Witconol NP-100 与Morwet D-425在悬浮种衣剂中的应用

以Morwet D-425和Witconol NP-100代替20%福·克和30%多·福·克 悬浮种衣剂配方中的乳化剂,结果表明:Morwet D-425和Witconol NP-100在20%福·克 种衣剂中质量分数分别为3.0%和1.0%、在30%多·福·克种衣剂中质量分数分别为4.0%和1.0%时,出料1 d后制剂粘度分别为390和510 mPa·s;经过30 d室温或14 d、(54±2)℃贮藏后,制剂的颗粒聚结数低于10%,并且无不可逆沉淀形成;热贮析水体积分别为5%和9%,较原配方种衣剂降低了20%以上,室温贮藏析水体积不足1%。用激光粒度分析仪分别检测添加Morwet D-425、Witconol NP-100或原配方乳化剂的种衣剂经过0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 h研磨后的粒度分布,新配方种衣剂经过1.5 h研磨平均粒径分别达到1.85和1.91 μm,而原配方种衣剂经2.0 h研磨平均粒径仍大于2 μm。     

利用酚醛环氧树脂-丙二胺聚合物制备高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊

探索了以酚醛环氧树脂-二元胺聚合物为壁材制备高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊(CS)的可行性,明确了酚醛环氧树脂用量及乳化剪切转速等因素对微囊基础物化特性以及药剂释放性能和应用效果的影响。利用油溶性单体酚醛环氧树脂与水溶性单体丙二胺,在油-水界面上发生聚合反应形成不溶于水的聚合物,制备得到高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊。通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察其形貌;利用红外光谱仪分析囊壁结构;采用气相色谱法分析微囊的载药量、包封率和释放性能;经粒度分析仪测定平均粒径和粒度分布;最后采用浸叶法测定了该载药微囊的杀虫活性。结果表明:所得高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊为规则的球形,囊壁表面光滑无孔洞且伴有少量褶皱。随酚醛环氧树脂用量增加,微囊平均粒径增大,载药量下降,释放速率降低,而包封率变化不大。随乳化剪切转速增加,平均粒径下降,释放速率加快。采用优化条件制备所得微囊的平均粒径为21.33 μm,包封率为91.04%,载药量为43.97%。其释放动力学表现为:0~15 min内为快速释放阶段,累计释放量达到78.01%;15~240 min为缓慢释放阶段,在240 min时累积释放量达97.04%。4种不同粒径(2.78、5.19、11.86和23.15 μm)高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊和同剂量高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油对小地老虎幼虫的毒力测定结果表明:随着微囊粒径的减小,其毒力逐渐增大(LC50值分别为16.44、23.33、29.36和37.57 mg/L),但不同粒径微囊处理组毒力均略低于乳油(LC50值为10.41 mg/L)。研究表明,可采用酚醛环氧树脂-二元胺聚合物为壁材制备高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊,速效性好且活性易调控,在农药微囊剂制备中具有很好的应用前景。     

Studies of plant cuticle and spray droplet interactions: A fresh approach

The effects of cuticular properties on the impaction and redistribution of aqueous and oil solutions, emulsions and wettable powders were studied using a microapplicator, which dispensed monosize droplets (50-400 μm), and a range of techniques including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray analysis and microautoradiography. Lateral and transcuticular movement of active ingredients was monitored by stripping the outermost wax layers and adhering deposits with cellulose acetate films applied as a spray from an acetone solution. Spread factors, determined using fluorescent markers and a reflectance microscope, varied extensively. Oil formulations spread rapidly through layers of crystalline wax whereas aqueous solutions distributed most readily over smooth surfaces. An X-ray analyser attachment to the scanning electron microscope proved particularly useful for investigating the complex interactions occurring between plant surfaces and diluted e. c. and w. p. formulations. K^amaps and elemental spectra confirmed that lipophilic materials partitioned preferentially into the organic phase which separated as a zone at the outer edge of the droplet residue, whereas water-soluble compounds concentrated in the central region.     

黄河乌兰布和沙漠段两岸地表沉积物多重分形特征及其指示意义

为了揭示黄河乌兰布和沙漠段两岸风沙沉积环境差异性与东岸沙物质来源,运用多重分形理论分析了两岸不同下垫面地表沉积物粒度多重分形特征。结果表明:除草地外,两岸沉积物众数粒径范围西岸为189. 13～212. 20μm,东岸为133. 89～168. 56μm,东岸地表颗粒整体较细,风能环境较弱。多重分形参数(D_0、D_1、D_2、Δ_α、Δf)均表现为东岸西岸,东岸沉积物粒径分布范围大、局部叠加程度强,进一步表明东岸沉积物颗粒属性差异大、颗粒来源范围广、沉积过程复杂、沉积环境多样。多重分形各参数与2～50μm、100～250μm粒径颗粒含量存在显著相关,据风沙颗粒运移规律,结合两岸地形地貌,初步揭示上风向乌兰布和沙漠为黄河东岸2～50μm悬移颗粒的主要源区之一。     

嘧菌酯·苯醚甲环唑PBS/PLA微球的结构表征与释放性能

以PBS/PLA共混物为复合载体,嘧菌酯和苯醚甲环唑为包埋有效成分,聚乙烯醇(PVA-1788)为分散剂,采用溶剂挥发法制备了嘧菌酯·苯醚甲环唑PBS/PLA微球。通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、Nicolet 6700型傅立叶变换红外光谱仪、高效液相色谱(HPLC)等表征复配农药微球的性质,采用透析袋法测定其缓释性能。结果表明,所得的嘧菌酯·苯醚甲环唑PBS/PLA微球中嘧菌酯的载药量和包埋率分别为14.30%、85.06%,苯醚甲环唑的载药量和包埋率为9.47%、90.18%,且微球球形规整,平均粒径为7.20μm。嘧菌酯·苯醚甲环唑PBS/PLA微球具有良好的缓释性能,并且2种活性成分的释放量之比与其最佳复配比接近,可以达到增效目的。     

烟蚜茧蜂畸形细胞发生及发育

烟蚜茧蜂(Aphidius gifuensis)畸形细胞来源于卵的浆膜层。蜂产卵33～36 h后幼虫孵化,每胚胎平均释放150个细胞。畸形细胞的直径随寄生日龄而增加,由初始直径(22.1±6.5)μm增长到第5天达最大为(30.1±8.5)μm。但是,其大小受多种因素影响,随寄主龄期和外界因素等不同而有差异,即使是条件相同其大小也有不同,最小的9.0μm,最大可达100.0μm,但其数目却随日龄增长而下降。扫描电镜显示:畸形细胞表面覆有微绒毛,4日龄比1日龄的更长、更密,表明吸收和分泌功能增强。     

Detecting sand-dust storms using a wind-profiling radar

Sand-dust storm is a type of disastrous weather, typically occurring in arid and semi-arid climates. This study selected a region in the hinterlands of the Taklimakan Desert, called the Tazhong region, as the experimental area to quantitatively estimate the particle concentrations of sand-dust storms using the boundary layer wind-profiling radar. We thoroughly studied the radar echo signals and reflectivity factor features during the sand-dust storms. The results indicate that(1) under sand-dust storm conditions, boundary layer wind-profiling radar cannot capture the complete information regarding horizontal wind velocity and direction, but it can obtain the backscattering intensity of sand-dust storms; and(2) during sand-dust storms particle size distributions in the surface layer closely resemble log-normal distributions, with sand-dust particles sizes of 90–100 μm accounting for the maximum particle probability. Retrieved particle size distributions at heights of 600, 800, and 1000 m follow log-normal distributions, and the expected value of particle diameter decreases gradually with increasing height. From the perspective of orders of magnitude, the retrieved results for particle number concentrations and mass concentrations are consistent with previous aircraft-detected results, indicating that it is basically feasible to use boundary layer wind-profiling radar to quantitatively detect the particle concentrations of dust storms.     

Evaluation of the Francome MkII exhaust nozzle sprayer to apply oil-based formulations of Metarhizium flavoviride for locust control

Conidia of the fungus Metarhizium flavoviride were formulated in a paraffinic oil, ‘Shellsol’ T, and sprayed using the Francome MkII exhaust nozzle sprayer. Germination of the conidia collected from the spray was reduced by 30% as compared to unsprayed conidia. However, in bioassays, there was no detectable difference in virulence with conidia collected from the spray samples and unsprayed formulation. This indicated that, despite the recorded reduction in the concentration of active conidia, the efficacy of the formulation remained unchanged after passing through the exhaust nozzle sprayer. The droplet size spectra produced by the sprayer were investigated using the Malvern series 2600cc particle size analyser. The optimum droplets for locust control produced by this sprayer were generated by the number 1 nozzle (internal diameter 2·5 mm) with the number 1 restrictor ring (internal diameter 12.5 mm) sprayed at a pressure of 0·2 bar. The droplets thus produced had a volume median diameter of 58 μm when the nozzle protruded between 1 and 2 mm above the level of the restrictor ring. Of the droplets in the spray plume created by these conditions, 33% were between 50 and 100 μm, a range recommended as an achievable optimum for the ultra-low-volume application of Metarhizium flavoviride. The role of the exhaust nozzle sprayer as a tool for the application of M. flavoviride for locust control is discussed with reference to other vehicle-mounted ultra-low-volume sprayers. © 1997 SCI     

Effects of particle size and active ingredient content on residual activity of chlorpyrifos wettable powder formulations against codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.)

In a laboratory experiment Cydia pomonella (L.) eggs, two days from eclosion, were placed on apples which had been sprayed five weeks previously with chlorpyrifos (125 mg/litre) from five formulations. Four were wettable powders (250 g a.i./kg) with particles ca 4, 5, 9 and 10 μm in diameter and one (500 g a.i./kg) with particles 2 μm in diameter. The treated apples were aged in direct sunlight. The percentage of apples without deep entries by first instar larvae one week after positioning of eggs, was greater the greater the ratio of active ingredient content of a formulation to total wettable powder particle surface area.     

Influence of particle size and type of formulation on phytotoxicity and persistence of atrazine

The initial and residual activities of wettable powder formulations of atrazine comprising different particle sizes were investigated in field and glasshouse experiments. A flowable formulation was also compared with these. Oats were used as the test species for the glasshouse studies while in field trials effects on control of broadleaf weeds in maize were studied. No marked differences were noted in the activity of wettable powders of different particle sizes in the glasshouse as pre-emergence applications. As a post-emergence treatment the fine particle size was more phytotoxic than the coarse material, especially when a wetting agent was added to the spray solution. In the field trials, no appreciable differences in weed control or crop tolerance could be established regardless of the time or rate of application. The flowable formulation was less active than the wettable powders in some glasshouse experiments but no such trend was apparent in field trials. Bioassays showed that the residual activity of the flowable formulation was lower than wettable powder formulations in both glasshouse and field studies but no consistent differences were noted in the persistence of the three forms of wettable powders.     

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of hydrazine in maleic hydrazide formulations and in samples stored at an elevated temperature

A method is described for the analysis of small amounts of hydrazine in maleic hydrazide formulations. Following derivative formation with pentafluorobenz-aldehyde, the pentafluorobenzaldehyde azine was extracted with hexane and determined by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. Recoveries of 72-80% were obtained from samples fortified with 1 and 10 μg of hydrazine. The limit of detection was 0.05 mg kg^?1. Fourteen commercial formulations with maleic hydrazide concentrations ranging from 180-360 g litre^?1 were investigated. The hydrazine content of the maleic hydrazide used in these formulations ranged from less than 0.05 to 53 mg kg^?1. During the storage of two samples at 50°C for 10 weeks, the hydrazine contents increased from 2.2 to 124 and 0.4 to 54 mg litre^?1, respectively.     

初次油水比对高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂理化特性的影响

采用界面聚合法制备了以聚脲树脂为囊材的15%高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂。在制备过程中,以油相质量与初次用水质量相比得到初次油水比,探究了不同初次油水比对高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂理化性质的影响。设定4个不同初次油水比 (R_i) 处理,分别为R_i = 1 : 0.55、1 : 0.69、1 : 0.83和1 : 0.97,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、激光粒度分布仪对所制备微囊的形貌进行表征,并测定包覆率与贮藏稳定性。结果显示:当Ri分别为1 : 0.83和1 : 0.97时,所制备的15%高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂成囊质量高,微囊形貌好,微囊包覆率90%以上,粒径3~4 μm (D₉₅),贮存稳定性合格。本研究可为制备高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂提供参考。     

分散、乳化条件及成囊工艺对二甲戊灵微胶囊形成状态的影响

研究了分散、乳化条件及成囊工艺对以脲醛树脂为壁材采用原位聚合法制备二甲戊灵微胶囊状态的影响。讨论了不同乳化剂及其配比、不同分散乳化时间、搅拌速度、酸化时间和固化温度对微胶囊包封率、粒径大小及分布情况的影响,最终确定以聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)和苯乙烯-马来酸酐(SMA)按4∶ 1(质量比)混合作乳化剂,1 500 r/min搅拌,分散乳化60 min,酸化90 min,50℃固化90 min作为制备二甲戊灵微胶囊的优化工艺条件。在此条件下可以得到平均粒径10 μm左右、粒度分布均匀的球形微胶囊,包封率在99％以上。     

Measurement of evaporation from adjuvant solutions using a volumetric method

Various agricultural spray adjuvants are available which are classified as anti-evaporants. This quality has the potential to aid in reducing drift and chemical evaporation and so improving coverage. Numerous other adjuvants not claiming these benefits may have these characteristics which are not being exploited. In order to assess these qualities, a simple, rapid assay was devised for measuring relative evaporation rates from individual drops. This method was then used to measure the evaporation rates of a variety of adjuvants under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. The droplet producing device uses a microliter syringe to dispense a droplet of known size. After a given period of time, the drop is taken back into the syringe and the volume lost to evaporation calculated. Modifications to the original device include suspending the drop inside a temperature- and humidity-controlled chamber. The original device was used for determining the rate of evaporation from water drops later than 0.3 mm. We have extended the use of the device to measure the rates of evaporation from a range of adjuvant solutions under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. The data reported here suggest that this method (a) is suitable for measuring evaporation from drops of many (but not all) adjuvant formulations, (b) is capable of discerning differences in relative rates of evaporation and (c) may be used for an array of adjuvant, drop size, and meteorological conditions. Major limitations appear to be (1) equilibrium surface tension, solutions having values less than c.35 mN m ?1 are difficult to analyze and (2) a lower limit on drop-size of c.300 μm.     

Relationship between the Spray Droplet Density of Two Protectant Fungicides and the Germination of Mycosphaerella fijiensis Ascospores on Banana Leaf Surfaces

The effect of fungicide spray droplet density (droplet cm^-2), droplet size, and proximity of the spray droplet deposit to fungal spores was investigated with Mycosphaerella fijiensis ascospores on the banana (Musa AAA) leaf surface for two contact fungicides: chlorothalonil and mancozeb. When droplet size was maintained at a volume median diameter (VMD) of 250 μm while total spray volume per hectare changed, M. fijiensis ascospore germination on the leaf surface fell below 1% for both fungicides at a droplet deposit density of 30 droplet cm^-2. At a droplet deposit density of 50 droplet cm^-2, no ascospores germinated in either fungicide treatment. When both droplet size and droplet cm^-2 varied while spray volume was fixed at 20 litre ha^-1, ascospore germination reached 0% at 10 droplet cm^-2 (VMD=602 μm) for both fungicides. At lower droplet densities (2–5 droplet cm^-2 VMD=989 μm and 804 μm respectively), ascospore germination on the mancozeb-treated leaves was significantly lower than on the chlorothalonil-treated leaves. The zone of inhibition surrounding a fungicide droplet deposit (VMD=250 μm) on the leaf surface was estimated to extend 1·02 mm beyond the visible edge of the spray droplet deposit for chlorothalonil and 1·29 mm for mancozeb. The efficacy of fungicide spray droplet deposit densities which are lower than currently recommended for low-volume, aerial applications of protectant fungicides was confirmed in an analysis of leaf samples recovered after commercial applications in a banana plantation. Calibrating agricultural spray aircraft to deliver fungicide spray droplets with a mean droplet deposit density of 30 droplet cm^-2 and a VMD between 300 and 400 μm will probably reduce spray drift, increase deposition efficiency on crop foliage, and enhance disease control compared to aircraft calibrated to spray finer droplets. © 1997 SCI.     

小花脓疮草(Panzerina parviflora)与脓疮草(Panzerina lanata)的花粉形态比较研究

本文首次用扫描电镜观察小花脓疮草的花粉形态。该种花粉粒赤道面观为近长球形;极面观为近圆形或三裂圆形。大小为（２０．８３～３０．７５μｍ ）２４．３７μｍ ×１９．７７μｍ （１６．７５ ～２３．３２ μｍ ）,极轴／赤道轴为１．２３,具三沟,沟几乎长达两极,沟膜上具颗粒。花粉外壁纹饰为穿孔—网状。从花粉形态上看,该种与脓疮草属其他种（即脓疮草Ｐａｎｚｅｒｉｎａ ｌａｎａｔａ）的花粉特征相差不大,在大小、萌发孔以及纹饰上区别不明显     

Fetch effect on the developmental process of aeolian sand transport in a wind tunnel

As the sand mass flux increases from zero at the leading edge of a saltating surface to the equilibrium mass flux at the critical fetch length, the wind flow is modified and then the relative contribution of aerodynamic and bombardment entrainment is changed. In the end the velocity, trajectory and mass flux profile will vary simultaneously. But how the transportation of different sand size groups varies with fetch distance is still unclear. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to investigate the fetch effect on mass flux and its distribution with height of the total sand and each size group in transportation. The mass flux was measured at six fetch length locations(0.5, 1.2, 1.9, 2.6, 3.4 and 4.1 m) and at three free-stream wind velocities(8.8, 12.2 and 14.5 m/s). The results reveal that the total mass flux and the mass flux of each size group with height can be expressed by q=aexp(–bh), where q is the sand mass flux at height h, and a and b are regression coefficients. The coefficient b represents the relative decay rate. Both the relative decay rates of total mass flux and each size group are independent of fetch length after a quick decay over a short fetch. This is much shorter than that of mass flux. The equilibrium of the relative decay rate cannot be regarded as an equilibrium mass flux profile for aeolian sand transport. The mass fluxes of 176.0, 209.3 and 148.0 μm size groups increase more quickly than that of other size groups, which indicates strong size-selection of grains exists along the fetch length. The maximal size group in mass flux(176.0 μm) is smaller than the maximal size group of the bed grains(209.3 μm). The relative contribution of each size group to the total mass flux is not monotonically decreasing with grain size due to the lift-off of some small grains being reduced due to the protection by large grains. The results indicate that there are complex interactions among different size groups in the developmental process of aeolian sand transport and more attention should be focused on the fetch effect because it has different influences on the total mass flux, the mass flux profile and its relative decay rate.     

The influence of spray droplet characteristics on the efficacy of permethrin against the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella: The effect of drop size and concentration on the potency of ulv- and ec-based residual deposits

The effect of droplet diameter (36-274 μm) and concentration (10-400 g litre^?1) of permethrin on the knockdown and mortality of 2nd-instar Plutella xylostella larvae was investigated. Larvae were placed on brussels sprout leaf discs treated with residual deposits of permethrin applied as ULV or emulsion formulations. The LD₅₀ of permethrin decreased with droplet size at all concentrations tested. This effect could not be accounted for solely by increased drop numbers per unit area of leaf, suggesting that for both formulations transfer of permethrin to larvae is more efficient for deposits composed of small drops. The concentration of permethrin in the ULV formulation could be reduced to approach a minimum quantity of toxicant per unit area to maintain 50 per cent mortality. The approach to the minimum dose varied with drop size and drop number per unit leaf area. The ULV formulation was approximately 2.7 times more effective at killing larvae than the emulsion, presumably as a result of greater availability of toxicant and transfer to larvae.     

A laboratory device for producing single drops in uniform sizes of 150–450 μm diameter

A device is described which can produce single drops of liquids in uniform sizes. Drop size can be adjusted, and with an aqueous solution of a non-ionic surfactant (“Agral”; 1 ml/litre) sizes 160–490 μm diam. were produced. Suitable techniques of calibration are given. The device is a useful research tool for study of the effects of form of deposit on herbicide performance.     

阿维菌素4种剂型中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚与壬基酚的含量及其从外包装中的迁移

通过高效液相色谱-荧光法对阿维菌素类农药中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚 (NPEOs) 及4-n-壬基酚 (以下简称NP) 进行检测,分析乳油 (EC)、水乳剂 (EW)、悬浮剂 (SC) 和微乳剂 (ME) 4种剂型中NPEOs和NP含量的分布特征。以甲醇为油基模拟物浸泡样品外包装材料 (塑料),对其中NPEOs和NP的溶出迁移进行检测,并对制剂中NPEOs和NP进行源解析。结果表明:在4种类型制剂中,NPEOs检出率为60.47%,NP检出率为62.79%,两者均检出的占51.16%。复配制剂中NPEOs及NP检出率高于单剂。4种剂型中NPEOs和NP的检出量均值及中位数从高到低依次为:EC > EW > ME > SC。NPEOs和NP最高含量均出现在EC中,分别为6.83%和8.41%。EC制剂中NPEOs多于NP,而EW制剂中两者使用相当。2 h NPEOs和NP的迁移量分别为0.16~49.34和0.19~18.05 μg/cm2,30 d的迁移量分别为0.76~66.48和2.84~137.79 μg/cm2。试验初期,NPEOs溶出迁移相对NP更易趋于稳定,而至15 d时NPEOs和NP的迁移量接近,分别占30 d迁移量的46.64%~100.82%和46.89%~102.03%。外包装塑料中NP贡献率高达2.568%,而NPEOs贡献率最大为0.241%,30d NP贡献率是NPEOs的1.66~107.51倍,并且塑料袋中NP贡献率比塑料瓶中的大。农药外包装塑料中NP的使用量相对于NPEOs更多,生产过程中的添加仍是制剂中NPEOs和NP主要来源。