微循环中氧自由基代谢及其作用

氧自由基在微循环系统中不断地产生、利用与清除。在许多病理状态下，它不仅损害微血管的运动功能导致微循环的有效灌流量和微血管内流体静压改变，而且损害微循环的有效灌流量的微血管内流体静压改变，而且损害微血管壁的完整性，使通透性增加，造成血管内体液交换失衡发生组织水肿，继而形成微血栓，加重组织细胞的损伤。     

内毒素血症山羊内皮衍生因子和脂质介质的动态变化

以内毒素诱发山羊微循环障碍为模型， 同步测定发病山羊血浆内皮素（ Ｅ Ｔ）、一氧化氮（ Ｎ Ｏ）、血栓素（ Ｔ Ｘ Ａ２ ）、前列环素（ Ｐ Ｇ Ｉ２）的动态变化。结果表明，注射内毒素后３、６、１２、２４ ｈ 后山羊血浆 Ｅ Ｔ、 Ｎ Ｏ、 Ｔ Ｘ Ｂ２、６ｋｅｔｏ Ｐ Ｇ Ｆ１α的含量，与对照组及发病前比较均显著升高（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。 Ｅ Ｔ 含量变化在发病后６ ｈ 达峰值，于１２ ｈ时点呈现回落。 Ｎ Ｏ 产物含量在发病后１２ｈ 达峰值。发病山羊血浆 Ｔ Ｘ Ｂ２ 水平逐渐增高，而６ｋｅｔｏ Ｐ Ｇ Ｆ１α水平逐渐下降，两者比值失衡。提示，内毒素诱导山羊微循环障碍的发病过程中， Ｎ Ｏ、 Ｅ Ｔ、 Ｔ Ｘ Ａ２、 Ｐ Ｇ Ｉ２ 可能是参与休克发生发展的重要休克体液因子。     

内毒素血症山羊内皮衍生因子(ET/NO)、脂质介质(TXA_2/PGI_2)的动态变化

以内毒素诱发山羊微循环障碍为模型，同步测定发病山羊血浆内皮素（ＥＴ） 、一氧化氮（ＮＯ） 、血栓素（ＴＸＡ２） 、前列环素（ＰＧＩ２） 的动态变化。结果表明，注射内毒素后３ｈ、６ｈ 、１２ｈ 、２４ｈ 后山羊血浆ＥＴ、ＮＯ、ＴＸＢ２ 、６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１ ∝的含量，与对照组及发病前比较均显著升高（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） 。ＥＴ 含量变化在发病后６ｈ 达峰值，于１２ｈ、２４ｈ 时点呈现回落。ＮＯ 产物含量在发病后１２ｈ 达峰值。发病山羊血浆ＴＸＢ２ 水平逐渐增高，而６ｋｅｔｏＰＧＦ１ ∝水平逐渐下降，两者比值失衡。提示，内毒素诱导山羊微循环障碍的发病过程中，ＮＯ、ＥＴ、ＴＸＡ２ 、ＰＧＩ２ 可能是参与休克发生发展的重要休克体液因子。     

犬感染性休克的治疗体会

犬病临床中许多疾病都能导致感染性休克、病情严重、若治疗不得当，多以患犬死亡转归。治疗的关键是早期诊断，及时治疗，合理用药。经临床治疗观察，以“抗菌消炎、补充体液、纠正酸中毒、改善微循环、防治DIC、维护脏器功能”为治疗原则进行治疗，疗效理想。     

内毒素对微循环及血管内皮细胞功能影响的研究进展

大肠杆菌在繁殖或死亡过程中 ,所释放出的内毒素可对动物机体微循环和血管内皮细胞造成损害 ,引起微循环障碍和血管内皮细胞分泌大量细胞因子如内皮素、血栓调节蛋白、粘附因子、选择素、一氧化氮及血小板激活因子等 ,从而引起血管内皮细胞正常功能形态损伤和全身炎症的发生 ,为大肠杆菌病引起的感染、休克等综合征发生的主要病理基础。通过对大肠杆菌内毒素致病机制的研究 ,对有效防治大肠杆菌病具有重要意义。     

补液疗法在兽医临床中的应用

补液疗法在兽医临床应用较为广泛．适用于各种原因引起的机体脱水、微循环障碍、血容量不足及中毒等病程中。通过补液．可以补充微循环血容量．改善血液循环．疏通微循环；调节心、肺、肾功能．增强机体保水能力．促进水盐代谢．恢复动态平衡；纠正体液的渗透压．提高机体的解毒能力．稀释血中的毒素．促进毒素排除。     

补液疗法在兽医临床上的应用

补液适用于腹泻、大出汗、大出血以后，因脱水、失盐引起的血液浓缩、微循环瘀血、脑心供血不足时，用以补充循环血液量，改善血液循环；在心、肺、肾功能发生改变时，用以调节心、肺、肾功能，增强机体保水力，促进水盐代谢动态平衡；在脱水疾病因丢失电解质，渗透压发生改变时，用以纠正体液的渗透压；在各种原因引起的中毒时，用以提高机体的解毒能力，并稀释血液中的毒素，促进毒素排出。由此可见补液在兽医临床诊疗中的重要作用，在此谈谈补液过程中应注意的几个问题。     

哺乳动物肺发生的调控

哺乳动物肺的发育起始于从前肠内胚层发育而来的成对肺芽突起，它以分支形态发生和肺特异性细胞分化的遗传预定模式侵入周围的中胚层间质。呼吸上皮 分化很可能受复杂的细胞－细胞间相互作用的影响，并且受影响前肠组织中转录因子表达的自分泌、旁分泌和体液信号的影响。在肺形态发生和基因表达中，若干个转录因子家庭起关键作用，包括同源[异型]域蛋白甲状腺转录因子－1（TTF－1），翼状－螺旋家族成员肝细胞核因子－3β（HNF-3β）和GIi家族中的锌指转录因子。TGF－β诱导不同类型停滞细胞（包括肺上皮细胞）的生长的一批蛋白的表达，其中一些蛋白沉积于肺泡外基质中。     

microRNA在犬乳腺肿瘤中的研究进展

犬乳腺肿瘤(CMT)在许多方面与人类乳腺癌(HBC)相似，是雌犬死亡率最高的常见肿瘤。到目前为止，大多数犬乳腺肿瘤仅在临床上乳腺发生可见变化时才被发现，手术切除肿块是较为有效的治疗方法。为了在肉眼可见变化之前发现恶性肿瘤，应考虑评估血清或体液中生物标志物。微核糖核酸(miRNA)作为转录后基因调控因子，已成为肿瘤研究中具有吸引力的生物标志物。本文从miRNA的来源、作用机制、与肿瘤发生发展的关系、检测方法、作为生物标志物的应用前景和局限性等方面，综述了miRNA在犬乳腺肿瘤中的研究现状和作为生物标志物在早期临床诊断或癌症进展监测中的应用价值，为犬乳腺肿瘤早期诊断和预后分析应用提供参考。     

猪的生长调控因子研究进展

猪的生长调控因子研究进展刘丑生，魏彩虹（甘肃省畜牧兽医研究所７４４０００）提高猪的肌肉生长与降低脂肪沉积是养猪科研的主要任务。当代生化技术的发展，诸如放射免疫测定，给人们由体液中的激素、生长因子等方面入手，探讨猪的肌肉生长、脂肪沉积的调控机理提供了方...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.