小麦矮秆基因 Rht-B1b和 Rht-D1b的检测及其验证

为研究矮秆基因 Rht-B1b、 Rht-D1b在小麦品种中的分布及其对株高的影响,以3个小麦群体（中国冬麦区白粒小麦品种、中国小麦历史品种、春小麦育种材料）共321份小麦品种为材料,检测矮秆基因 Rht-B1b和 Rht-D1b的分布频率,并分析比较它们对春小麦育种材料株高的影响。结果表明,在检测的321份材料中,共有193份材料含有 Rht-B1b矮秆基因,分布频率为60.1%,其中,中国冬麦区白粒小麦品种、中国小麦历史品种、春小麦育种材料中含有 Rht-B1b矮秆基因的材料分别有29、77和87份,分布频率分别为 34.5%、72.6%和66.4%;共有135份材料含有 Rht-D1b矮秆基因,分布频率为42.1%,其中,中国冬麦区白粒小麦品种、中国小麦历史品种、春小麦育种材料中含有 Rht-D1b 矮秆基因的材料分别有41、21和73份,分布频率分别为48.8%、19.8%和55.7%;共有78份材料同时含有 Rht-B1b和 Rht-D1b矮秆基因,分布频率为 24.3%,其中,中国冬麦区白粒小麦品种、中国小麦历史品种、春小麦育种材料中同时含有 Rht-B1b和 Rht-D1b矮秆基因的材料分别有15、17和46份,分布频率分别为17.6%、15.9%和35.1%。对已被鉴定株高表型的91份春小麦育种材料进一步分析发现,同时携带 Rht-B1b和 Rht-D1b矮秆基因的材料株高较低。     

黄淮麦区小麦品种和CIMMYT材料的矮秆基因型及其对株高和胚芽鞘的影响

为促进矮秆基因在小麦品种遗传改良中的应用,以131份黄淮麦区小麦品种和31份CIMMYT（国际玉米小麦改良中心）小麦材料为研究对象,用分子标记检测 Rht-B1a、 Rht-B1b、 Rht-D1a、 Rht-D1b和 Rht8等小麦矮秆基因,并结合赤霉素处理,分析了供试材料所含矮秆基因类型及其对株高和胚芽鞘长度的影响。结果表明,供试材料中,63份含有矮秆基因 Rht-B1b,66份含有矮秆基因 Rht-D1b,105份含有矮秆基因 Rht8,分别占供试材料的38.88%、40.74%和64.81%。黄淮麦区小麦品种大多数含有矮秆基因 Rht-D1b,CIMMYT小麦中大多数含有矮秆基因 Rht-B1b。赤霉素处理结果显示,供试小麦材料中,有52份对赤霉素敏感,占被检测材料的32.09%。该批材料中,矮秆基因 Rht-D1b和 Rht8的降秆效应最大, Rht-B1b和 Rht-D1b的降秆效应分别是14.69%和17.74%,各基因组合的降秆效应表现为 Rht-D1b+ Rht8＞ Rht-D1b＞ Rht-B1b+ Rht8＞ Rht-B1b＞ Rht8。同时含有矮秆基因 Rht-B1b和 Rht-D1b的材料缩短胚芽鞘长度的效应最强,缩短效应为26.20%,缩短胚芽鞘长度的效应表现为 Rht-B1b+ Rht-D1b＞ Rht-B1b+ Rht-D1b + Rht8＞ Rht-D1b＞ Rht-D1b+ Rht8＞ Rht-B1b＞ Rht-B1b+ Rht8＞ Rht8。基于以上结果,矮秆基因 Rht8能够在降低小麦材料株高的同时不影响胚芽鞘长度,因此应重视其在矮化育种中的应用。     

秋播冬麦区矮秆基因 RhtB1b、 RhtD1b和 Rht8的分布频率及其与产量性状的关系

为给小麦株高和产量的遗传改良提供参考依据,利用 Rht-B1b、 Rht-D1b基因的STS分子标记BF/MR1和BF/WR1、DF1/MR2和DF2/WR2,以及 Rht8基因的微卫星标记Xgwm261,对237份不同生态区秋播小麦材料进行分子标记检测,并分析 Rht-B1b、 Rht-D1b和 Rht8对株高及产量相关性状的影响。结果表明：（1）在分布频率方面, Rht-B1b、 Rht-D1b和 Rht8在秋播冬小麦中的频率较高,其中携带 Rht-B1b、 Rht-D1b和 Rht8的小麦材料分别占比16.5%、47.9%和44.1%;聚合两个矮秆基因（ Rht-D1b+Rht8、 Rht-B1b+Rht8和 Rht-B1b+ Rht-D1b）的小麦材料占比25.4%;聚合三个矮秆基因（Rht-B1b+Rht-D1b+Rht8）的小麦材料占比2.1%;（2）在分布特点方面,不同冬麦区存在一定偏好性：北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、长江中下游冬麦区均以 Rht-D1b、 Rht8和 Rht-D1b+Rht8为主;西南冬麦区以 Rht-B1b、 Rht-D1b和 Rht8为主,西南冬麦区以 Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8为主;（3）在降秆效应方面,降秆效果从强到弱依次为（ Rht-B1b+Rht-D1b+Rht8）>（ Rht-D1b+Rht8）> （ Rht-B1b+Rht8）> Rht-D1b> Rht-B1b> Rht8;(4)在产量结构特点方面, 携带 Rht-D1b和 Rht8的材料总体上具有较高的千粒重和单位面积穗数,携带 Rht-B1b的材料具有较高的穗粒数,但矮秆基因本身与产量因子间无显著的遗传相关性。     

67份美国小麦品种矮秆基因的分子标记检测

为了明确矮秆基因在美国小麦品种中的分布特点并发掘较少利用的矮秆基因,本研究利用8个小麦矮秆基因的特异分子标记对67份美国小麦品种中的矮秆基因进行了检测。结果表明,67份美国小麦品种中,超过80%的品种（56个）含有矮秆基因,其中 Rht-B1b和 Rht8基因频率较高,分别占62.7%和43.3%。仅有5个品种含有 Rht-D1b基因,同时发现3个品种含有 Rht5基因,2个品种含有 Rht12基因,未发现含有 Rht4、 Rht9和 Rht13基因的品种。在含有矮秆基因的品种中,35.8%的品种含有2个或2个以上的矮秆基因。其中有1个品种同时含有3个矮秆基因,有20个品种同时含有 Rht-B1b和 Rht8基因,有3个品种同时含有 Rht-D1b和 Rht8基因,有1个品种同时含有 Rht-D1b和 Rht12基因,其余32个品种各含有1个矮秆基因。本研究未发现同时含有 Rht-B1b、 Rht-D1b、 Rht8以及同时含有 Rht-B1b、 Rht-D1b的品种。     

新疆小麦阿拉伯木聚糖阿魏酸酰基转移酶基因TaBahd-A1等位变异检测及其分布规律

阿魏酰阿拉伯木聚糖（feruloyl arabinoxylan,FAX）含量是影响小麦加工品质的重要因素,揭示其相关基因在小麦中的遗传变异规律,可为小麦分子育种提供一定参考。本研究利用阿拉伯木聚糖阿魏酸酰基转移酶 TaBahd-A1基因位点的3对功能标记AFTA2、AFTB2和AFTC8,对124份新疆小麦品种（系）进行 TaBahd-A1等位变异检测,并分析等位变异分布规律。结果表明,携带与低FAX含量相关的 TaBahd-A1b等位变异材料占比（57.2%）最大,其次是与高FAX含量相关的 TaBahd-A1c等位变异（29.1%）,与高FAX含量相关的 TaBahd-A1a等位变异占比（13.7%）最小;其中,98份新疆冬小麦品种（系）中,携带 TaBahd-A1a和 TaBahd-A1c基因型的材料共占比38.7%,携带 TaBahd-A1b基因型的材料占比61.3%;26份新疆春小麦材料中,携带 TaBahd-A1a和 TaBahd-A1c基因型的材料共占比57.6%,携带 TaBahd-A1b基因型的材料占比38.4%。在不同类型冬小麦品种（系）中,与高FAX含量相关的等位变异类型 TaBahd-A1a和 TaBahd-A1c的分布频率表现为引进品种（系）＞地方品种>自育品种（系）;与低FAX含量相关的等位变异类型 TaBahd-A1b的分布频率表现为自育品种（系）＞地方品种＞引进品种（系）。     

64份小麦种质的赤霉素响应评价及矮秆基因分子鉴定

为深入了解小麦矮秆种质资源的性状表现和遗传组成，研究了64份小麦品种（系）的株高和节间长度对外施赤霉素的响应，并利用分子标记对矮秆基因组成等进行了鉴定。结果表明，不同材料的株高、节间数量和节间长度对赤霉素响应存在差异。节间长对赤霉素的响应集中在倒二节、倒三节和倒四节。供试材料可以通过增加穗长和穗颈长弥补节间数量减少对株高的影响。赤霉素浓度对供试材料株高构成指数影响较小。通过对不同材料株高构成指数分析发现，SH-04和川麦86两份材料具有良好的株高构成比例。分子标记鉴定表明，供试材料中Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8的分布频率为31.25%、10.94%和65.63%。矮秆基因的降秆效应表现为Rht-B1b>Rht8、Rht9和Rht13。本研究得出Rht9+Rht13的株高构成指数为0.613，最接近于0.618，含有该基因组合的材料可以在株型育种中加以利用。     

小麦矮秆基因Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b的降秆效应及株高相关QTL挖掘

株高是决定小麦抗倒伏能力的重要农艺性状,为验证已克隆矮秆基因Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b的降秆效应、并发掘新的株高相关QTL位点,以济麦44×济麦229构建的285份重组自交系（RIL）群体为材料,于2020-2021年（济南）和2021-2022年（济南和济阳）在试验基地种植并调查每个家系的株高。利用已开发的Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b特异性分子标记检测群体内家系基因型,分析不同基因型间株高差异,利用小麦55K SNP芯片进行基因型检测并构建了高密度遗传连锁图谱,对株高进行QTL定位分析。结果表明,285份RIL家系中,82份材料含有Rht-B1b基因,78份材料含有Rht-D1b基因,29份材料同时含有Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b基因。根据基因检测结果,Rht-B1b可降低株高6.76~8.83 cm（8.10%~10.75%）,Rht-D1b可降低株高11.68~16.60 cm（14.68%~17.36%）,Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b基因同时存在可降低株高8.85~35.80 cm（11.05%~34.82%）。2 344个骨架标记用于构建遗传连锁图谱,图谱总长度3 349.95 cM,标记平均密度为1.43/cM。株高性状QTL分析共检测到6个QTL,分布于1A、1B、2B、4B和4D染色体上,单个QTL可以解释0.81%~32.32%的表型变异,检测到2个在3个环境及BLUE值下稳定存在的主效的QTL,为已克隆的Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b基因,分别可以解释10.40%~20.12%和22.25%~32.32%的表型变异。此外,Qph.saas-4D.1和Qph.saas-2B.2可在2个环境下被检测到,其中Qph.saas-4D.1与多个前人的研究得到的QTL位点相近,可能为同一QTL位点,Qph.saas-2B.2未发现与前人研究的结果重合,可能为株高新QTL位点,研究结果将为进一步矮秆基因的精细定位和矮化育种提供理论参考。     

黄淮麦区小麦品种矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8的检测及其对农艺性状的影响

为了解黄淮麦区小麦品种主要矮秆基因的分布和利用状况及其与主要农艺性状的关系,利用分子标记结合系谱分析对黄淮麦区20世纪及近年来新育成的129份小麦品种所含矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8进行检测,并结合田间株高、基部茎秆直径和壁厚、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重及不同播期条件下的株高差等农艺性状的调查结果,分析比较了不同矮秆基因对农艺性状的影响。结果表明,129份小麦品种中,含Rht-B1b基因的品种有37份,含Rht-D1b基因的品种有73份,含Rht8基因的品种有89份,不含这3个矮秆基因的品种有6份,所占比例分别为28.68%、56.59%、68.99%和4.65%。其中,同时含Rht-B1b和Rht-D1b的品种有1份,同时含Rht-B1b和Rht8的品种有29份,同时含Rht-D1b和Rht8的品种有44份,同时含Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8的品种有1份。不同矮秆基因及其组合的品种,在小穗数、基部茎秆直径及基部茎秆壁厚等性状上无显著差异,但仅含Rht8基因的品种的千粒重、基部茎秆直径及壁厚均大于其他基因型,并且能够显著增加穗粒数。不同矮秆基因的降秆作用强度依次为Rht-D1bRht-B1bRht8,并具有累加效应。在不同播期条件下,除不含矮秆基因材料外仅含Rht8的品种的株高稳定性最佳,仅含Rht-B1b的品种株高稳定性最差。仅含Rht-B1b的品种小穗数最高,但千粒重却最低,并显著低于不含这3个矮秆基因的品种。以上结果表明,虽然矮秆基因Rht8的降秆作用较弱,但其对农艺性状的有利贡献较多,且在不同播期环境条件下株高稳定性较好,因此在未来小麦育种中应注重矮秆基因Rht8的利用。     

滴灌模式下矮秆基因对小麦部分农艺性状的效应

为探明滴灌模式下矮秆基因对小麦农艺性状的影响,对不同麦区的271份小麦品种(系)所含的矮秆基因Rht-B1b、Rht-D1b和Rht8进行检测,并对其在滴灌栽培模式下的株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数和单株产量进行分析。结果表明,参试的271份小麦品种(系)中有177份含矮秆基因Rht-D1b,占65.31%;110份含Rht-B1b,占40.59%;58份含有Rht8,占21.40%;27份材料不含有所检测的3个矮秆基因。34.68%的品种(系)含有2个或3个矮秆基因。根据所含矮秆基因的类型可将271份材料分为8类。3个矮秆基因都能显著降低滴灌栽培模式下小麦的株高,其中Rht-B1b还显著降低了穗长、小穗数和单株产量,对穗粒数的影响不显著;Rht8对穗长、小穗数、穗粒数和单株产量均产生了负效应,但影响不显著;Rht-D1b对株高的影响最大,并对穗长、穗粒数和单株产量具有正效应,在育种中应加强利用。     

小麦面粉色泽相关基因在河南地方品种中的分布

面粉色泽是小麦品质的重要指标,与色泽相关的低多酚氧化酶和高脂肪氧化酶活性是小麦品质育种的重要目标之一。为了明确河南省小麦地方品种中上述两类酶的基因分布情况,利用4个多酚氧化酶（polyphenoloxidase,PPO）和2个脂肪氧化酶（lipoxygenase,LOX）基因的功能标记对308份河南地方小麦品种进行检测。结果表明,基因 PPO-A1a、 PPO-A1b在306个品种中具有明确检测结果,携带品种数量为132和174,频率为43.14%和56.86%;携带基因 PPO-D1a、 PPO-D1b、 TaLox-B1a、 TaLox-B1b的品种数量为282、26、21和287,其频率为 91.56%、91.56%、6.82%和93.18%。在306个品种中,携带低活性多酚氧化酶基因型组合（ PPO-A1b/ PPO-D1a）、较低活性多酚氧化酶基因型组合（ PPO-A1b/ PPO-D1b）、较高活性多酚氧化酶基因型组合（ PPO-A1a/ PPO-D1a）和高活性多酚氧化酶基因型组合（ PPO-A1a/ PPO-D1b）的品种数分别为166、114、10和16,其频率分别为54.25%、37.25%、3.27%和5.23%,具有 PPO-A1b/ PPO-D1a/ TaLox-B1a基因型的品种有11个,其频率为3.59%, PPO-A1a/ PPO-D1b/ TaLox-B1b基因型品种数为16个。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).