Effects of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on blood lipid peroxidation and cortisol concentration in dairy cows undergoing omentopexy

Twenty dairy cows with left abomasal displacement were used to investigate the effects of vitamin E and selenium treatment on thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and blood cortisol in dairy cows stressed by omentopexy. The cows were randomly divided into two groups. Ten hours before surgery 6 g of DL‐α‐tocopheryl acetate (6 mg/kg) and 67 mg of natrium selenite (0.1 mg/kg) in volume of 40 ml (Vitaselen^®) were administered subcutaneously to 10 cows; the control animals (n = 10) received an equivalent volume of injectable water (40 ml). The injection of vitamin E and selenium produced a rapid rise (p < .05) in blood α‐tocopherol and selenium concentrations. The serum vitamin E increased several times 10 hr after vitamin E and Se injection and raised continuously to the highest average concentration 21.6 mg/L at hr 24 after the surgery. The highest selenium concentration was seen 10 hr after selenium administration with holding the increased concentrations in comparison with initial ones during the whole study. Two‐way ANOVA did not show significant treatment effect on plasma concentrations TBARS in the study. The plasma concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances reached the maximum value of 0.18 μmol/L in the control group 5 hr after the surgery. Twenty‐four hours after the surgery, the TBARS values returned to the initial ones. Serum cortisol increased in both groups after surgery. The highest cortisol concentrations were reached at 1 hr after surgery in the experimental and control group (56.7 ± 28.8 and 65.3 ± 26.1 μg/L respectively). A return to the levels similar to the initial ones was recognized 24 hr after the surgery. The ANOVA revealed a significant effect of vitamin E and selenium injection on plasma cortisol (p < .05). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that abdominal surgery resulted in typical stress changes with no significant effects of a single vitamin E/Se injection on blood lipid peroxidation. In addition, a weaker cortisol response to the abdominal surgery was recognized in animals treated with vitamin E and selenium.     

Effect of seasonal conditions on oestrus occurrence and postpartum period in Anatolian water buffaloes

Oestrus and calving records of Anatolian buffaloes were analyzed to investigate influence of climatic conditions on oestrus occurrence and postpartum period. Oestrus records showed a seasonal pattern concentrated between July and September which is the warmest period of the year. Likewise, more than half (52.7%) of the total calvings occurred between May and August. Month of calving significantly influenced the length of calving to first oestrus interval and open period (P < 0.01). The average length of open period was significantly shorter in autumn and summer calvers compared to those calved in spring and winter (P < 0.05) during long days. The humidity rate was negatively correlated with both calving to first oestrus interval and open period (P < 0.05). In conclusion, exposure to high environmental temperatures around 20 degrees C exerted no suppressive influence on ovarian activity in Anatolian buffaloes. Although humidity rate (P < 0.05) and ambient temperature (P < 0.01) was found to be correlated with the duration of postpartum period, day length might be the main factor regulating reproductive biorhythm and postpartum events in Anatolian buffalo cows.     

妊娠早期饲粮中添加N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对母羊早期胚胎存活及相关血液指标的影响

本试验旨在研究妊娠早期饲粮中添加N-氨甲酰谷氨酸（NCG）对母羊胚胎存活及相关血液指标的影响,并对其作用机制进行初步探讨。选择发情正常、健康状况良好的湖羊50只,随机分为2组（对照组和NCG试验组）,每组25只母羊,自配种当天开始给母羊分别饲喂基础饲粮（对照组）和基础饲粮+0.11%NCG（NCG组）,饲喂期38 d。测定妊娠第19和38天母羊血浆游离氨基酸、总一氧化氮合酶（TNOS）、内皮型一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）、一氧化氮（NO）、雌二醇、孕酮的浓度;38 d时每组各屠宰7只妊娠母羊,测定妊娠母羊的黄体数和活胎儿数等指标。结果显示,与对照组相比,妊娠第38天时,NCG组每只母羊总胎儿数增加了79.72%（P<0.05）,活胎儿数增加了79.72%（P<0.05）,胎儿形成指数增加了0.26（P<0.05）,胎水体积增加了72.89%（P<0.05）,活胎儿总重提高了71.13% （P<0.05）;NCG组妊娠第19天的甘氨酸、蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、NO、iNOS、eNOS和孕酮的浓度显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,NCG组妊娠第19天的瓜氨酸和脯氨酸极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）;NCG组妊娠第38天的精氨酸、脯氨酸和NO显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,NCG组妊娠第38天的iNOS和eNOS的浓度极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。由此,妊娠早期饲粮中添加NCG提高了胚胎和胎儿的存活,增加了妊娠母羊第38天的总胎儿数和活胎儿数,改善了母羊的繁殖性能,其作用机制可能是NCG促进了母羊内源性精氨酸的合成,提高了母羊血浆精氨酸、NO和孕酮含量,改善了子宫内环境和营养供给,使之有利于胚胎着床和妊娠维持。     

Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation and feeding period on pork quality

Feeding increased levels of dietary vitamin E can inhibit lipid oxidation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of levels of dietary alpha-tocopherol acetate (VE) and feeding duration on meat quality and lipid oxidation. Eighty-one pigs were allocated to 1 of 3 diets containing 40, 200, or 400 IU of VE/kg of feed, and each diet group was divided into 3 feeding periods (3, 6, or 9 wk). Carcass characteristics and meat quality were evaluated. Oxidative stability of fresh and cooked pork patties and pork chops was determined after chilled or frozen storage. Increasing dietary concentrations of VE did not affect any growth performance parameter. Drip loss, however, decreased (P < 0.05) with increased dietary VE levels. Moreover, an increased duration of VE feeding improved (P < 0.05) pH and drip loss. Less lipid oxidation (P < 0.05) was detected in fresh ground pork from pigs fed greater concentrations of VE after 4 d of storage. A greater (P < 0.05) resistance to oxidation in cooked ground pork was observed in pigs fed 200 or 400 IU of VE/kg at 2 and 6 d of storage. Fresh and cooked pork patty oxidation decreased (P < 0.05) linearly as feeding duration increased from 3 to 9 wk. After 6 mo of freezer storage, lipid oxidation of pork chops from pigs fed 200 or 400 IU of VE/kg was lower (P < 0.05) than for pigs fed 40 IU of VE/kg. Likewise, lipid oxidation of pork chops of pigs fed VE for an extended period of time (6 wk) was lower (P < 0.05) after 9 mo of storage. Fatty acid profiles of neutral lipid fraction of the LM became more unsaturated (P < 0.05) with added VE to the feed. These results indicate an increased intake of dietary VE concentration, and prolonged feeding of VE can improve drip loss and reduce lipid oxidation in ground pork and pork chops. This study suggests that supplementation with 200 IU of VE/kg of feed for 6 wk before market is beneficial in improving lipid stability and pork quality.     

Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E and organic selenium on the oxidative stability of beef.

The effects of supplementation of beef cattle diets with organic Se (0.3 mg/kg) and vitamin E (300 I.U. alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed), for 55 d preceding slaughter, on the antioxidant status and oxidative stability of muscle was examined. Dietary vitamin E supplementation led to an increase (P < 0.05) in plasma, and longissimus muscle alpha-tocopherol levels. In minced longissimus muscle stored in 80% 02:20% CO2, lipid and oxymyoglobin oxidation were lower (P < 0.05) in muscle from vitamin E-supplemented animals compared with unsupplemented animals. Dietary Se supplementation did not significantly affect muscle Se levels, glutathione peroxidase activity, or susceptibility to lipid and oxymyoglobin oxidation in the presence or absence of vitamin E. Covariance analysis indicated that, in addition to muscle alpha-tocopherol, differences in muscle glutathione peroxidase activity, and pH could account for variation in the susceptibility of muscle to lipid and oxymyoglobin oxidation.     

Effects of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on selenium distribution and meat quality of pigs

Abstract

The study was conducted on 60 pigs kept in individual pens. The animals were allocated to four groups. The growing-finishing pigs from the control group were fed with basic feed containing 0.3 mg selenium (Se) derived from Na₂SeO₃ kg^?1 and 60 mg of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate kg^?1. The remaining three groups were differentiated by adding 0.2 mg kg^?1 Se-enriched yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and/or 60 mg vitamin E to feed (grower and finisher). Our results show that the addition of organic Se to inorganic Se commonly used in pig feed caused a significant increase in hepatic Se and muscle. This indicates the possibility of using these products as functional foods to improve Se status in humans residing within regions which are deficient in this trace element. We found no beneficial effect of supplementation with vitamin E and Se on the quality of the meat.     

Parenteral selenium and vitamin E supplementation of weaned beef calves

BACKGROUND: The weaning process in beef calves elicits physiological stress responses that can negatively affect performance and health. Supplementation of vitamins and minerals, particularly selenium (Se) and vitamin E, might be warranted. HYPOTHESIS: That parenteral administration of Se or vitamin E would correct or prevent deficiencies of these nutrients in postweaned beef calves during a backgrounding period (42 days after weaning). ANIMALS: One hundred and forty-four weaned steers (200-250 kg) in 3 trials. METHODS: One trial was conducted with cattle on a dry lot fed a total mixed ration and 2 trials were conducted on cattle on pasture. Selenium was administered at 0.05 mg/kg BW (SC) and vitamin E was administered at 1500 IU on days 0 and 28 (SC). RESULTS: A treatment effect attributable to Se or vitamin E supplementation on average daily gain was not detected in any trials. Parenteral supplementation with Se on days 0 and 28 resulted in higher serum Se concentrations as compared with controls on day 42. Parenteral supplementation with Se on days 0 and 28 improved Se status from marginal to adequate in 1 trial. Parenteral supplementation with vitamin E did not improve serum vitamin E concentrations in any experiment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Supplementation with vitamin E or Se or a combination of both did not have a significant effect on calf performance during the 42-day backgrounding period.     

Effect of dietary vitamin E and selenium supplementation on semen quality in Cairn Terriers with normospermia

Among others, selenium (Se) and vitamin E (VitE) have been provided to dogs to improve semen quality. However, scientific evidence documenting an effect in dogs is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation of these antioxidants on various ejaculate parameters in a randomized, double‐blinded trial using Cairn Terrier males exhibiting normal seminal quality parameters. Three dogs each were fed a standardized diet and supplemented with 0.1 mg Se, 100 mg VitE or 0.1 mg Se + 100 mg VitE/dog for 3 months. Ejaculate analyses (volume, progressive motility, vitality, morphology, concentration) were performed before inclusion (D0) and after 1, 2 and 3 months (+1, +2, +3). At the same time, glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐PX) and VitE in seminal plasma (SP) and GSH‐PX in blood samples were determined. Vitamin E levels in SP were below the detection limit (1.0 mg/L) in all samples. GSH‐PX in blood (164.0–2794.4 IU/L) and SP (18.4–4326.0 IU/L) was highly variable. Supplementation only significantly affected the total percentage of sperm head abnormalities (p = .011). Time significantly affected the percentage of morphologically abnormal sperm (p = .025), sperm head abnormalities (p = .007), proximal droplets (p = .001) and GSH‐PX in SP (p = .015). Additionally, a significant interaction between time and group was identified for the percentage of membrane‐intact sperm (p = .048), head abnormalities (p = .018), acrosomal defects (p = .043) and proximal droplets (p = .002). Although some effects could be identified for selected parameters, we failed to identify a clear trend about how a 3 months VitE and/or Se supplementation affects semen parameters in normospermic Cairn Terriers.     

Effect of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on some immune parameters following vaccination against brucellosis in cattle

Twenty-four 7-mo-old beef heifers (Charolais Simmental cross), weighing 213 kg, were used to determine the effect of vitamin E (VitE) and(or) selenium (Se) supplementation on the humoral response to a standard dose of Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine and on the levels of naturally occurring immunoglobulins (Ig) to several antigens. The treatments were as follows: Group 1, no supplement; Group 2, supplementation with 6 g of elemental Se; Group 3, supplementation with 1,400 IU/d of VitE; and Group 4, Se and VitE supplements combined. There were no significant differences in anti-B. abortus IgG1, IgG2, or IgM antibody levels due to Se, VitE or Se/VitE treatments; the concentrations of IgA antibody were too low to be measured with the ELISA test used. Statistical analysis revealed that the levels of total and IgM natural antibody to Salmonella typhimurium were higher in Group 3. Perhaps VitE supplementation given in conjunction with B. abortus vaccine enhanced the production of antibody to S. typhimurium in several animals whose humoral system had been activated by previous exposure to this organism.     

妊娠期补硒对产后母鼠脏器指数、血常规参数和抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究妊娠期补充亚硒酸钠对产后母鼠脏器指数、血常规以及血清和肝脏中抗氧化能力的影响。20只健康Wistar孕鼠随机分为试验组和对照组。试验组母鼠在饮水中添加亚硒酸钠,分别为:低剂量补硒组L(0.2mg/L,n=5)、中剂量补硒组M(0.4mg/L,n=5)、高剂量补硒组H(0.6 mg/L,n=5)和对照组C(0.0 mg/L,n=5)。母鼠于分娩后第4天采样,计算脾脏和胸腺的脏器指数,检测血液生理指标,血清和肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果显示,与对照组相比:补硒后试验组大鼠的血小板数目和体积极显著降低(P0.01),胸腺指数无显著性变化(P0.05),但脾脏指数显著升高(P0.05或P0.01);中、低剂量的亚硒酸钠可以显著性或极显著性提高产后母鼠血清和肝脏中的GSH-Px、T-AOC和T-SOD的活性(P0.05或P0.01),同时降低MDA的浓度(P0.05或P0.01)。高剂量的亚硒酸钠可以显著或极显著性提高MDA的浓度以及GSH-Px和T-AOC的活性(P0.05或P0.01),显著性降低血清中T-SOD的活性(P0.05)。妊娠期母鼠适量补充亚硒酸钠可提高产后脾脏指数及血清和肝脏中的抗氧化能力,过量补硒可以抑制抗氧化能力和减少血小板的数量,机理有待于进一步研究。     

Efficacy of vitamin E + selenium and vitamin A + D + E combinations on oxidative stress induced by long-term transportation in Holstein dairy cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress response to long-term transportation and to analyze the effects of vitamin A + D + E and vitamin E + selenium administrations on oxidative stress induced by long-term transportation in Holstein dairy cows. Control group (n = 10) received 0.9% saline (placebo), Group I (n = 10) received vitamin A + D + E, and Group II (n = 10) received vitamin E + selenium. After the transport, adrenaline levels were high in all groups (P < 0.05). Noradrenaline level was low in Group I (P < 0.05) and tended to be low in Group II. Mean levels of serum cortisol decreased significantly in all groups (P < 0.05) when comparing pre-transport data with post-transport data. Glucose levels increased in Control group (P < 0.05) and in Groups I and II (P < 0.01). The malondialdehyde level significantly increased in the Control group (P < 0.05) after the transport and the levels were lower in Group I (P = 0.076) and Group II (P < 0.05) than in the Control group. As a result, vitamin E + selenium and vitamin A + D + E have been determined to prevent lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, associated with long-term transportation stress in cattle.     

Prediction of vitamin A, vitamin E, selenium and zinc status of periparturient dairy cows using blood sampling during the mid dry period

Vitamins A and E, and the trace elements selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are essential for the health and performance of dairy cows. Their concentrations often decrease around calving and extra supplementation is sometimes recommended at that time. However, the need for this varies, for example depending on quantity and quality of feedstuffs in the diet. The aim of this study was to measure the concentrations of serum vitamin A (S-vit A) and vitamin E (S-vit E), plasma Se (P-Se) and serum Zn (S-Zn) in blood samples taken at several time points from one month before to one month after calving, and to evaluate if a blood sample taken during the mid dry period can accurately predict the blood concentration at calving and early lactation. Dairy cows on 3 different feeding regimens during the dry period were included in the study. A significant decrease in the concentrations of S-vit A and S-vit E, and S-Zn, was observed at calving, and P-Se was significantly lower during the dry period and at calving than in early lactation. The blood concentrations of S-vit E and P-Se in the mid dry period significantly predicted the occurrence of values considered marginal or deficient at the time of calving. The data indicate that a mid dry period concentration of > or = 5.4 mg/l of S-vit E and > or = 0.09 mg/l of P-Se will result in a 90% chance that the cow stays above marginal levels at calving given that a feed of the same quality is offered.     

Effect of pre‐partum supplementation of vitamin E to Murrah buffaloes on immune functions and viability of calves

This study was undertaken in buffalo neonates born to vitamin E (dl ‐ alpha ‐ tocopherol acetate) ‐ supplemented and non‐supplemented Murrah buffaloes. Calves from vitamin E‐supplemented buffaloes (n = 10; vitamin E ‐supplemented calves [VeC]) and non‐supplemented buffaloes (n = 10; control calves [CC]) constituted the treatment and control groups respectively. Two colostrum samples were taken at the first post‐partum milking and again after 12 h from dams for IgG estimation. Sampling of blood was performed on days 0 (before colostrum feeding), 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112 and 126 post‐birth and analysed for apparent efficiency of absorption (%) of IgG and various immune parameters. Colostral IgG level was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in vitamin E‐supplemented buffaloes. The calves in both groups were born hypogammaglobulinemic with IgG level <5 g/l. However, first colostrum feeding resulted in significantly elevated IgG levels (>10 g/l) in calves of both groups at 24 h, which remained high afterwards. Apparent efficiency of absorption (%) of IgG at 24 h was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in VeC than in CC. Plasma Nitric Oxide (NO) levels were significantly elevated in the calves of either group at birth, which declined significantly (p < 0.01) afterwards. Vitamin E feeding to dams had no added effect on NO levels in experimental calves. Total leucocyte counts did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, lymphocyte and neutrophil counts changed significantly between groups (p < 0.01) and days (p < 0.01), with lymphocytes increasing and neutrophils declining with age. This study revealed that the calves were immunologically immature at birth. Ante‐partum supplementation of vitamin E did not influence plasma NO or IgG but had a significant effect on colostral IgG (p < 0.05). It also improved the apparent efficiency of absorption (%) of IgG at 24 h in VeC as compared to CC.     

Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on the vitamin D status of ewes and their lambs

Pregnant ewes were injected intramuscularly with 300,000 iu of vitamin D3 in a water miscible vehicle either 10, seven or four weeks before the expected lambing date and the effects on plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were monitored. The concentrations increased quickly and remained high at parturition but at no time were they outside the normal physiological range. The concentrations in the plasma of the newborn lambs were higher than in uninjected controls and were well correlated with the concentrations in their mothers. Dosing pregnant ewes with 300,000 iu of vitamin D3 in a rapidly available form, approximately two months before lambing, provided a safe means of increasing the vitamin D status of the ewe and the newborn lamb by preventing the seasonally low concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.     

The effect of dietary vitamin E level on selenium status in rats

The effect of varying levels of dietary vitamin E on selenium status was determined using 40 Wistar rats with similar initial body weight. The rats were equally divided into four groups and fed the following dietary treatments (mg vitamin E/kg DM): 18 (control; C‐diet), 0 (0E‐diet), 9 (0.5E‐diet) and 36 (2E‐diet) for either 4‐week (Phase 1) or 8‐week (Phase 2) period. At the end of experiment, animals were slaughtered to measure vitamin E and selenium levels in the brain, liver, spleen, kidney, muscles and blood tissues. Dietary vitamin E levels did not affect feed and water intake and body weight. But whole‐blood selenium concentration in rats fed 0E‐diet was higher than in rats fed 2E‐diet after 4 weeks. Selenium level in muscle, spleen and brain was also higher (p < 0.05) in rats fed the 0E‐diet than in rats fed C‐diet after 4 weeks of feeding. On the other hand, selenium level in the muscle was lower (p < 0.05) in rats fed 0.5E‐diet than in those fed 0E‐diet after 4 weeks of feeding, but not after 8 weeks of feeding. Increasing dietary vitamin E level directly influenced selenium content of the spleen and brain after 8 weeks of feeding 2E‐diet. Moreover, the twofold increase in vitamin E intake resulted in a tendency to reduce whole‐blood selenium level and total selenium in the liver and kidney after 4 and 8 weeks. The results showed that the increasing dietary vitamin E level resulted in a tendency to reduce Se contents in some vital organs of the body such as the liver and kidney, suggesting their close compensatory interrelationship. Therefore, dietary vitamin E level directly influenced selenium metabolism in the animal body.     

仔猪氧化应激及硒的抗氧化效应与机制

氧化应激（Oxidative Stress）是机体应答内外环境，通过氧化还原反应对机体进行多层次应激性调节和信号转导，同时造成氧化损伤的重要生命过程。在正常生理条件下，机体的调节机制会使体内处于相对自稳态，此时尽管也有自由基的产生，但会受到抗氧化体系的淬灭，从而维持在正常生理范围内。当动物遭受应激刺激或患病时，机体代谢出现异常而骤然产生大量自由基，     

Effect of vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation in blood and lung of influenza virus infected mice

The influenza virus infection (A/Aichi/2/68) was associated with development of oxidative stress in lung and blood of mice, accompanied by an increase in levels of lipid peroxidation products (conjugated dienes and total malondialdehyde) and a decrease in endogenous amounts of natural antioxidant vitamin E. These effects were most pronounced on the 5th day after virus inoculation, in comparison with those on the 7th. Supplementation of mice with exogenous vitamin E before virus inoculation lead to lung and blood protection against lipid peroxidation. A marked decrease in lipid peroxidation products and an increase in vitamin E content was established in blood and lung on the 5th and 7th day after virus inoculation. The stabilizing effect of vitamin E is dose-dependent in blood and dose-independent in lung, and was most pronounced on the 5th day after virus inoculation in comparison with the 7th day.