中国农村可再生能源技术应用对温室气体减排贡献的研究

该文以国内外温室气体减排和能源领域的相关研究为基础,根据中国农村可再生能源技术特点,研究提出了适于农村可再生能源特点的燃料燃烧温室气体排放系数和粪便管理CH₄排放系数,以及CO₂和CH₄减排量的计算公式,并分析了农村可再生能源技术对减排温室气体的贡献。     

河北省农作物生产投入品碳排放变化特征

基于2010-2018年河北省农资投入、农作物产量、耕地面积和农作物播种面积等统计数据,计算河北省农作物生产投入品碳排放,分析河北省农作物生产投入品碳排放的动态变化和不同投入品碳排放所占比例,为农业生产节能减排,实现低碳农业提供理论依据。结果表明,2010-2018年河北省农作物生产投入品碳排放以2015年为转折点,呈现先上升后下降的趋势。研究期内河北省农作物生产碳排放总量、单位产量碳排放量和单位耕地面积碳排放量分别为2219万～2674万tCO₂eq、0.21～0.30tCO₂eq·t^-1和3.40～4.10tCO₂eq·hm^-2。2018年河北省农作物生产碳排放总量、单位产量碳排放量和单位耕地面积碳排放量最低,分别比最高值降低17.0%、30.0%和17.0%。化肥、农药、农膜、柴油和灌溉用电9a平均碳排放量占比分别为38.6%、2.1%、11.5%、34.7%和13.1%。化肥和柴油是最主要的农业碳排放源,占比均在30%以上。农作物生产投入品碳排放的动态变化受国家政策影响...     

Methane mitigation in flooded Louisiana rice fields

Summary A field experiment was conducted to determine whether selected nitrification inhibitors (encapsulated calcium carbide and dicyandiamide) and SO _inf4 ^sup-2 -containing compounds [(NH₄)₂SO₄ and Na₂SO₄] had mitigating effects on CH₄ emissions from flooded rice. Microplots were established within a rice bay drill-seeded with the Texmont rice cultivar and CH₄ fluxes were measured over the main rice cropping season. Methane emissions over the 77-day sampling period were approximately 230, 240, 260, 290, 310, and 360 kg CH₄ ha^-1 from the calcium carbide, Na₂SO₄-rate II, Na₂SO₄-rate I, (NH₄)₂SO₄, dicyandiamide, and urea (control) treatments, respectively. Reductions in CH₄ evolution, compared to the control, ranged from 14 to 35%, depending on treatment. The selected inhibitors and SO _inf4 ^sup-2 -containing compounds appear to be effective in reducing the CH₄ emitted from flooded rice fields.     

Faster anaerobic decomposition of a brittle straw rice mutant: Implications for residue management

Rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia is typically grown on submerged soils in intensive cropping systems with only a brief interval between harvest of one crop and planting of the next. Incorporation of crop residues can be challenging because the fallow period between crops is often too short to allow sufficient decomposition. During early stages of anaerobic residue decomposition in flooded soils, plant growth may be inhibited by nutrient immobilization or by the production of potentially toxic organic acids. Straw from a brittle stem mutant of rice (Oryza sativa L. var. IR68) was tested in a 30-d incubation experiment under continuously flooded conditions in a greenhouse to determine if it would decompose more rapidly than the non-brittle phenotype, thereby allowing shorter fallow time between crops. Brittle straw decomposed faster, as indicated by 51% total C loss as CO₂ or CH₄ within 3 weeks of incorporation, compared with 28% for non-brittle straw. However, brittle straw also produced a significantly higher (P<0.0001) amount of formic, acetic, aconitic, propionic, and butyric acids than non-brittle straw. There was no difference in soil N immobilization pattern between the two straw types, or in P or K availability in the soil, perhaps due to the short duration of the experiment. To maximize the potential advantage of faster decomposition of brittle straw in intensive rice cropping systems, it may be helpful to manage water for sufficient soil aeration to mitigate the negative organic acid and methane production effects.     

农田土壤主要温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)的源/汇强度及其温室效应研究进展

气候变化是当今全球面临的重大挑战, 人类社会生产生活引起的温室气体排放是全球气候变暖的主要原因。大气中CO₂、CH₄ 和N₂O 是最重要的温室气体, 对温室效应的贡献率占了近80%。据估计, 大气中每年有5%~20%的CO₂、15%~30%的CH₄、80%~90%的N₂O 来源于土壤, 而农田土壤是温室气体的重要排放源。本文重点阐述了农田土壤温室气体产生、排放或吸收机理及其影响因素, 指出土地利用方式和农业生产力水平等人为控制因素通过影响土壤和作物生长条件来影响农田土壤温室气体产生与排放或吸收。所以, 我们可以从人类活动对农田生态系统的影响着手, 通过改善农业生产方式和作物生长条件来探索温室气体减排措施, 达到固碳/氮增汇的目的。对国内外关于农田温室气体排放的源/汇强度及其综合温室效应评估的最新研究进展进行了综述, 指出正确估算与评价农田土壤温室气体的源/汇强度及其对大气中主要温室气体浓度变化的贡献, 有助于为温室气体减排以及减少气候变化预测的不确定性提供理论依据。     

温室番茄生长发育动态模型与计算机模拟系统初探

研究建立了以太阳辐射为基本驱动因子的温室番茄生长发育动态模型,并进一步开发出基于Windows的计算机模拟系统,该模型包括太阳辐射、C平衡分析、植株形态发育、干物质分配等重要模块,使模型具有较完善的功能。计算机模拟系统采用MS Visual Basic 6.0和PowerStation Fortran 4.0混合语言编程技术,使模拟系统在界面和功能上达到较好的统一。     

温室作物模型与环境控制管理研究

阐述了国内外作物模型研究现状 ,温室园艺作物模型研究进展以及温室作物模型在现代化农业环境控制管理中的重要作用 ,并简介了温室番茄作物模拟系统研制开发现状及其进展