对妊娠母猪追加n-3类脂肪酸对其子宫脂肪酸含量的影响

用2个试验来评估母猪饲料中追加脂肪酸对母猪子宫脂肪酸构成的影响。在试验1中,组1为对照组(基础日粮),组2为亚麻组(基础日粮添加3.75%的亚麻),组3为保护性脂肪酸组(PFA)含有n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)。当母猪170日龄时,对其进行配种使其怀孕。在妊娠40～43d将组1的7头、组2的5头和组3的8头妊娠母猪屠宰。结果表明,相比对照组,组2有增加胎儿二十碳五烯酸(EPA:C20:5n-3)的趋势(P=0.055);组3中胎儿的二十二碳六烯酸(DHA:C22:6n-3)含量显著增加;组2和组3中胎儿的绒毛尿囊膜中的DHA含量有显著增加趋势;在组2中的母猪子宫内膜中,EPA和二十二碳五烯酸(DPA)含量和对照组差异显著(P0.001;P0.05),组3的DHA含量也显著增加(P0.001)。总体来看,亚麻组(组2)和保护脂肪酸组(组3)都选择性地使得母猪子宫内膜和绒毛尿囊膜中的EPA和DHA含量有所增加。在试验2中,将含有PFA(1.5%)的170日龄的母猪日粮作为试验组(n=13/每组)日粮,对照组日粮为玉米-豆粕型。30d后采集其血液样本,当母猪205日龄时对其进行人工配种。妊娠11～19d采集其胎儿和母体子宫样本。血液样本数据显示,PFA日粮组的血浆中EPA和DHA含量都有所增加,且试验组的子宫内膜的EPA含量和对照组差异显著(P0.005);另外试验组胚胎外其他组织的EPA和DHA含量也成倍增加;PFA日粮组的19d胎儿的DHA含量较对照组也有所增加(P0.05)。     

生产低胆固醇鸡蛋的方法

鸡蛋蛋黄中胆固醇含量极高,不适于患有心血管病人食用,而鱼油中的二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)则能降低血脂和胆固醇,抑制胆固醇对人体的不利影响。对此,上海水产大学加工系黄志斌教授作了研究。其研究的内容是:对已开始产蛋的蛋鸡,3组分别喂以添加1%、2%、3%圆腹鲱油的标准饲料。对照组喂以不加油的饲料。连续喂养4周后将鸡宰杀,并分别测定蛋和肉中的EPA和DHA,及通过     

日本养鱼配合饲料发展动态

日本对鱼用配合饲料的研究极为重视,其发展趋势主要有以下几个方面:一、研究饲料营养品质与鱼的生长、肉质、体色、肉色的关系;二、利用植物蛋白源替代鱼粉的研究;三、开发有效的营养强化饲料或者营养强化剂,增强鱼体抗病力;四、亲鱼专用配合饲料,以提     

饲料DHA/EPA比例对虎龙斑幼鱼生长、 肌肉脂肪酸组成和肝脏脂肪代谢的影响

实验旨在探讨DHA/EPA比例对虎龙斑幼鱼生长、脂肪酸组成及脂肪代谢的影响。配制DHA/EPA比例为0.54、0.97、1.51、2.01、2.41和2.85的6组饲料,选择初重(20.8±0.03)g的虎龙斑幼鱼随机放入18个玻璃缸(每个组3个平行),实验周期42 d。结果表明,鱼体增重率和饲料系数未受DHA/EPA比例显著影响(P>0.05)。鱼体肌肉脂肪酸含量和组成受到DHA/EPA比例的影响。饲料最低DHA/EPA比例组(0.54)肝脏脂滴沉积、脂肪酸合成酶和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶基因表达显著上调(P<0.05),过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α、激素敏感性脂肪酶基因表达显著下调(P<0.05)。研究表明,DHA/EPA比例影响虎龙斑幼鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成,且适宜DHA/EPA比例对于维持鱼体肝脏脂肪代谢至关重要。     

饲料中添加龙须菜对草鱼生长性能、血清生化指标及肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

为考察饲料中添加龙须菜对草鱼生长性能、血清生化指标及肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响,试验共配制了6种龙须菜添加比例分别为0(对照组)、1%、2%、3%、4%和5%的等氮等脂饲料,投喂平均体重为(15.94±0.10)g的草鱼8周。每种饲料投喂4个水箱(重复),每箱30尾鱼。结果显示:1)饲料中不同添加比例龙须菜对草鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、存活率(SR)及饲料效率(FE)没有显著影响(P0.05)。2)各试验组的肝体指数(HSI)均高于对照组,对照组与除5%添加组外的其他试验组的差异均达到显著水平(P0.05)。3)全鱼、肝脏及肌肉的粗蛋白质含量各组间皆无显著差异(P0.05),而饲料中不同添加比例龙须菜对全鱼粗灰分与粗脂肪、肝脏粗脂肪及肌肉水分含量有显著影响(P0.05)。4)血清总蛋白(TP)、总胆固醇(TCHO)、甘油三酯(TG)以及低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量以5%添加组最低,显著低于对照组(P0.05),其他试验组与对照组没有显著差异(P0.05)。5)饲料中龙须菜添加比例影响了草鱼肌肉脂肪酸的组成,除C14∶1、C20∶0、C20∶2外,其他肌肉脂肪酸的含量均受到饲料中龙须菜的添加比例的显著影响(P0.05),其中肌肉多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量及n-3/n-6 PUFA均在3%添加组获得最高值。1%、2%、3%、4%和5%添加组肌肉C20∶5(EPA)、C22∶5(DPA)、C22∶6(DHA)以及EPA+DHA的含量都显著高于对照组(P0.05)。由此得出,饲料中添加一定比例的龙须菜对草鱼的生长性能没有显著影响,但能降低血脂含量,影响草鱼肌肉脂肪酸的组成,并能提高功能性脂肪酸DHA、EPA及PUFA的含量;饲料中添加3%的龙须菜能更好地增加肌肉功能性脂肪酸含量,而添加5%的龙须菜则草鱼生长相对较好,降低血脂效果更加明显。     

龙须菜寡糖对罗非鱼脂肪酸和挥发性腥味物质组成的影响

为了探究龙须菜寡糖对罗非鱼脂肪酸及挥发性腥味物质组成的影响,本试验采用生物降解法降解龙须菜制备龙须菜寡糖,并在基础饲料中添加1%的龙须菜寡糖,配制含龙须菜寡糖饲料。分别以基础饲料和含龙须菜寡糖饲料投喂罗非鱼[初始体重为(12.20±0.23)g]7个月,每种饲料投喂3个重复,每个重复20尾罗非鱼。结果显示:利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,在罗非鱼腹肉中共鉴定出28种脂肪酸,分布范围为C12~C24。与饲喂基础饲料(对照组)相比,饲喂含龙须菜寡糖饲料(龙须菜寡糖组)能有效地降低罗非鱼腹肉中饱和脂肪酸的种类。从脂肪酸含量上看,龙须菜寡糖组罗非鱼腹部肉中C20∶5n-3(EPA)、C22∶6n-3(DHA)和C20∶4n-6(ARA)的相对含量及DHA/EPA值较对照组显著升高(P0.05)。利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术共检测到对照组罗非鱼腹肉中挥发性腥味物质31种,龙须菜寡糖组罗非鱼腹肉中挥发性腥味物质25种。在罗非鱼腹肉中检测到的气味较大、感觉阈值较低的挥发性腥味物质有酮类、胺类和醛类等,而这几类挥发性腥味物质的相对含量在龙须菜寡糖组均较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。由此得出,饲料中添加龙须菜寡糖能有效减少罗非鱼腹肉中SFA的种类,提高多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)中ARA、DHA、EPA的含量及DHA/EPA值;此外,还能够有效减少罗非鱼腹肉中挥发性腥味物质的种类,并降低酮类、胺类和醛类等挥发性腥味物质的相对含量。     

日本养鱼配合饲料发展动态

日本养鱼配合饲料发展动态日本对鱼用配合饲料的研究极为重视，其发展趋势主要有以下几个方面：一、研究饲料营养品质与鱼的生长、肉质、体色、肉色的关系；二、利用植物蛋白源替代鱼粉的研究：三、开发有效的营养强化饲料或者营养强化剂，增强鱼体抗病力；四、亲鱼专用配...     

饲料中二十碳四烯酸(ARA)对刺参成参生长和营养组成的影响

研究采用摄食生长试验探讨了饲料中ARA含量(0.0%、0.4%、0.8%和1.6%)对刺参成参生长和体壁营养组成的影响,试验共进行121 d。试验结果表明:饲料中ARA含量为0.8%时刺参成参增重率和出皮率最高,显著高于0.0%ARA处理组(P<0.05)。饲料中ARA水平显著影响了刺参成参体壁营养组成,随着饲料中ARA含量的升高,刺参体壁中ARA、ARA/EPA、DHA/EPA升高。随着饲料中ARA水平升高,刺参体壁中苯丙氨酸和赖氨酸的沉积量具有先升高后下降的趋势,且当ARA含量为0.8%时具有最大值(P<0.05)。随着饲料中ARA水平升高,总必需氨基酸/总非必需氨基酸有上升的趋势,但各处理组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。由此得出,饲料中ARA含量为0.8%时刺参成参具有最大的生长速率和最高的出皮率,且具有较高的营养物质(必需脂肪酸和氨基酸)沉积率。因此,刺参成参对ARA的最适需求量为0.8%饲料干物质。     

饲料脂肪水平对泥鳅生长性能、 脂肪酸组成和肝脏组织学的影响

为研究饲料脂肪水平对泥鳅生长性能、脂肪酸组成和肝脏组织学的影响。选取3 920尾体质健壮、活力较强、无病无伤的泥鳅(体重约0.42 g),随机分为7组,每组4个重复,每个重复140尾,分别投喂脂肪含量为7.92%、8.65%、9.35%、11.94%、13.13%、15.34%、16.71%的7组等氮饲料,记为F1、F2、F3、F4、F5、F6组和F7组,养殖周期60 d。结果表明,饲料脂肪水平对泥鳅的生长性能有影响,F3组可以获得最大的末均重和增重率,F3组蛋白质效率最大,显著高于F1组(P0.05);F1、F2、F3组泥鳅肝脏显微结构相对比较完善,F4、F5组细胞质溶失现象较少,细胞核出现不明显的偏移,F6组出现大量白色透明空泡,F7组肝细胞排列不紧密,细胞质溶失现象较多,细胞间界限模糊。饲料脂肪水平对泥鳅全鱼的脂肪酸组成有影响,全鱼中EPA、∑SFA、∑MUFA的含量和∑n-3/∑n-6的含量随着饲料脂肪水平的增加而减小,∑PUFA、∑UFA的含量和∑n-6的含量,随着饲料脂肪水平的增加而增加;DHA、∑n-3、DHA+EPA的含量随着饲料脂肪水平的升高表现为先升高后降低的趋势,F2组DHA的含量和DHA+EPA的含量最多,显著高于F5、F6组(P0.05);F4组∑n-3的含量最多,显著高于F1、F6组(P0.05),但与其他组差异不显著(P0.05);全鱼的ARA含量各组之间没有显著差异(P0.05)。饲料中适宜的脂肪水平可以促进泥鳅生长,但饲料脂肪水平过高会抑制生长,导致肝细胞损伤、脂质沉积。用折线模型分析泥鳅的增重率、蛋白质效率与饲料脂肪水平之间的关系,得出泥鳅生长需要适宜的饲料脂肪水平为9.05%～9.68%。     

鱼油在饲料中的应用研究

鱼油富含（ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸——二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）,具有重要的营养生理功能,在饲料中已广泛应用。本文就鱼油的营养生理功能、在饲料中的应用、氧化及抗氧化等方面作一简要综述。     

Responses of broilers to dietary zinc bacitracin at two different planes of nutrition

Four concentrations of Zn bacitracin (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) added to diets of two different planes of nutrition were fed to male broiler chicks for 7 weeks. Feeding broilers Zn bacitracin significantly improved growth rate and food conversion, and increased shank pigmentation. The effects of Zn bacitracin were independent of the plane of nutrition. Regression analyses revealed that the responses of birds were linear.     

产蛋种番鸭的营养调控

利用2因素3水平的试验设计方法,设计配制出6种不同营养水平的饲粮,对产蛋种番鸭进行营养调控试验,结果表明以ME为12.10MJ/kg,CP为17.00%的饲粮饲喂的种番鸭产蛋率最高,达51.53%,比最低产蛋率组高出2个百分点,经方差分析,6种不同营养水平的饲粮对种番鸭的生产性能的影响差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

Effect of Feeding and Body Condition Score on Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Production in Zebu Cows

The aim of this study was to standardize the feeding regimen and the body condition score (BCS) for maximum superovulatory responses in indigenous zebu cows. Ten regularly cycling 5–8‐year‐old dry cows, weighing 176–260 kg with BCS 2.5–4.5 were divided into two equal groups at random. The groups were maintained on either a good‐nutrition or a high‐nutrition diet. The feedstuffs were analysed by proximate feed analysis and the metabolizable energy content was estimated. After 3 months feeding, individual cows were injected (i.m) with 1500 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) at day 10 or day 11 of the oestrous cycle (day of oestrus = day 0). Alfaprostol (6 mg) was injected (i.m) 48 h after the injection of PMSG to induce oestrus. At day 6 or day 7 (day of insemination = day 1), the contents of individual uterine horns were flushed with 150–200 ml of phosphate‐buffered saline + 0.2% bovine serum albumin using a two‐way Foley catheter. The embryos were identified, evaluated and graded as excellent, good, fair or poor under a stereomicroscope. For the good‐ and high‐nutrition diets, the daily intake of green grass, straw, concentrate, dry matter, crude protein and estimated metabolizable energy by individual cows were 5 and 6 kg, 3 and 3 kg, 1.5 and 3.5 kg, 4.87 and 6.82 kg, 0.39 and 0.74 kg, and 39.60 and 59.12 MJ, respectively. The protein content was 8 and 11% in the good‐ and high‐nutrition diets, respectively. The two groups of cows on different nutritional diets differed significantly with regard to body weight, body condition score and number of palpated corpora lutea (p < 0.01). For cows on the good‐nutrition diet, the median number of recovered embryos and transferable quality embryos were three and two, respectively. The recovery rate of embryos was 79.30% of palpated corpora lutea. Cows on the high‐nutrition diet did not yield any embryos. The indigenous zebu cows fed on the good‐nutrition diet with BCS 2.5–3 were considered suitable for the induction of superovulation, the cows on the high‐nutrition diet with BCS 4–4.5 were unsatisfactory and were more prone to cyst formation in the ovaries.     

Ileal absorption of L-carnitine from diets used in reproductive polar fox (Alopex lagopus L.) nutrition

Abstract

Five mature ileorectal anastomosed blue foxes (6.18±0.15 kg) were used in digestibility experiments to evaluate the L-carnitine apparent ileal absorption from diets used in reproductive polar fox nutrition over the year-long farm-feeding period on two domestic farms (A and B) differing in reproduction results. The concentration of L-carnitine was higher in diets from farm B (136.1–241.7 mg kg^?1 DM) than in the diets from farm A (88.5–135.2 mg kg^?1 DM). The coefficients of ileal apparent absorption of L-carnitine ranged from 60.23 to 75.57% for diets A (farm A) composed mainly of fish and poultry offals. The coefficients of ileal apparent digestibility of L-carnitine were higher for diets B (farm B) (83.75–94.78%; P<0.05) based on beef offals. These data indicate high concentration and efficient ileal apparent absorption of L-carnitine from diets used in reproductive polar fox nutrition on both farms examined.     

不同能量和蛋白质水平饲粮对宁乡猪生长性能、胴体品质和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究不同能量和蛋白质水平饲粮对宁乡猪生长性能、胴体品质及肉品质的影响.选用体重约18 kg的宁乡猪仔猪72头,随机分为3组(每组4个重复,每个重复6头):对照组饲喂基础饲粮(前、中、后3期蛋白质水平分别为14.03％、12.06％、11.01％;全期消化能为12.15 MJ/kg);试验A组饲喂在基础饲粮的基...     

Survey on the role of nutrition in first-opinion practices in Austria and Germany: An evaluation of knowledge,preferences and need for further education

A survey was conducted among first-opinion practices in Germany and Austria on dog nutrition consultation, food sold in the practice, recommendations given to owners, most commonly encountered consequences of malnutrition, need for further education and feeding of own dogs. Of the 169 participants, one third was from Austria, two thirds from Germany. Most practiced in the countryside or in suburbs, were female and between 36 and 55 years old. The majority felt that nutrition has become an important topic, and that “feeding myths” were on the rise. However, only in 18% of the practices at least one staff member had further education in nutrition, while none of the participants had a national or international degree. Only half of our participants felt qualified to give nutrition advice. A nutritional assessment was not regularly performed, and the Body Condition Score was not regularly assessed, often only when health problems were obvious. If a homemade diet was requested, practitioners rather referred to a nutritionist, while 25% left it up to the owners. Most relied on traditional premium diets for their patients and also for their own dogs. Feeding myths seemed to be widespread among veterinarians, too; even Biologically Appropriate Raw Feeding and diets not complying with EU legislation were recommended. There is obvious need for further education and specialization to establish nutrition consultation as a profitable service in small animal practice.     

Effect of plane of nutrition and age on carcass maturity of sheep

One hundred twenty ewe and wether lambs were fed high (76% TDN, 12.3% crude protein) or low (70.6% TDN, 16.1% crude protein) energy diets and slaughtered at average ages of 261, 356 or 469 d. High planes of nutrition for lambs at 356 or 469 d of age resulted in heavier carcasses, thicker fat depth and higher flank streaking scores compared to lambs fed low planes of nutrition. Rib bone, break joint and overall maturity scores were not influenced (P greater than .05) by diet. Metacarpal and metatarsal bones from lambs fed high planes of nutrition were slightly longer and heavier and required more force to break (P less than .05) compared with bones from lambs fed low planes of nutrition. The majority of the ewes fed high or low planes of nutrition had fused growth plates and possessed spool joints by 469 d; none of the wethers had spool joints. An additional 27 wethers were slaughtered at an average of 480, 578 or 662 d. Rib bone, break joint and overall maturity scores were not different (P greater than .05) for animals fed the high or low energy diets, but bone weight and shaft break force values were higher for those fed high energy diets. At 662 d of age, only 20% of the wethers on each dietary regimen possessed fused growth plates. Overall, plane of nutrition in market-weight lambs and yearlings had very little influence on the presence or absence of a break joint or on other bone maturity scores.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

低磷日粮对生长猪生产性能、养分消化率和经济效益的影响

选用288头体重26kg左右、体质健康的杜×长×大三元杂交生长猪,随机分为两组,每组三个重复,以玉米-豆粕-小麦型为基础日粮,对照组日粮参照NRC(1998)标准设计,试验组日粮添加0.33%的磷酸氢钙,且日粮的有效磷(AP)水平为0.205%。试验期30d。研究了低磷日粮对生长猪的生长性能、养分利用及其对环境的影响。结果表明:在不影响猪磷营养需要的条件下,能有效的改善猪排泄物中磷对环境的污染,具有极大的经济和生态效益。     

The Importance of Egg Protein in Reduced Protein Diets Designed for Dogs With Renal Failure

The effects of two reduced-protein diets and a canine maintenance diet on renal function, nutrition, serum and urine acid-base and electrolyte values, and divalent ion metabolism were compared in Beagle dogs with induced chronic renal failure. Two reduced-protein (18%) diets differed in their protein sources. One 18% protein diet was formulated using egg protein as the only protein source. The other 18% protein diet was formulated using a mixture of animal and vegetable proteins. The 42% protein diet contained a mixture of animal and vegetable protein sources. Results of this study indicate that the egg-based and mixed protein-based diets had similar effects on most clinical and laboratory evaluations in dogs with chronic renal failure. However, the egg protein diet appeared to promote hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Both reduced-protein diets were beneficial in reducing azotemia, polyuria, hypermagnesemia, and fractional excretion of phosphorus compared with the 42% protein diet.     

不同营养水平对淘汰荷斯坦奶牛消化代谢、肉品质的影响

为了研究不同能量蛋白水平对淘汰荷斯坦奶牛消化代谢、肉品质的影响。采用单因素随机设计,选择体重相近的健康淘汰荷斯坦奶牛32头,随机分成4组,Ⅰ组(低营养水平)、Ⅱ(中营养水平)、Ⅲ(较高营养水平)、Ⅳ(高营养水平),试验分两期进行。结果表明,随着日粮营养水平的增加,各试验组粗蛋白、粗脂肪表观消化率差异显著(P<0.05),其中Ⅲ组最高,分别达到72.47%和80.64%;Ⅳ组背膘厚度比Ⅰ组提高了73.33%(P<0.05)。日粮营养水平能显著影响熟肉率、肉中脂肪和脂肪酸含量。其中,Ⅲ组熟肉率最高,为49.73%,比Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅳ组分别提高6.03%,7.87%和4.30%(P<0.01);牛肉中脂肪含量Ⅰ组最低,为4.08%,Ⅳ组最高,达到6.94%;各试验组牛肉中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)差异显著(P<0.05),Ⅳ组PUFA含量最低,为3.67%,Ⅱ组最高,达到5.93%,Ⅱ组比Ⅳ组提高61.58%(P<0.05),Ⅲ组PUFA含量比Ⅰ组、Ⅳ组分别高2.47%和58.31%(P<0.05)。因此,淘汰荷斯坦奶牛育肥营养水平建议值为:体重410~470 kg,干物质采食量为11.03~11.53 kg/d,DE摄入量为147.86~150.05 MJ/d,CP摄入量为1.57~1.66 kg/d(DM);育肥牛体重470~530 kg,干物质采食量为10.76~11.23 kg/d,DE摄入量为149.18~151.21 MJ/d,CP摄入量为1.53~1.62 kg/d(DM)。