萌芽对大豆中营养及抗营养因子的影响研究

大豆是营养极其丰富的植物性食品,在其萌芽过程中,维生素C、GABA、大豆异黄酮等营养物质的含量增长,脂肪酸氧化酶、植酸、植物凝集素等抗营养因子含量下降,因此萌芽可作为改善大豆营养组份、提高大豆及其制品营养价值的重要手段。本文综述了大豆萌芽过程中重要营养因子、抗营养因子及生物活性物质的变化规律,并对大豆萌芽的应用及意义进行了展望,以期明确大豆萌芽过程中物质变化规律,为今后科学研究及应用奠定基础。     

大豆发芽过程中过敏原蛋白和脲酶活性的变化

为探究大豆发芽过程中大豆致敏原和抗营养因子脲酶活性的变化,本试验将大豆在20℃条件下发芽7 d,每天取样,利用免疫印迹法和间接竞争酶联免疫法分析大豆发芽过程中过敏原蛋白的致敏性和抗原性变化,并测定大豆发芽过程中脲酶活性变化.结果表明,随着发芽时间的延长,豆芽中可溶性蛋白含量(干基)持续增加,在发芽第4天时达到最高,随后...     

4种中国大豆萌芽过程活性物质及抗氧化能力变化规律

为探究大豆萌芽过程中生物活性物质及抗氧化能力变化规律,以黑河43、黔豆7号、徐豆14和中黄13大豆为研究对象,对其萌芽过程中总多酚、总黄酮、大豆异黄酮和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量进行动态监测,同时评价其抗氧化能力。结果表明,大豆经萌芽处理后,GABA大量积累,4种大豆GABA含量峰值分别为萌芽前的30、37、6.8和6.5倍,黔豆7号对GABA的富集最显著;总多酚、总黄酮及异黄酮的含量均有所上升,抗氧化能力有所增强,其中,黔豆7号总黄酮和异黄酮含量最高,说明其抗氧化能力也最强。相关性分析表明,4种大豆抗氧化能力与总多酚、总黄酮、大豆异黄酮含量显著相关。综上,萌芽是提高大豆功能性组分及抗氧化能力的有效手段;黔豆7号是富集生物活性物质的最佳品种,可用于功能性产品的开发。本研究为萌芽大豆的开发利用提供了科学依据,为后续的进一步研究奠定了理论基础。     

不同采收时期蜂王浆抗氧化活性研究

为研究不同采收时间对蜂王浆品质的影响,以4-9月份采收的蜂王浆为研究对象,通过比较不同采收时间蜂王浆中蜂王浆主蛋白(MRJPs)、总水溶性蛋白和多酚的含量,分析了MRJPs与自由基清除能力和总抗氧化能力的相关性。结果表明,不同采收期蜂王浆中MRJPs含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),且6月份采收的MRJPs含量最低。水溶性蛋白及总酚含量差异不大(P>0.05)。蜂王浆自由基清除能力与MRJP1和 MRJP3含量的相关系数达0.828和0.847;总抗氧化能力与MRJP1和 MRJP3含量的相关系数分别为0.680和0.743。蜂王浆的抗氧化活性与其MRJPs存在一定程度的正相关,但与多酚含量相关性不明显,说明其自由基清除能力与总抗氧化活性可能是多种抗氧化性活性物质共同作用的结果。本研究为蜂王浆的抗氧化活性研究提供了参考。     

超微粉碎对青稞麸皮粉多酚组成及抗氧化活性的影响

为评价超微粉碎对青稞麸皮多酚、体外抗氧化活性和淀粉消化酶抑制活性的影响。该研究制备了3种粒径分别为335.94、72.52、22.69μm的青稞麸皮粉体,对3种粉体的多酚、黄酮含量及其组成、体外抗氧化活性与淀粉消化酶活性抑制率进行测定。结果表明:与粗粉相比,2种微粉的多酚(游离酚、结合酚)、黄酮和总酚含量均显著高于粗粉(P0.05)且粒径越小,含量越高;青稞麸皮粉共检出19种酚酸,其中游离酚以阿魏酸和藜芦酸为主,结合酚以阿魏酸和苯甲酸为主;随着粒径的减小,粉体多酚提取物的抗氧化活性(DPPH·自由基清除能力、FRAP还原能力、ABTS~+·自由基清除能力)及对α-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶抑制率均显著增强(P0.05);粉体多酚组成及含量与体外抗氧化活性及淀粉消化酶活性抑制率存在一定的相关性。相关分析结果表明:青稞麸皮游离酚提取物中2,4-二羟基苯甲酸、藜芦酸是清除DPPH·自由基、抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的主要贡献物质,阿魏酸是抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶及α-淀粉酶活性的主要物质;结合酚提取物中2,4-二羟基苯甲酸是抑制α-淀粉酶活性的主要物质。该结果显示超微粉碎一定程度上可提高青稞麸皮中多酚含量、体外抗氧化活性及淀粉消化酶抑制率,可作为青稞麸皮食品的一种有效前处理加工手段。     

镁对大豆叶片细胞膜透性和保护酶活性的影响

采用溶液培养方法研究不同的镁水平对两个大豆品种在五叶期和盛花期叶片细胞膜透性和保护酶活性的变化。结果表明,在缺镁胁迫下,大豆叶片的质膜透性(MP)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,产生的活性氧物质诱导超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降;而施镁则能明显降低大豆叶片MP和MDA含量,提高CAT活性,有利于大豆抗膜脂过氧化胁迫。在施镁1～10.mg/L浓度下,大豆叶片的质膜透性和MDA以及SOD和POD活性均达最低值,而CAT活性则达最高值。说明在低镁胁迫下,大豆叶片的CAT活性受到抑制,而适量施镁则大大增强了CAT活性,有利于大豆体内活性氧的清除和抗逆境胁迫能力的提高。各处理下,大豆盛花期SOD和CAT活性明显降低,说明随着时间的延长,大豆叶片细胞内产生过多的活性氧超出了酶的防御能力,造成了酶活性伤害,而POD活性则变化不大;说明POD对活性氧具有较强的耐受性,是盛花期时起主要清除活性氧的作用的保护酶。本试验表明,大豆体内保护系统所存在的酶类在抵御逆境胁迫中相互协调,协同抗氧化。     

刺梨及其近缘种质叶片主要活性物质含量及抗氧化性分析

为明确刺梨及其2个近缘种质无籽刺梨和无刺刺梨叶片中活性物质含量变化及其对抗氧化能力的贡献,本研究以刺梨、无籽刺梨和无刺刺梨为试验材料,测定其不同叶龄叶片(幼叶、成熟叶和老叶)中维生素C(Vc)、总三萜、总酚、总黄酮含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化,并用铁离子还原(FRAP)、2,2'-联氨-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)和1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)3种体系分析其体外抗氧化能力,同时对5种抗氧化活性物质进行主成分分析。结果表明,3个材料的不同叶龄叶片中,总酚、总黄酮、Vc含量和SOD活性变化以及3种抗氧化活性均依次表现为成熟叶>幼叶>老叶,而总三萜含量均在老叶中为最高;3个试验材料成熟叶中,无刺刺梨的总酚含量及其对ABTS自由基的清除能力、刺梨的Vc含量及其对DPPH自由基的清除能力,以及无籽刺梨的SOD活性及其对FRAP抗氧化能力均高于其他2个材料,刺梨老叶中的总三萜含量显著高于其他2个材料。相关性分析表明,总酚、总黄酮、Vc与3种抗氧化方法测定结果呈显著正相关;主成分分析表明,成熟叶中具有抗氧化能力的5种活性物质对抗氧化能力贡献依次表现为总酚、Vc>总三萜、SOD>总黄酮,且3种主成分的累计贡献率达90%以上。本研究结果为了解和开发利用上述3个蔷薇属种质叶片功能成分提供了理论依据。     

茶叶中多酚类物质抗氧化活性的量子化学计算研究

抗氧化剂活性的评价是医药、保健、食品和化妆品等领域研究的热点课题。本文以茶叶中的多酚类物质为研究对象,采用AM1法对多酚类物质的抗氧化活性进行了量子化学计算。结果表明,通过比较生成热(HOF)值可以直接表征多酚类物质的抗氧化活性,即HOF值越低,多酚类的抗氧化活性越强。同时,本文对多酚类物质的抗氧化机理提出了新的观点:在多酚类物质的抗氧化过程中,酚羟基、氢原子和醇羟基都发挥了抗氧化作用。     

蚕豆发芽过程中蛋白质和抗氧化能力的变化

为更好地开发利用蚕豆资源,研究蚕豆发芽过程中蛋白质及蛋白抗氧化能力的变化规律,采用凯氏定氮法测定发芽蚕豆的蛋白质含量,采用氨基酸分析仪测定氨基酸组分含量,运用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)技术观察发芽蚕豆蛋白组成的变化,通过测定发芽蚕豆蛋白的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基和2,2'-联氮双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)自由基的清除能力分析其抗氧化能力。结果表明,蚕豆发芽过程中蛋白和氨基酸含量升高,促进部分蚕豆蛋白由大分子量转化分解成小分子量,提高了蚕豆蛋白的抗氧化能力,在蚕豆发芽第9天时蛋白质含量达到34.1 g·100g^-1、氨基酸含量为29.16 g·100g^-1,均达到最大值,蚕豆蛋白的自由基清除能力达到最强。综上,蚕豆的发芽过程可以增加蚕豆的营养物质成分含量,增强蚕豆的抗氧化能力。本研究结果为蚕豆蛋白、蚕豆芽等功能食品的开发利用提供了参考依据。     

茶花粉酶法破壁工艺提高提取物抗氧化活性及多酚含量

为了建立蜂花粉抗氧化活性物质的提取工艺并探索其抗氧化活性与多酚含量的关系,该文研究了破壁用酶、提取溶剂、超声波处理对茶花粉提取液多酚含量及其抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,茶花粉经纤维素酶破壁后其上清液具有较高的还原力和DPPH自由基清除能力;与温水和酸处理相比,纤维素酶破壁沉淀物经乙醇提取后,溶液多酚含量较高、抗氧化活性较强;茶花粉不同提取方式多酚含量与2种抗氧化活性指标具有一定的相关性（r=0.8685及r=0.7600）（p＞0.05）;与乙醇提取和水提取相比,纤维素酶破壁处理结合乙醇提取将茶花粉的多酚含量、还原力及DPPH自由基清除能力分别提高1.82倍、2.17倍、1.4倍和1.56倍、1.38倍、11倍,且二者对混合物还原力、DPPH自由基清除能力及多酚含量的贡献比例分别为1.6：1、3：1、1.08：1。该研究结果可为花粉资源的开发利用提供参考。     

Bioactive compounds in legumes and their germinated products

Nineteen domestic legume varieties, including 6 soybeans, 7 black soybeans, 4 azuki beans, and 2 mung beans, were evaluated for contents of dietary fiber, total phenolics, and flavonoids. Nine varieties of legumes (black soybean TN6, TN3, BM, and WY; soybean KS1, KS2, and KS8; azuki bean AKS5 and AKS6) were good sources of bioactive compounds and were selected for germination tests. After short- and long-term germinations, the bioactive compounds were determined and compared with compositions of isoflavones in soybeans. The reducing power of legumes correlated well with their total flavonoid contents (r (2) = 0.9414), whereas less correlation was found between reducing power and total phenolics contents (r (2) = 0.6885). The dark-coat seeds, such as azuki beans and black soybeans, contained high amounts of phenolic compounds and contributed to high antioxidative ability, whereas their phenolics content and antioxidative abilities significantly decreased after short-term germination due to losses of pigments in the seed coats. After long-term germination, the contents of bioactive compounds (total phenolics and flavonoids) increased again and the ratio of aglycones to total isoflavones significantly increased in black soybeans. TN3 and TN6 seeds and their long-term germinated seeds and AKS5 seeds were identified as the legume samples that might have the highest antioxidant ability according to the results of chemometric analysis. Selection of the right legume varieties combined with a suitable germination process could provide good sources of bioactive compounds from legumes and their germinated products for neutraceutical applications.     

Germination Dramatically Increases Isoflavonoid Content and Diversity in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Seeds

The effect of germination on bioactive components in legume seeds was investigated in terms of the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic contents. Germination increased the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of most seeds. Particularly in chickpea seeds, the isoflavone contents increased by over 100 fold, mainly due to the increase of formononetin and biochanin A level. As a result, these two compounds were conveniently isolated from the germinated seeds in preparative scale and structurally confirmed by UV-vis, ESI-MS, and (1)H NMR spectroscopies. Isoflavonoid fingerprints analyzed by HPLC-PDA and LC-ESI-MS demonstrated that germination could significantly increase isoflavonoids diversity. Twenty-five isoflavonoids were detected and identified tentatively. These include 20 isoflavones, 2 isoflavanones, and 3 pterocarpan phytoalexins. Total isoflavonoid content of germinated chickpea was approximately 5-fold of that of germinated soybean. Our findings suggest that the germinated chickpea seeds could serve as a promising functional food rich in isoflavonoids.     

大豆低植酸突变体籽粒的抗氧化性分析

植酸具有较强的抗氧化能力,对作物籽粒的耐储性和活力均具有重要作用,但其作用机制尚不明确。为揭示大豆低植酸突变体和野生型亲本中抗氧化代谢产物的差异,本研究以低植酸突变体Gm-lpa-ZC-2、Gm-lpa-TW-1、Gm-lpa-TW-1-M,以及野生型亲本浙春3号、台湾75为材料,分析大豆籽粒发育过程中植酸含量对抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,大豆籽粒发育过程中的总抗氧化能力受过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活力的影响较大,而非酶类氧化剂谷胱甘肽对总抗氧化能力影响较小。随着籽粒的成熟,脂质氧化物、丙二醛与蛋白羰基化产物的含量逐渐增加。低植酸突变体Gm-lpa-ZC-2、Gm-lpa-TW-1-M和亲本浙春3号、台湾75的总抗氧化能力较强,且籽粒活力也较高;而低植酸突变体Gm-lpa-TW-1的总抗氧化能力最弱,且籽粒活力也最弱,说明大豆籽粒抗氧化水平与籽粒活力呈正相关,但与植酸含量无相关关系。由此推测植酸并非影响大豆籽粒抗氧化能力和活力的直接因素。本研究结果为进一步探索低植酸作物的籽粒活力下降机制,培育高籽粒活力低植酸大豆品种提供了参考。     

Variation in Polyphenols,Tocols, γ‐Aminobutyric Acid,and Antioxidant Properties in Whole Grain Rice (Oryza sativa L.) as Affected by Different Germination Time

Dynamic alterations in the polyphenols, tocols, antioxidant activities (AOA), and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) contents of white, red, and black germinated rice upon different germination periods were studied. The results indicated that the contents of the free, bound, and total phenolics and AOA steadily increased during germination, even though the free part of colored germinated brown rice (GBR) showed a notable decline at the earlier stages, but still higher than the white rice. The compositions of the nine phenolic acids and six tocols generally accumulated in a time‐ and variety‐dependent manner during the germination process. However, the contents of p‐coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids displayed a pronounced increase with the duration of germination in all cultivars. The GABA in white, red, and black GBR accumulated to the highest content at the end of germination, which was 4.7, 14.2, and 6.7‐fold of their respective nongerminated counterparts. Interestingly, the total anthocyanin content in black GBR displayed a constant drop at earlier stages and then a rise at the later stages. These results suggest that prolonged germination may further increase the functional properties of GBR.     

Effect of Aspergillus oryzae-challenged germination on soybean isoflavone content and antioxidant activity

Application of microbial stress to soybean during germination induces the accumulation of phytoalexins, which have many health benefits. In this study, the effects of stress induced by Aspergillus oryzae on the phytochemical composition of germinating soybeans were investigated, and their radical scavenging activity was compared with those of ungerminated (US) and germinated (GS) soybeans. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of coumestrol, a soybean phytoalexin, against hydrogen peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) was investigated in HepG2 cells. A. oryzae exposure significantly decreased the total isoflavone content and induced coumestrol and glyceollin I. A. oryzae-challenged germinated soybeans exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity (IC(50) = 0.55 mg/mL) as compared to US and GS. Coumestrol exhibited significantly higher radical scavenging activity than daidzein and genistein. Furthermore, coumestrol significantly prevented hydrogen peroxide-induced ROS production and lipid peroxidation and inhibited decreases in cell viability, intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. These results indicate that using food-grade A. oryzae to elicit the biosynthesis of phytoalexins alters the secondary metabolite profiles of the soybeans and offers enhanced bioactivity of soybean as a functional food ingredient.     

Evolution of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity during malting

Two barley varieties, Gan4 and Hamelin, were malted to investigate the evolution of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity during malting. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity, reducing power, and metal chelating activity. Results showed that malting had significant influences on individual and total phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activities of two barley varieties. The contents of some phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activities decreased significantly during steeping and the early stages of germination and then increased remarkably during the later stages of germination and subsequent kilning. The most phenolic compounds identified in barley were (+)-catechin and ferulic acid, which both changed significantly during malting. Moreover, results from the Pearson correlation analysis showed that there were good correlations among DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity, reducing power, total phenolic content and sum of individual phenolic contents during malting.     

Antioxidant activity associated with lipid and phenolic mobilization during seed germination of Pangium edule Reinw.

Seeds of the tropical tree Pangium edule Reinw. are widely eaten in Southeast Asia after some treatment or processing. Fermented seeds are a specialty in Indonesia and have been used as spices. Because the tree is wild and has not been cultivated commercially, the physiology of germinated seeds of this tree for food uses is not known. This study reports some biochemical changes during seed germination associated with antioxidant activity and the mobilization of lipids and phenolics. Lipid content decreased, whereas the dominant fatty acids did not change significantly. The dominant fatty acids were oleic acid (C(18:1(n-9))) and linoleic acid (C(18:2(n-6))). During germination, oleic acid decreased while linoleic acid increased proportionally. The hypocotyl synthesized chlorophyll and the tocol composition also changed substantially. The antioxidant activity of phenolic extract increased in proportion to the total phenolics. Guaiacol peroxidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, selected enzymes association with phenolic metabolism, showed that the increased activities coincided with increased total phenolics and free proline.     

Germinated Brown Rice Enhances Antioxidant Activities and Immune Functions in Aged Mice

The present work was designed to obtain information on the effect of germinated brown rice (GBR) that has undergone different germination times (zero, one, two, three, and four days) on antioxidant activities and immune functions in aged mice. White rice (WR) was also investigated as a comparison. Chemical analysis of rice samples showed that the amounts of most nutritional and bioactive components increased significantly after two days of germination and were much higher in GBR and brown rice (BR) than in WR. Animal feeding experiments showed that dietary GBR and BR performed much better than WR in enhancing antioxidant activities and improving immune function in aged mice, and dietary GBR from three to four days of germination overall exhibited a better effect than GBR from zero to two days of germination.