山西省不同生态区小麦白粉病菌毒性监测研究

对山西省不同生态区6 1个小麦白粉病菌株毒性基因频率测定结果表明,Pm2、Pm4a、Pm4b、Pm13、Pm2 0、PmXBD、Pm2 6、Pm4 8、Pm2 Mli、Pm4b Mli和Pm5 6为山西省小麦白粉病菌的有效抗病基因,可供转育利用;Pm6、Pm2 1、Pm2 Ta和Pm1 2 9有一定利用价值;而Pm1、Pm3a、Pm3d、Pm3f、Pm17和Pm19则利用价值较小;Pm3b、Pm3c、Pm3e、Pm5、Pm7和Pm8单独使用无利用价值。并对各毒性基因在不同生态区出现频率进行排序,筛选出不同生态区小麦白粉病菌共有的优势毒性基因     

我国小麦农家品种和近缘种对白粉病的苗期抗性

由布氏白粉菌小麦专化型引起的白粉病是最重要的小麦叶部病害之一。抗性资源和抗性基因的发掘对控制该病害起了重要作用。小种专化抗性基因的抗性水平较高, 成为当前小麦生产上使用最为广泛的白粉病抗性基因。然而,这类抗性基因的广泛使用会导致菌系结构的改变, 并产生新的毒性小种。因此, 从大量小麦种质资源中鉴定新的、有效的白粉病抗性基因是一个长期的目标。为鉴定有效的白粉病抗源, 通过苗期接种国内流行白粉菌生理小种E09, 来评价258 份国内小麦农家品种和42 份小麦近缘种的抗性。结果表明, 有5份农家品种和20 份小麦近缘种对E09 表现免疫、近免疫或高抗。这25 份抗源被用来进一步接种另外5 个不同的国内生理小种E03、E05、E18、E20 和E23, 以推知它们所携带的未知抗性基因。通过与28 个已知白粉病抗性基因的抗谱进行比较发现, 这25 份小麦种质的抗性基因不同于Pm1a、Pm2、Pm3a、Pm3b、Pm3c、Pm3d、Pm3e、Pm3f、Pm4a、Pm4b、Pm4c、Pm5a、Pm6、Pm7、Pm8、Pm9、Pm17、Pm19、Pm24、Pm28 和Pm33等21 个已知抗性基因, 但与Pm1c、Pm1e、Pm12、Pm13、Pm16、Pm20 和Pm21 等7 个已知抗性基因仍需要进一步的区分。鉴于这25 份抗源与上述7 个已知抗性基因载体的来源不尽相同, 因此, 这些抗源很可能携带有未知的抗白粉病新基因, 但还需用更多的白粉菌生理小种来鉴定。本研究旨在从小麦农家品种及其近缘种中发掘新的有效抗源, 从而为抗白粉病新基因的发掘和有效利用奠定基础。     

黑龙江春小麦脂肪氧化酶活性基因多态性分析

本研究利用新筛选和开发的脂肪氧化酶(Lipoxygenase,LOX)基因分子标记技术,对125份黑龙江省春小麦品种进行研究。结果显示,SSR标记Xwmc312在QLpx.caas-1AL位点上,扩增出Xwmc312-247,Xwmc312-235,Xwmc312-2273种等位基因,分布频率分别是59.06%,22.05%,18.11%。两对显性互补STS标记在Ta LOX-B1位点上,扩增出Ta Lox-B1a和Ta Lox-B1b等位基因,分布频率分别是11.02%、88.98%,以Ta Lox-B1b基因型为主。2个位点不同等位基因组合共有6种,Xwmc312-247/Ta LOX-B1b分布频率最高(51.18%),Xwmc312-235/Ta LOX-B1a分布频率最低(1.58%),其它4种组合型介于二者之间。这表明黑龙江省小麦品种中缺少LOX高活性组合型(Xwmc312-235/Ta LOX-B1a)。上述结果为当地培育高白度小麦新品种提供了分子遗传学信息。     

小麦新品系2-26中抗白粉病基因的遗传分析和RAPD标记

由小麦白粉病菌引起的白粉病是世界上很多小麦种植区的主要病害之一。本研究对稳定抗白粉病品系2-26中的抗病基因采用常规遗传方法进行了分析。结果表明,2-26中存在一对显性抗白粉病基因,暂命名为Pm2-26。运用RAPD方法对白粉病抗感亲本和抗感池进行DNA多态性分析,获得2个紧密连锁的RAPD标记（SBSC2和SBSI2...     

抗旱丰产春小麦新品种陇春43号选育报告

为甘肃省小麦生产提供抗旱、抗病、丰产、优质小麦新品种,以促进小麦更新换代,实现小麦稳产增产,以衡7728为母本、陇春27号为父本进行了有性杂交,通过异地生态选择、采用系谱法成功选育出了抗旱丰产春小麦新品种陇春43号。2018 — 2019年参加甘肃省旱地春小麦区域试验,平均折合产量3 074.70 kg/hm2,较对照品种西旱2号增产10.02％。2020年参加甘肃省旱地春小麦生产试验,平均折合产量3 582.61 kg/hm2,较对照品种西旱2号增产9.81%。该品种具有高产稳产,优质,株型紧凑,抗旱,抗倒伏,中抗条锈和白粉病等特点,适宜在甘肃省中部旱地春麦区以及类似生态地区种植。     

多抗小麦新品种扬辐麦5号的选育

为控制小麦黄花叶病及白粉病的危害,培育高产、多抗小麦新品种,以携带Pm4a抗白粉病基因高产小麦品种扬麦11为轮回亲本,以辐射诱变抗黄花叶病种质扬辐麦9311为供体亲本,通过回交转育方法,经辐射诱变和多年多点鉴定选择,育成高抗小麦黄花叶病、兼抗白粉病小麦新品种扬辐麦5号,2011年通过安徽省审定。该品种产量高,安徽省淮南麦区区域试验和生产试验较对照增产显著,小麦黄花叶病抗性达到高抗水平,抗白粉病,中抗纹枯病,品质指标达弱筋小麦标准,适合在长江中下游麦区种植。     

抗白粉病糯性小麦的多重PCR分子鉴定技术

为同时鉴定小麦糯性和白粉病抗性,本研究利用已知3对引物建立多重PCR体系,分别扩增WxA1、Wx-B1、Wx-D1和Pm21基因的分子标记,其目的片段大小分别为:230/265、854、204和1400 bp。经过对供试品种和部分F2分离群体的Wx蛋白进行SDS-PAGE电泳检测,其结果与多重PCR结果一致,证明该多重PCR体系准确可靠,可提高小麦糯性兼抗白粉病的选育效率。     

黑龙江春小麦春化和光周期基因等位变异对农艺性状的影响

春化和光周期基因决定了小麦对环境条件的适应能力,对小麦的生长发育具有重要的作用,为了明确黑龙江春小麦春化和光周期等位变异的分布,本研究对124份春小麦品种的春化和光周期基因进行了STS标记,结果表明黑龙江春小麦春化基因显性等位变异Vrn-A1,Vrn-B1和Vrn-D1的分布频率分别为93.55%,52.42%和55.65%,没有检测到显性等位变异Vrn-B3;光周期等位变异Ppd-D1a和PpdD1b的分布频率分别为39.52%和60.48%。为了研究春化和光周期等位变异对农艺性状的影响,将黑龙江省春小麦春化基因组合主要分为4种类型:Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1+Vrn-D1,Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1+VrnD1,Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1+vrn-D1和Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1+Vrn-D1。4种春化基因组合对小麦的株高和分蘖有显著影响,其中,携带Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1+Vrn-D1的小麦株高最低(94.98cm),而分蘖最多(6.01)。光周期基因对株高和各个生长发育时期有显著影响。光钝(携带Ppd-D1a)比光敏(携带Ppd-D1b)小麦的株高低8.88cm,三叶期,拔节期和抽穗期等提前1~2d。因此,本研究认为春化和光周期基因对小麦的株高,分蘖及生长发育时期有显著影响,携带Vrn-A1a+Vrn-B1+Vrn-D1+Ppd-D1a小麦的株高低,分蘖多,适应性广,可能是比较理想的春化和光周期基因组合形式。     

含抗白粉病新基因普通小麦-黑麦1R二体异附加系的遗传学鉴定

黑麦（Secale cereale）含有丰富的优良基因,在小麦遗传改良中具有重要利用价值。为了鉴定普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）与奥地利黑麦杂交后代选育的抗白粉病品系N9436-1的黑麦遗传物质,对其进行了细胞学、基因组原位杂交、Giemsa-C分带、SCAR（sequence characterized amplified region）标记以及酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)分析。结果表明,N9436-1形态学和细胞学稳定,2n=44=22Ⅱ,对白粉病免疫,携带奥地利黑麦的多小穗性状。以奥地利黑麦总基因组DNA为探针的原位杂交结果及Giemsa C-分带显示,N9436-1含有2条奥地利黑麦的1R染色体, SCAR标记鉴定及A-PAGE分析进一步证实N9436-1携带有黑麦遗传物质,表明N9436-1携带的抗白粉病基因不同于Pm8和Pm17,是新的抗白粉病基因,可作为白粉病抗源用于小麦抗病育种。     

春小麦新品种陇春36号选育报告

春小麦新品种陇春36号(原代号陇春13J6)为甘肃省农业科学院小麦研究所从自育春小麦品种陇春23号变异株—顶芒单穗经系统选育而成。2014 — 2015年参加甘肃省春小麦东片水地区域试验,2 a 10点(次)平均折合产量为5 640.75 kg/hm2,较对照品种陇春23号增产8.72%;2016年参加甘肃省春小麦东片水地生产试验,5试点平均折合产量为5 724.00 kg/hm2,较对照品种陇春23号增产4.78%。陇春36号属春性普通小麦,生育期108～115 d,平均株高为94.6 cm,平均穗粒数为31.4粒,平均千粒重为46.1 g,平均容重735.67 g/L。籽粒含粗蛋白163.2 g/kg、湿面筋355.0 g/kg,沉降值35 mL。抗条锈病、白粉病,抗旱性强,丰产、稳产性好,适应性广,品质优,抗倒性强。适宜在甘肃省中部的临夏、兰州、定西生态条件相似的地区和高寒阴湿区及沿黄灌区等地种植。     

大麦白粉病抗性的遗传分析与QTL定位

为探究大麦白粉病抗性遗传,定位其抗性QTL,本研究以抗病品种Gairdner和感病品种扬饲麦1号杂交F₁花药培养构建的DH群体及亲本为材料,对大麦白粉病抗性进行鉴定与遗传分析,并利用91对在亲本间多态性好的SSR标记构建了群体的遗传连锁图谱,采用Windows QTL IciMapping 4.0软件中的完备区间-加性模型对大麦白粉病抗性QTL进行定位。结果表明,DH群体各系间存在丰富的大麦白粉病抗性遗传变异。共检测到5个与大麦白粉病抗性相关的QTLs。其中3个时期均检测到qPM-2Ha位于Bmag0711-AWBMS56区间,可解释的表型变异为7.48%~12.50%;qPM-4Ha位于EBmac0906-HVM68区间,可解释的表型变异为23.07%~32.09%;2个时期均检测到qPM-2Hb位于Bmag0749-GBM1475区间,可解释的表型变异为6.22%~8.13%。qPM-2Ha、qPM-4Ha及qPM-2Hb白粉病抗性基因均来源于抗病亲本Gairdner, qPM-3Ha和qPM-4Hb白粉病抗性基因来源于感病亲本扬饲麦1号,qPM-2Hb和qPM-3Ha可能是2个新的大麦白粉病抗性QTLs位点。本研究结果为大麦白粉病抗性基因的发掘、精细定位、克隆及分子标记辅助选择育种奠定了基础。     

Powdery mildew resistance of Nordic spring wheat cultivars grown in Estonia

Abstract

A group of spring wheat cultivars originating from Sweden, Finland, Norway, Germany, and the Netherlands was analysed for powdery mildew resistance. Using functional molecular markers, two alleles of the major resistance gene Pm3 were detected among the cultivars under the study. One of the alleles, Pm3d, was detected in the resistant cultivars ‘Vinjett’, ‘SW Estrad’, and ‘Zebra’, and in ‘Tjalve’, a cultivar of earlier release susceptible to the local population of powdery mildew. The second allele of Pm3 detected in the analysed group of cultivars was the allele Pm3f, rarely used in Europe. It was identified in the resistant cultivars ‘Satu’, ‘Helle’, and in the moderatively resistant cultivar ‘Mahti’. Pm3f was found to be effective against the local population of powdery mildew in Estonia, while Pm3d provided no protective effect. Besides the Pm3d allele on chromosome 1A, monosomic analysis of the cultivar ‘Vinjett’,which is almost immune to powdery mildew, identified two additional loci on chromosomes 5D and 7D, respectively, presumably responsible for the high resistance in this cultivar. In contrast to the earlier cultivars, six recently released cultivars (‘Vinjett’, ‘SW Estrad’, ‘Zebra’, ‘Satu’, ‘Helle’, ‘Meri’) demonstrated a high resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis DC. f. sp. tritici both in the field and seedling tests, showing that the genetic basis of powdery mildew resistance in Nordic spring wheat has been improved noticeably in the last ten years.     

Identification of powdery mildew and leaf rust resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat varieties from the Caucasus, Central and Inner Asia

225 wheat varieties from Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia were analysed for their resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust diseases. A set of 11 different Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici isolates was used to test for powdery mildew resistance and a set of 10 different Puccinia triticina isolates for leaf rust. 115 cultivars/lines were susceptible to powdery mildew and 32 cultivars/lines showed an intermediate resistance response. 21 cultivars/lines revealed the response pattern of individual resistance genes Pm1, Pm2, Pm3, pm5, Pm6, Pm8, Pm9, Pm17 and Pm22, respectively, therefrom three line showed a combination of two resistance genes and two varieties a combination of three genes. 50 cultivars/lines showed resistance to some specific isolates but an assignment to known resistance genes or gene combinations was not possible, whereas seven lines were completely resistant to all used isolates. The leaf rust test showed that 83 cultivars/lines were susceptible and 11 lines revealed intermediate resistance response. 62 cultivars/lines could be assumed to possess major resistance genes Lr1, Lr3, Lr10, Lr23 and Lr26, respectively, therefrom seven cultivars possessed a combination of two resistance genes. Lr3 was the most widespread resistance gene, occurring in 42 cultivars/lines. 13 lines were completely resistant to all used isolates, however, the response patterns of 56 cultivars/lines did not match to any known gene or gene combination. In 13 varieties the T1BL·1RS wheat-rye translocation could be identified, in five cultivars resistance gene Pm8 was suppressed.     

野生二粒小麦导入普通小麦抗白粉病基因MlWE27的鉴定和分子标记

由白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritci)引起的小麦白粉病是严重影响小麦安全生产的主要病害之一.本研究将来自以色列的野生二粒小麦(Triticum dicoccoides)WE27的坏白粉病基因通过杂交和连续回交,导入普通小麦遗传背景中,育成高抗白粉病小麦新品系3D256(其系谱为燕大1817/WE27//农大015/3/941,F6).将3D256和高感小麦白粉病的普通小麦品系薛早配制杂交组合,对其F_1、F_2分离群体和F_3 家系进行白粉病抗性鉴定和遗传分析.结果表明,3D256携带抗白粉病显性单基因,暂命名为MlWE27.利用集群分离分析法(RSA)和分子标记分析,发现3个SSR标记(Xwmc243、Xwmc 154和Xbarc318)、1个EST-SSR标记(Xdp357)、1个AFLP转化的SCAR标记(XCAUG1)和1个RFLP探针转化的STS标记(XWG516-1)与抗白粉病基因MlWE27连锁,在连锁图上的顺序为Xdp357-Mlwe27-XCAUG1-XWG516-1-Xwmc243-Xwmc154-Xbarc318.利用中国春缺体-四体系、双端体系和缺失系将抗白粉病基因MlWE27定位于染色体2B短臂的末端Bin0.84-1.00上.这一普通小麦抗白粉病种质资源的创制及其连锁分子标记的建立为小麦抗病基因分子标记辅助选择、基因积聚和分子育种提供了新的物质基础.     

不同抗性小麦品种与蚕豆间作条件下的养分吸收与白粉病发生特征

不同作物品种的养分吸收存在一定差异,与其它作物间作也会对作物养分吸收以及作物病害产生影响。本文通过盆栽试验,选用6种对白粉病不同抗性的小麦品种(高抗:云麦47、云麦53;中抗:云麦42、云麦51;感病:云选11-12、93-124)与蚕豆间作,研究了间作和单作条件下小麦的氮、磷、钾养分吸收特点及小麦白粉病的发生特征。结果表明:高抗小麦品种间作生物量显著高于单作,云麦47、云麦53间作比单作生物量分别提高11.9%和6.6%;间作显著增加小麦叶片内的氮含量,以高抗品种云麦47、云麦53和感病品种云选11-12增加最为显著,平均氮含量为单作的1.20～1.25倍;间作有增加小麦灌浆和成熟期叶片磷含量的趋势,并显著增加拔节期小麦叶片内的钾含量,增幅为9.1%～22.3%;间作降低了各抗性小麦品种白粉病的发生程度,相对防效为0.76%～81.49%;灌浆期以云麦42、云麦53和93-124 3个品种的间作处理控病效果显著。     

Evaluation of European emmer wheat germplasm for agro-morphological,grain quality traits and molecular traits

A total of 38 emmer wheat accessions, collected in several European countries, have been evaluated using agro-morphological traits, grain quality characteristics and molecular markers. The agronomic traits evaluated were: vernalisation response, winter hardiness, date of heading and flowering, lodging, plant height at harvest and resistances against powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis), leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) and yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis). Evaluation of quality traits has been performed measuring the protein content, gluten quality and quantity. In addition, a baking test has been executed. The assessment of genetic variability has been carried out at the molecular level utilizing 6 SSR, 6 EST-SSR markers for genes with known function, and 6 ISSR primers for a total of 107 loci analyzed. Mean 1,000 kernel weight ranged from 31.6 to 39.0 g for winter emmer accessions and from 22.9 to 42.6 for spring emmer accessions. The protein content for both winter and spring emmer was considerably affected by environment and genotype. Nearly, all the spring emmer accessions showed resistance to powdery mildew. Measurement of wet gluten content revealed high values, ranging from 37.0 to 56.6 %. The molecular analysis showed a great value of genetic distance between accessions; the expected heterozygosity and the variance between accessions indicate an equal distribution of the alleles (i.e. alleles frequency almost equal) and the presence of great variability in the analyzed material. Finally, no defined clusters were obtained considering winter versus spring accessions as well as the molecular markers did not discriminate the accessions respect their origin.     

Identification of new sources for resistance to powdery mildew in H. spontaneum-derived winter barley lines

Twenty four barley lines derived from the F ₇generation of crosses between two winter barley cultivars and different accessions of Hordeum spontaneum Koch collected in Israel were tested against a set of ten European and five Israeli powdery mildew cultures, possessing virulence genes which completely match the spectrum of known mildew resistance genes. The comparison of reaction patterns justified the conclusion that new genes for resistance have been conferred from H. spontaneum which also differ from genes previously identified in other wild barley accessions from Israel. Participation in the expression of the resistance reaction of one of the two barley cultivars used in the development of the lines is well documented in some cases. The majority of the lines was found to be highly resistant against all or almost all European isolates, while various kinds of reactions were observed against the Israeli cultures. The effective transfer of novel mildew resistance from H. spontaneum into winter barley confirms similar results with spring barley, indicating natural wild barley populations in Israel as a significant gene pool for yet unexploited mildew resistance in barley.