的规律。结果表明,在目前开捕年龄偏低、网目尺寸偏小和捕捞压力较大的现实状况下,东海区实施伏季休渔制度很有必要;在带鱼开捕年龄为0.5龄、年捕捞死亡系数为1.5~3的渔业格局下,实施3个月的伏季休渔制度后,其年平均资源量、渔获量和渔获平均体重的增幅分别达到57.8%~104%、22.2%~32.2%和32.5%~42.9%,但带鱼群体所提供的资源量水平、所获取的渔获量和渔获平均体重仍显偏低,对其合理利用尚需要进一步完善;若将开捕年龄从0.5龄提高到1龄,则年平均资源量、渔获量和渔获平均体重的增幅分别达到173%~356%、72%~101%和149%~187%。鉴于东海区总体渔业资源状况呈衰退之势,且中国尚未实施TAC渔业管理制度,建议目前继续实施伏季休渔制度,并把提高起捕规格、放大网目尺寸作为首选管理目标。[中国水产科学,2006,13(1):85-91]     

Effects of fishing practice changes on pelagic shark longline captures in the Gulf of Gabes,Tunisia

1. In order to increase their catches, longliners targeting sharks in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia, have increased the number of hooks per basket and have included new bait types instead of mackerel (Scomber scombrus). This paper reports the effects of these changes on catch composition, catch rates, size distribution, life‐stage captures, and mortality at haulback.
2. Data from 48 and 96 longline sets, carried out during the shark fishing seasons of 2007 and 2008, with two hooks per basket, and 2016 and 2017, with five hooks per basket, respectively, were examined to assess the effect of gear change. Moreover, the effects of bait types were inspected based on 33 fishing sets using whole mackerel, 19 using salema (Sarpa salpa) halves, and 27 using pieces of stingray (Dasyatis spp.), sampled during 2016 and 2017.
3. The species composition indicated that longliners expand the vertical distribution of their hooks to operate from the surface to the bottom. The catches with both longline designs were dominated by sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus). Despite gear changes, the catch rate of C. plumbeus decreased by 42.21%, suggesting population decline. The size composition indicated a shift towards larger specimens, mainly adult females, which could jeopardize the shark population. Moreover, the mortality of the main species at haulback seems to be affected by the design of the longline.
4. The bait used, mainly pieces of stingray, significantly increased the catch rate of sandbar shark, which suggests a greater attractiveness of the new bait; however, fish size and mortality rates at haulback were unchanged in response to bait variation.
5. The fishery operates in shark nursery grounds, which exposes these fish (principally C. plumbeus) to considerable exploitation pressure. The new fishing practices intensified the pressure and thus the risk of a rapid depletion of populations. To preserve the shark species in the area, the use of new gear and attractive bait should be banned.

     

延长拖网伏季休渔期的渔业资源养护效应

海洋伏季休渔制度是当前中国最主要的渔业资源管理制度之一,并在实践中得到不断调整与完善,新的海洋伏季休渔制度已于2017年发布实施。为论证新制度延长拖网休渔期的渔业资源养护效应,本研究依据2015—2017年每年5月东海区拖网大面定点调查资料,利用Ricker动态综合模型,从拖网的渔获结构特征和带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)的种群动力学过程视角开展了相应的量化分析研究。研究结果表明, 5月拖网利用主体为带鱼和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis),带鱼和小黄鱼的性成熟比例分别为92.04%～95.57%和13.82%～29.55%,幼鱼比例分别为74.94%～88.90%和0.03%～4.19%;带鱼种群经过4.5个月的休渔,其单位补充量资源量、单位补充量渔获量和平均渔获质量与3.5个月休渔期相比较,分别增加了7.04%、8.96%和20.78%。以上结果表明,提前并延长拖网休渔期,东、黄海主要经济渔业资源带鱼与小黄鱼的产卵群体和幼鱼得到进一步保护,资源增殖效果随着休渔期的不断延长而增加,新制度的休渔时间设置更趋合理。但由于开捕后的带鱼与小黄鱼渔获仍主要以当龄鱼为主,有必要同时配套执行现已颁布的最小网目尺寸和开捕标准等其他渔业资源管理措施,以确保伏季休渔制度主导下的渔业资源养护效果能真正得到巩固,渔业资源的种群结构能够得到切实好转与不断合理化。     

Effect of fishing regulation on the occurrence of repeat spawners and age distribution of Atlantic salmon in a northern Baltic river

Abstract  Upstream migrating Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were trapped annually between 1990 and 2003 at the mouth of the River Simojoki in the northern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea, to collect hatchery brood fish. They were also collected between 1996 and 1998 in the river to estimate the number of ascending salmon. These data on spawners were used to study the effect of changing fishing regulations in the Finnish coastal fishery in the mid-1990s on the structure of the spawning stock. In total, 1.9% of 2290 multi-sea-winter adults had previously spawned. The average annual proportion of repeat spawners was 0.5% between 1990 and 1996, but significantly higher (2.8%) between 1997 and 2003. The age distribution also changed significantly, as 4SW and 5SW salmon appeared in the population in the latter years. These changes were most probably due to the application of stricter fishing regulations. The potential of salmon to spawn repeatedly was thus preserved, despite a severe decline in natural production in the 1980s and early 1990s.     

黄渤海区刺网渔具渔法的抽样调查和定性定量分析

刺网是黄渤海区的重要渔具渔法之一,2009年刺网渔获量达109.57万t,占该区三省一市总渔获量的30.14%,居于第2位。2010年对32个渔港渔村的刺网渔具渔法进行了抽样调查,并对这些调查资料作了定性定量分析。结果表明:14个地区有刺网渔具渔法,涉及2型2式54种。其中,漂流单片刺网22种,占40.7%;定置单片刺网13种,占24.1%;漂流三重刺网16种,占29.6%;定置三重刺网3种,占5.6%。2009年刺网总数量为350余万片,河北最多,达到164万片;天津次之,为94万片。地区频率指数表明,刺网渔具渔法主要分布在渤海的营口至黄骅以及黄海的青岛至威海一带沿海。主捕对象网具频率指数表明,梭子蟹、海蜇、虾蛄、鲳、鲅、小黄鱼、中国对虾是刺网渔具的主要捕捞对象。大多数刺网的网目尺寸偏小。定性定量分析结果表明,抽样调查基本上能够反映出黄渤海区刺网的概况。     

Effects of a hook ring on catch and bycatch in a Mediterranean swordfish longline fishery: small addition with potentially large consequences

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