北五味子木脂素超声提取工艺

以蒸除挥发油的北五味子果实为原料,采用超声提取的方法从五味子中提取五味子醇甲、酯甲、甲素和乙素等木脂素类有效成分,考察了超声提取时间、乙醇体积分数、料液比和超声功率等因素对提取工艺的影响,并通过响应面法进行工艺优化,得到了提取过程优化的工艺条件:乙醇体积分数81.21%、料液比1∶7.95、提取次数为3次、超声时间29.87min、超声功率222.5W。最佳条件下的验证试验表明:五味子木脂素成分总得率可达到1.536%,浸膏得率可达到14.28%。拟合得到的模型较好地符合实际。     

热榨和冷榨核桃饼粕中蛋白质提取及其性质研究

为优化核桃脱脂饼粕中蛋白质的提取工艺,并合理利用热榨和冷榨脱脂方式所得核桃饼粕的蛋白质,通过单因素试验和正交试验对冷榨脱脂核桃饼粕中蛋白质的提取工艺进行了优化,并对两种脱脂饼粕蛋白质的加工特性进行了比较研究。结果表明冷榨脱脂核桃饼蛋白质的最佳提取条件为:料液比1:8,pH值9.0,提取温度60℃,提取时间60min。在此条件下蛋白质的提取率为78.13%。蛋白加工和功能特性显示,在不同pH值条件下,冷榨核桃蛋白的溶解性和乳化活性指数均高于热榨饼粕,但冷榨核桃蛋白的乳化稳定指数低于热榨的;二者的吸水性和吸油性分别为(5.60±0.30)、(4.27±0.16)、(5.70±0.28)和(6.59±0.21)g/g。表明冷榨核桃饼粕分离蛋白质的吸水、吸油性均优于热榨核桃分离蛋白,具有更好的加工特性。另外,二者均具有较好的体外消化特性,但差异不显著(p>0.05)。     

芝麻叶中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺研究

该文测定了芝麻叶中总黄酮的含量，并对芝麻叶黄酮的提取工艺进行了研究。重点探讨了采用乙醇提取法和微波处理与乙醇提取相结合的方法提取芝麻叶黄酮类化合物的最佳工艺条件。试验结果表明：芝麻叶中总黄酮的含量为0.98%；乙醇提取法的最适工艺参数是浸提剂乙醇浓度为80%、浸提温度为80℃、料液比为1∶25、浸提时间为2.5 h，如此条件可使黄酮提取率达95.6%；微波处理与乙醇提取相结合的方法的最适工艺参数是微波功率200 W、微波处理时间70s，乙醇浓度为80%、浸提温度为80℃、料液比为1∶25、浸提时间为30 min，这种工艺可使黄酮提取率达95.8%。     

响应面优化花生叶可溶性蛋白提取工艺及抗氧化活性分析

为确定花生叶可溶性蛋白提取最佳工艺,本试验以花生叶为材料,利用碱溶酸沉法提取花生叶可溶性蛋白,分析浸提pH值、料液比及提取时间对蛋白提取率的影响;在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法(RSM)优化花生叶可溶性蛋白提取条件,并对所得蛋白进行抗氧化活性分析。结果表明,各影响因素主次顺序为浸提pH值>提取时间>料液比,最佳提取条件为料液比1∶20(w/v)、提取时间40 min、浸提pH值 9.0,以此条件建立的响应面试验回归模型拟合性好(R²=0.992 7),花生叶可溶性蛋白理论提取率为52.8%,实际提取率为54.2%,纯度为63.8%。花生叶可溶性蛋白具有较强的DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力,以及较好的还原能力。本研究结果为花生叶的开发利用及花生产业链的延长提供了一定的数据支持。     

玉米皮多酚提取工艺优化及抗氧化性研究

为探究超声辅助酶解法提取玉米皮多酚的最优工艺,并探讨其体外抗氧化活性,以玉米皮多酚提取量为响应值,分别考察超声时间、提取温度、料液比和酶添加量4个因素对提取效果的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,采用中心组合响应面分析法对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,最佳提取条件为:超声时间6.5 min、酶解温度55℃、液料比41 mL·g^-1、木聚糖酶添加量2.10%,此条件下,玉米皮多酚提取量最高,为7.26 ± 0.15 mg·g^-1,与响应面预测值7.17 mg·g^-1相近。DPPH·和ABTS⁺·清除法抗氧化试验结果表明,玉米皮多酚具有较强的抗氧化能力,可作为潜在天然抗氧化剂应用于食品行业。本研究结果为玉米加工副产物玉米皮综合应用提供了理论依据。     

红松种子壳多酚物质的提取及抗氧化特性

该文选取超声波辅助提取法,采用单因素试验及响应面设计,研究了超声波提取时间、温度、乙醇浓度及料液比对红松种子壳中多酚类化合物提取的影响。并利用Fenton体系、1,1-二苯基-2-苦苯肼(DPPH·)体系及邻苯三酚体系测定其提取成分的抗氧化活性。结果表明,松壳中多酚成分提取的最佳工艺条件为:超声提取时间2.80h、料液比1∶26.36(g/mL)、乙醇浓度42.86%、提取温度80℃,多酚得率7.96mg/g。在此优化条件下,红松种子壳提取物对羟自由基(甲基紫法)、DPPH·自由基及超氧阴离子均具有较强清除作用,半数抑制浓度分别为6.67×10-4、2.34×10-2、3.97mg/mL。     

超声波辅助提取木薯皮活性物质工艺

木薯皮乙醇提取物同时具有抗乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和抗丁酰胆碱酯酶（BuChE）的活性,为了能充分提取和利用其抗胆碱酯酶活性物质,研究了超声波提取木薯皮活性物质的工艺。通过单因素试验和Box-Behnken Design法设计的响应面优化试验确定了超声波辅助乙醇提取木薯皮中抗胆碱酯酶活性物质的最优工艺条件,并比较了超声波提取与传统溶剂浸提的提取效果。试验结果表明：超声波辅助乙醇提取木薯皮中抗胆碱酯酶活性物质的最优工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数为95%,超声波功率550W,提取时间90min,提取温度60℃,液料比12mL/g,在此工艺条件下,木薯皮活性物质的平均得率为8.97%,质量浓度为0.5mg/mL时的AChE抑制率为54.62%,BuChE抑制率为45.7%;影响木薯皮活性物质得率的4个主要因素的显著程度排列顺序为：超声波提取功率＞提取温度＞提取时间＞液料比;与传统溶剂浸提法相比,超声波提取法具有提取速度快,得率高,提取物活性好,溶剂用量少等明显优势。     

苦瓜活性成分提取工艺研究

通过单因素实验(提取温度、提取时间、料液比和乙醇浓度)和正交试验探索苦瓜皂甙提取的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,苦瓜皂甙提取的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度70℃,提取时间3 h,料液比1∶20,乙醇浓度90%,在此条件下提取的苦瓜活性成分-皂甙粗提物含量最高。     

秀丽槭叶总黄酮的提取及其抗氧化能力研究

为开发和利用秀丽槭叶中的黄酮资源,利用响应面分析法优化乙醇-超声法提取秀丽槭叶中总黄酮的工艺,并分析总黄酮清除DPPH自由基能力和总抗氧化能力。结果表明,在超声功率200 W条件下,秀丽槭叶总黄酮适宜的提取工艺条件为:提取温度55℃、乙醇浓度70%、液料比50∶1(v/w)、提取时间48 min,该条件下提取到的秀丽槭叶总黄酮含量为58.664 mg·g-1,秀丽槭叶总黄酮清除DPPH自由基的EC50为0.528 mg·L~(-1),清除率可达95.56%;秀丽槭叶总黄酮在相同条件下较L-抗坏血酸具有更强的总抗氧化力。本研究结果为今后秀丽槭叶黄酮资源的开发利用提供了一定的科学依据。     

苹果渣多酚提取工艺的优化

为优化苹果渣中多酚提取工艺,并得到提取工艺和多酚组成之间的关系,利用微波辅助提取法设计了由物料颗粒、液料比、乙醇浓度、微波功率和微波提取时间5个因素构成的多酚提取优化试验流程,构建了涵盖黄酮、原花青素2种典型多酚物质和抗氧化能力的提取工艺评价指标体系。采用证据理论对不同工艺在评价指标下的焦元进行识别,并基于信度函数和似真函数得到了不同提取工艺的效用区间和优化方案。优化结果为：物料颗粒60目,液料比30?mL/g,乙醇体积分数60%,微波功率600?W,提取时间70?s,此条件下苹果渣多酚的提取量为213.83?mg/100g,黄酮提取量为83.21?mg/100g,原花青素提取量为52.79?mg/100g,抗氧化的EC50值为3.71?mg/100mL,验证了采用证据理论进行苹果渣多酚提取工艺优化的有效性。     

不同压榨工艺对芝麻油和芝麻饼品质的影响

为比较芝麻不同压榨工艺对芝麻油和芝麻饼品质的影响,分别以整籽带皮白芝麻和整籽脱皮白芝麻为原料,采用液压榨油机进行冷榨,对所得芝麻油和芝麻饼进行品质分析,并与热榨芝麻油、芝麻饼以及芝麻油国家标准进行对比.结果表明:冷榨芝麻油的色泽、酸价、过氧化值等质量指标都明显优于热榨芝麻油和芝麻香油国家标准;脱皮冷榨芝麻油较整籽冷榨芝...     

冷榨工艺对芝麻油和芝麻饼品质的影响

为比较芝麻不同压榨工艺对芝麻油和芝麻饼品质的影响,分别以带皮和脱皮白芝麻为原料,采用液压榨油机进行冷榨,对所得芝麻油和芝麻饼进行品质分析,并与热榨芝麻油、芝麻饼以及芝麻油国家标准进行对比。结果表明：冷榨芝麻油的色泽、酸价、过氧化值等质量指标都明显优于热榨芝麻油和芝麻香油国家标准;脱皮冷榨芝麻油较整籽冷榨芝麻油的酸价降低,但过氧化值有所升高;冷榨芝麻油较热榨芝麻油的VE含量、芝麻酚含量明显降低,芝麻素含量有所升高,氧化诱导时间明显缩短;脱皮冷榨芝麻油较整籽冷榨芝麻油的生育酚含量降低,芝麻素和芝麻酚含量有所升高,氧化诱导时间稍有延长。脱皮冷榨芝麻饼粗脂肪含量16.63%、粗蛋白含量54.09%、蛋白质溶解度NSI为23.50%。芝麻冷榨不仅可以得到色浅清亮的清香芝麻油,还可以得到蛋白质含量高且功能性好的食用芝麻蛋白。     

不同饼肥配比对烟田土壤生物学特性及氮素转化的影响

施用芝麻饼肥是河南烟叶提质增效的一大特色,纯芝麻饼肥因量少价高在生产上的使用受到限制,而菜籽饼肥资源丰富且价格低廉,本研究拟通过比较不同菜籽和芝麻饼肥配比对土壤微生物区系、微生物生物量、酶活性及氮素转化的影响,明确能培肥烟田土壤及提升烟叶质量的合理饼肥配比,实现菜籽和芝麻饼肥资源的优化配置。结果表明:较其他处理,芝麻饼肥配比高的T5(化肥+30%菜籽饼肥+70%芝麻饼肥)和T6(化肥+100%芝麻饼肥)处理在烤烟团棵期、旺长期和现蕾期土壤有较好的微生物增殖,但菜籽饼肥配比高的T2(化肥+100%菜籽饼肥)和T3(化肥+70%菜籽饼肥+30%芝麻饼肥)处理在烤烟成熟期土壤微生物数量多于其他处理。各处理微生物生物量碳均在烤烟现蕾期出现峰值,微生物生物量氮和磷在团棵期有峰值。除过氧化氢酶外,脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶及蔗糖酶活性在烤烟旺长期有峰值且T5和T6处理高于其他处理。腐熟芝麻饼配比高的T5和T6处理更符合优质烤烟生产的氮素营养特性,且两者间无显著差异。菜籽饼肥配比高的T2和T3处理氮素矿化速度慢,不利于烟叶后期的品质建成。因此,推荐以30%菜籽饼肥+70%芝麻饼肥来替代100%芝麻饼肥处理,这样既可节约成本,又能有效改善烟田土壤生物学特性,平衡烤烟氮素营养,提升烟叶品质。     

蛋黄油的提取及其氧化产物挥发性成分分析

为提高淘汰蛋鸡副产物——卵泡的利用率,本研究以鸡卵泡为试验原料,经提取卵磷脂、脱去胆固醇后,将其卵泡残渣以溶剂萃取法提取出蛋黄油,通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了提取温度、提取时间、料液比和乙醇浓度对蛋黄油提取的影响。之后将提取的蛋黄油进行氧化调控,采用气相离子迁移色谱(GC-IMS)进行测定与分析。正交试验结果表明,鸡卵泡中蛋黄油提取的最佳工艺条件:提取温度80℃,提取时间55 min,料液比1∶10,乙醇浓度95%。氧化蛋黄油中含有多种挥发性物质,包括4种醇类、3种醛类、2种酯类、2种酮类、1种呋喃,其中3-甲基丁醛是氧化蛋黄油的特征风味物质。本研究结果为开发利用蛋鸡副产物,提高产品附加值提供了新思路。     

Identification of methanol-soluble compounds in sesame and evaluation of antioxidant potential of its lignans

The methanol extract of sesame (Sesamum indicum) seeds was fractionated and purified with the assistance of conventional column chromatography to afford 29 compounds including seven furofuran lignans. Among these isolates, (+)-samin (1) was obtained from the natural source for the first time. In addition, (-)-asarinin (30) and sesamol (31) were generated by oxidative derivation from (+)-sesamolin (2) and (+)-sesamin (3), two abundant lignans found in sesame seeds. To evaluate their in vitro antioxidant potential, the seven isolated lignans (1-7) and the two derivatives (30 and 31) were examined for the scavenging activities on DPPH free radicals and superoxide anions. Moreover, the capability of chelating ferrous ions and reducing power of these sesame lignans were also measured. The results suggest that, besides the well-known sesamolin and sesamin, the minor sesame lignans (+)-(7S,8'R,8R)-acuminatolide (5), (-)-piperitol (6), and (+)-pinoresinol (7) are also adequate active ingredients and may be potential sources for nutritional and pharmacological utilization.     

Influence of dietary fat and vitamin E on antioxidant status of muscles of turkey

The aim of this study was to better understand the effects of more or less unsaturated fat source (tallow/soy oil/rapeseed oil) and/or vitamin E dietary supplementation (200 ppm) on the antioxidant status (at day 1 post-mortem) of turkey muscles [pectoralis major (Pm) and sartorius (S)]. More particularly, when turkeys were fed tallow, supplementation was sufficient to improve significantly the vitamin E status. Feeding rapeseed oil increased the antioxidant enzyme (AOE) activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathion reductase), glutathione concentration, and value from the benzoic acid test. Dietary soy oil increased glutathione peroxidase activity, compared to other dietary fat sources. With tallow, most of AOE activities were lower than with rapeseed or soy oil. Whatever the feeding mode, vitamin E supplementation did not affect the AOE activities, glutathione concentration, or values from the benzoic acid test. AOE activities were always higher in the oxidative S muscle than in the glycolytic Pm muscle. After feeding tallow, 9 days of storage increased TBA-RS and carbonyl contents, whereas the activity of many antioxidant enzymes and the total antioxidant activity (TEAC test and benzoic acid test) decreased.     

Characteristics of structured lipid prepared by lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of roasted sesame oil and caprylic acid in a bench-scale continuous packed bed reactor

Structured lipid (SL) was prepared from roasted sesame oil and caprylic acid (CA) by Rhizomucor miehei lipase-catalyzed acidolysis in a bench-scale continuous packed bed reactor. Total incorporation and acyl migration of CA in the SL were 42.5 and 3.1 mol %, respectively, and the half-life of the lipase was 19.2 days. The SL displayed different physical and chemical properties, less saturated dark brown color, lower viscosity, lower melting and crystallization temperature ranges, higher melting and crystallization enthalpies, higher smoke point, higher saponification value, and lower iodine value, in comparison to those of unmodified sesame oil. The oxidative stability of purified SL was lower than that of sesame oil. There were no differences in the contents of unsaponifiables including tocopherols and phytosterols. However, total sesame lignans content was decreased in SL due to the loss of sesamol when compared to sesame oil. Most of the 70 volatiles present in roasted sesame oil were removed from SL during short-path distillation of SL. These results indicate that the characteristics of SL are different from those of original sesame oil in several aspects except for the contents of tocopherols and phytosterols.     

饼肥中的有机营养物质及其在发酵过程中的变化

分析测定了在恒温、恒湿条件下 4种植物油饼发酵过程中有机物质的变化。结果表明 ,由于不同植物油饼化学组成不同在发酵过程中所产生有机营养物质的成分和数量存在较大差异。发酵过程所产生的高级脂肪酸以C18、C16酸为主 ,并且不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显高于饱和脂肪酸 ;有机酸则以乳酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、酒石酸、乙酸含量较高 ,草酸含量较低 ;氨基酸则以谷氨酸含量最高 ,天门冬氨酸、亮氨酸和精氨酸含量次之。有机酸和高级脂肪酸含量随发酵时间的增加而增加 ,腐熟到一定程度时达到最高 ;而饼肥发酵 70d时各种氨基酸含量明显降低。 4种饼肥相比 ,豆饼和花生饼在发酵过程中氨基酸产生量大于芝麻饼和菜籽饼。从速度来看 ,芝麻饼腐熟最快 ,其次是豆饼 ,再次是花生饼 ,菜籽饼腐熟最慢。     

Partitioning and inhibition of lipid oxidation in mechanically separated turkey by components of cranberry press cake

Extracts from cranberry press cakes were prepared either using ethanol or an ethyl acetate-acetone mixture. The press cake extracts were compared with extracts from cranberry juice powder (CJP), prepared using chloroform:methanol (1:1), for their ability to inhibit lipid oxidation in mechanically separated turkey (MST). Because of the susceptibility of muscle membrane lipids to oxidation, the ability of quercetin in the extracts to partition between the aqueous and the membrane phases was studied. Membrane suspensions were prepared from MST. Partitioning of quercetin was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Oxidation was studied by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid peroxides. The effectiveness of the extracts to inhibit lipid oxidation was CJP extract > ethyl acetate extract of press cake > or = ethanol extract of press cake. The amount of quercetin in the extracts and the amount of quercetin that partitioned into the membranes followed the same order. However, the total phenolic content of the extracts did not follow the same order as that of inhibitory power. The phenolic content of the extracts decreased, ethyl acetate extract > ethanol extract of press cake > or = chloroform extract of CJP. Irrespective of the extraction method, around 78% quercetin from the extracts partitioned into the membranes. It could be concluded that increasing the amount of quercetin in the press cake extracts increases the ability of the extracts to inhibit lipid oxidation in MST. Hence, a proper choice of solvents and extraction method, which would increase the amount of quercetin in the press cake extracts, might increase the antioxidant potential of the extracts and hence their economic value.