作物分子标记辅助选择育种的现状与展望

分子标记辅助选择育种可以通过精准选择目标性状提高育种效率,加快育种进程。分子标记辅助选择已在主要农作物育种中广泛应用,全基因组选择正逐步成为研究热点,有望推动分子标记辅助选择育种技术的更快发展。综述了分子标记辅助育种的基础及在农作物中的应用进展,全基因组选择的原理、方法、优势以及全基因组选择在植物育种方面的应用,并对作物分子选择育种作出了展望。     

分子标记辅助选择育种发展策略

分子标记辅助选择技术提高了对作物目标基因选择的准确性,极大地缩短了育种进程,成为目前国内外广大育种家和科研工作者广泛研究的热点。文中针对分子标记辅助选择育种存在的关键问题,提出了分子标记辅助选择育种发展策略,为分子标记辅助选择育种提供理论依据。     

植物分子育种的后代选择与利用

植物分子育种是在分子水平上进行的作物遗传育种,在多种作物上已取得令人瞩目的成就。分子育种可引起后代的多种变异,在对后代进行选择时,应根据具体品种、具体目标性状,不仅对后代进行形态上的选择,还应对内在的品质及生理特性进行选择,同时结合分子标记辅助育种对后代进行选择利用。     

甘蓝类蔬菜作物分子育种研究进展

作为蔬菜、饲料及观赏植物,甘蓝类作物具有重要的经济价值。近年来,随着分子生物学和基因组学的快速发展,甘蓝类作物的分子育种研究也取得了重要进展。概述了分子标记辅助育种、转基因育种和分子设计育种在甘蓝育种中的应用和取得的进展,分析了现阶段甘蓝类作物分子育种存在的问题,提出相应的对策和建议,为甘蓝类作物分子育种研究提供理论及实践参考。     

基于BinMap的大麦耐盐QTL整合

<正>盐害是影响作物产量的重要非生物胁迫,全球约6%的土壤受到盐分胁迫,提高作物耐盐性,是许多作物的育种目标之一。大麦是世界上仅次于小麦、水稻、玉米的第4大谷类作物,在禾谷类作物中耐盐性最强[1-4]。分子育种技术被认为是21世纪作物改良的基础技术[5],分子标记辅助选择育种作为前沿作物育种技术,正逐渐成为作物育种的主流[6]。QTL(Quantitative trait locus)定位即寻找控制数量性     

基因组学辅助作物改良研究进展

基因组学研究产生了功能分子标记和生物信息学等新型工具,并形成了能够提高作物改良效率和精确度的有关统计和遗传现象的新知识。基因组学研究对杂种优势和表观遗传学的解析及其操纵有巨大的潜力,最终可以了解一个群体中所有位点等位基因分离的相关知识,从而使育种家可以在微机上对基因型进行设计,并实施全基因组选择。当前高成本的实验限制了基因组学辅助的作物改良,自交作物和小作物尤其突出。然而,作物改良中的标记辅助选择育种将逐步进展到基因组学辅助育种。     

SSR分子标记在玉米育种中的研究进展

简要介绍了SSR分子标记的原理及特点,综述了近年来SSR分子标记在玉米遗传多样性分析、杂种优势群的划分、品种纯度及真伪鉴定、遗传连锁图谱的构建及基因定位、单倍体育种、分子标记辅助选择育种中的研究进展及应用前景,以期为SSR分子标记技术在作物育种中的应用提供参考。     

分子标记辅助选择改良杂交水稻的白叶枯病抗性

分子标记辅助选择技术以其对目标基因快速而精确的选择为回交育种提供了非常有效的工具。华中农业大学作物遗传改良实验室运用分子标记辅助的回交育种方法,将广谱高抗白叶枯病基因Ｚａ２１迅速导入到杂交水稻的两个优良恢复系明灰６３和６０７８之中,成功地完成了其抗生改良,并通过配组而达到了改良杂交水稻抗性的目的。本研究所运用的分子标记辅助的水稻回交育种程序是：通过一次杂交、二次回交改良杂交水稻抗性的目的。本研究所     

棉花QTL定位及MAS育种进展与展望

近年来,随着现代分子生物学及统计分析方法的快速发展,育种工作者已定位了许多作物的重要性状QTLs.同时,基于QTL定位的标记辅助选择(MAS),已成为当前作物分子育种研究的热点.综述了近年来棉花重要性状包括产量、纤维品质、抗性、形态、生理、早熟性等QTL定位最新进展,以及标记辅助选择在一些性状上的初步应用,并对其发展前景进行展望.     

植物育种选择技术的发展及其理论基础

在作物新品种的选育工作中,选择是其中最重要的环节之一。该文系统地介绍了植物育种选择技术的多种方法的发展和原理,包括基本的单株选择法和混合选择法及其各种衍生的选择方法:单籽传法、衍生系统、改良系谱-混合法(MODPED)和混合选择法(SEL-BLK)轮回选择等。结合现代分子辅助育种和计算机模拟育种技术在植物育种中的应用,讨论了今后植物育种技术的发展。     

体细胞突变体的筛选在作物育种中的应用

对体细胞无性系筛选在育种中的意义、材料的选择方法、变异的来源、变异体的筛选及鉴定等方面进行了综述,并分析了体细胞无性系筛选中存在的问题。     

益民灌区小麦水分生产函数的研究

讨论了作物水分生产函数的意义和模型的选用。对灌区内1986～1991年的小麦灌溉试验资料进行了分析。通过计算和求解给出了适用于民乐县益民灌区的小麦水分生产函数。     

轮回选择在作物育种中的应用研究进展

综述了轮回选择的建立、轮回选择改良群体的理论基础,轮回选择在作物育种中的应用及轮回选择创新种质,重点介绍了我国在这一领域所取得的进展,提出了进一步开展轮回选择改良作物群体的必要性,并展望了轮回选择在作物育种中的应用前景。     

《作物分子育种学》课程教学改革初探

分子育种是作物遗传改良的重要手段。对《作物分子育种学》课程开设的必要性,课程内容的构建和改革,实验室建设,综合实验的开展,学生创新能力培养和教师队伍建设等方面进行了分析,以期提高《作物分子育种学》课程的教学质量。     

国内外秸秆类微生物发酵饲料的研究及应用进展

概述秸秆类农作物的结构特点,及其用于饲料开发的一些限制因素,阐述微生物发酵秸秆类农作物的作用机理、菌种选择、发酵工艺、应用中存在的问题及其研究进展。     

作物模拟与QTL定位的互补作用及其应用

 作物模型正日益用于设计不同环境中的理想株型育种。DNA分子标记可把复杂的数量性状分解成若干个数量性状位点（quantitative trait loci,QTL）的效应,并将QTL转入到栽培品系中去。作物模拟与QTL定位相结合,QTL将去除若干所测定模型输入参数的随机误差。这种基于QTL效应的作物模型,将弥补常规模型忽视其输入性状遗传效应的缺点,并能更准确地预测遗传群体中各个体间的产量差异。另一方面,作物模型能成为解释"基因型与环境互作"的有力工具,也将弥补QTL定位不能将一个环境条件试验分析结果外推到另一环境条件。基于上述分析,提出了一个将标记辅助育种与以模型为基础的理想株型育种的综合方法。     

How social organization shapes crop diversity: an ecological anthropology approach among Tharaka farmers of Mount Kenya

The conservation of in situ crop diversity is a key issue to ensure food security. Understanding the processes that shape it is crucial for efficiently managing such diversity. In most rural societies, crop diversity patterns are affected by farmers’ practices of seed exchange, transmission, and selection, but the role of social organization in shaping those practices has been overlooked. This study proposes an ecological anthropology approach to investigate the relation between crop diversity patterns and the social organization of Tharaka farmers in Kenya. The Tharaka are organized in neighborhood-groups, clans, and age-sets. We quantified the influence of these three major social institutions on crop diversity patterns, for both crop species and sorghum landraces. General linear models were used to test the relations between crop species richness and each social factor, while the crop species and sorghum landraces compositions of cropping systems were compared separately through a between-class correspondence analysis. Crop species and sorghum landraces are not randomly distributed among farms, and neighborhood-groups constitute a significant factor organizing crop diversity at both specific and infraspecific levels. Adjacent neighborhood-groups present significantly different crop richness and composition. The results for species were consistent with those obtained for sorghum landraces, confirming that crop diversity was socially structured. The influence of social organization on seed networks and selection processes is discussed.     

Factors Affecting Yield and Yield Components of Main and Ratoon Rice:A Review

Rice ratooning refers to the production of second crop from the stubble after the harvest of main crop. Main and ratoon rice growth and development are affected by different factors. These factors include varieties selection, water management,fertilizer management, stubble height, plant protection practices and external environmental factors such as temperature and light.In this review, we discussed the different factors affecting the yield and yield components of main and ratoon rice. Among these factors the most important and first one is varietal selection. Varieties should be selected according to the requirement of specific area and prefer varieties resistant to insects/pests and diseases. Sufficient amount of water and fertilizer should be supplied.Stubble height of 10-20 cm will resulted in high production of ratoon rice. Too low or too high temperature and light would reduce the grain yield and quality of rice. Optimal temperature is useful for higher yield. It was concluded that by keeping the management practices more efficiently, the yield of main rice as well as ratoon rice could be increased. There is a need of more studies focusing on improvement of the quality of ratoon rice.     

Factors Affecting Yield and Yield Components of Main and Ratoon Rice: A Review

Rice ratooning refers to the production of second crop from the stubble after the harvest of main crop.Main and ratoon rice growth and development are affected by different factors.These factors include varieties selection,water management,fertilizer management,stubble height,plant protection practices and external environmental factors such as temperature and light.In this review,we discussed the different factors affecting the yield and yield components of main and ratoon rice.Among these factors the most important and first one is varietal selection.Varieties should be selected according to the requirement of specific area and prefer varieties resistant to insects/pests and diseases.Sufficient amount of water and fertilizer should be supplied.Stubble height of 10-20 cm will resulted in high production of ratoon rice.Too low or too high temperature and light would reduce the grain yield and quality of rice.Optimal temperature is useful for higher yield.It was concluded that by keeping the management practices more efficiently,the yield of main rice as well as ratoon rice could be increased.There is a need of more studies focusing on improvement of the quality of ratoon rice.     

A test on adverse selection of farmers in crop insurance:Results from Inner Mongolia,China

Adverse selection is an operating risk of crop insurance. Based on survey data on crop insurance collected by questionnaires in Inner Mongolia,China,the paper uses non-parametric analysis and econometric models to estimate the relationship between conditions for crop production and farmers' insurance decision in order to test the existence of farmers' adverse selection. The results show farmers' adverse selection does exist,but settling a claim by negotiation and premium subsidy from governments at all levels can defuse farmers' adverse selection under the current system of crop insurance. Risk regionalization,heterogeneous insurance contract and product innovation may decrease adverse selection to some extent.