珠海市城区林地管理与集体林权制度改革

介绍珠海市城区林地管理和收入情况,以及林业生态建设现状.阐述城区森林资源林权制度历史沿革和管理情况.分析城区集体林地不适宜进行集体林权制度改革的原因,包括城区农业人口已全部转为城镇居民;林地主要为生态公益林地;历次林改不彻底,林地纠纷多等,并提出了将其转变为国有林地经营和管理的途径.     

The economic situation of family-farm enterprises in the southern black forest

Changes in the economic environment, including increased international competition caused by globalisation, low-priced imports and high costs of labour, are influencing the economic situation of all agricultural enterprises, and naturally including those on forest land. As a result, changes are taking place in the structure of agricultural enterprises, with smaller units disappearing. Enterprises with greater areas of agricultural and forest land strive to expand by purchasing or leasing more agricultural area or forests, depending on their labour and financial resources. Another way to overcome the economic needs and to survive as a family enterprise in the future is to find new sources of income. In a case study in the Southern Black Forest an investigation of 32 family-enterprises with agricultural and forest land and members of an accounting network was carried out in order to register all types of income of the family which contribute economically to their costs of living. Besides the traditional income from agriculture and forestry, income was found to be derived from renting rooms or flats for holiday-makers, employment outside the enterprise, contract-working,a nd direct-marketing of own products. This paper presents the results of the study, showing the overall distribution of the total income of the family to the various types of activities of the family. On average, agriculture, forestry and the other income sources are found to each contribute about one third to overall income. The great variety of income combinations are illustrated in diagrams and clustered to different types of organization of family-farm enterprise. It is also notable that the amount of the total income varies from very high to very low between individual enterprises.     

基于网络嵌入性的我国东北国有林区知识转移机理

文中从社会网络视角分析我国东北国有林区职工、家庭及林业企业知识转移的过程和影响因素,以期通过社会关系和网络结构促进林业企业转型。应用知识转移基本理论构建东北国有林区多层次知识转移理论模型,在此基础上从社会网络视角分析林区职工、家庭和林业企业3个层面的知识转移机理。研究表明:增强林区知识转移个体与利益相关者的联系程度、占据更多的结构洞位置以及提高个体网络中心度和凝聚程度有利于知识获取和内化;林区待岗职工与利益相关者的弱联系有利于其获得更多就业机会;国有森工企业由于过度嵌入社会网络,知识内化和创新动力不足。     

林草间作系统研究概况

林草间作经营在挖掘生物资源潜力、缓解农林争地、保护及修复生态系统、推进林农增产增收、石漠化及荒漠化综合治理等方面具有巨大优势。为达到土地及自然资源的最大化利用,节约林农生产经营成本,推进农、林、牧、副业的高效、和谐、健康发展,实现森林及草地生态系统生态、经济、社会效益的有机统一。文中阐述了在中国、亚洲、澳大利亚及新西兰、非洲、美洲、欧洲等地区林草间作的研究背景、内容、类型及特征,分析了林草间作对土壤性状、养分、含水量及固土保肥的作用,总结归纳林草间作对经济、生物多样性、微气候、林木及其产品的效益分析,提出林草间作未来深入研究探索的技术手段及方向,可为林草间作的应用推广及系统性、整体性和定量研究提供参考。     

The agroforest alternative to Imperata grasslands: when smallholder agriculture and forestry reach sustainability

Basic prerequisites for sustainable reforestation of Imperata grasslands in Southeast Asia are presented. A theoretical forest is designed according to these prerequisites. Composed of basic units managed by local smallholders, the forest is composed of two sets of commercial tree species suited to local conditions, one set providing regular cash income and the other providing seasonal or irregular cash income. Such composition ensures economic and ecological viability of the forest in the long run, provided that clear tenurial right on the basic units are recognized. Guidelines for a transition from Imperata grasslands to forest are presented, underlining the importance of relying on natural succession processes. The theoretical forest is identified as an agroforest, a diverse forest rebuilt and managed by farmers, providing forest and agricultural products for both cash income and household consumption. Agroforests have been developed for decades by indigenous farmers in some regions of Southeast Asia. Examples from Indonesia are presented to support the theoretical analysis. They show that the agroforest alternative is a valuable unifying concept for reforestation of Imperata grasslands, for a sustainable upland agriculture, and more generally for an equitable environmentally and economically sound development of rural areas in the humid tropics. sound development of rural areas in the humid tropics.     

Tropical Forest Management in the Asia-Pacific Region

Tropical deforestation in the Asia-Pacific Region has accelerated in Lhe last decade, seriously depleting the forest resource base. Most forest loss results from agricultural clearing, but is generally preceded by forest degradation from destructive logging (Southeast Asia) or overuse of forest resources (South Asia). Tropical forests are highly variable, requiring a system of classification to guide management objectives; one such system is ecological life zone mapping. Forestry operations should reflect the need for both conservation and production. Most Asia-Pacific forests are managed on variations of a selection system. Logging damage is the most important forestry-sector threat to commercial forestry, reducing both future timber production and the availability of non-timber products. The short duration of logging concession agreements, nontransferability of concession contracts, and undervaluation of forest resources all contribute to forest "mining" practices. Alternative forest management methods exist: logging damage can be substantially reduced at little or no additional cost; small-scale mobile sawmills can increase local incomes while reducing the need for skidding; and Assisted Natural Regeneration can facilitate the reforestation of denuded lands. The best hope for sustainable use of forest resources lies with those who must live with the consequences of forest mismanagement. Local involvement in foresy planning, implementation and enforcement is essential. Successful forest management projects depend on the judgement of field-based personnel familiar with the forests, cultures and institutions of each country, working in cooperation with local forestry experts and forest-dependent people.     

流域治理与林业科学

本文论述了流域治理的概念和起源;介绍了欧洲、美国、澳大利亚、新西兰,以及一些发展中国家治理流域的经验;阐述了流域治理与林业科学的关系。我国总结出了以流域为单元合理利用土地,以及水土保持的林草、农业技术、法律性措施的流域综合治理体系。     

对中国林业可持续发展问题的基本认识

林业是环境再生产的主导产业。林业可持续发展,关键在于规范和调整林业部门的经营、管理行为。而森林的可持续经营强调通过对森林生态系统的有效经营管理。为社会经济发展提供多种物质产品和环境服务功能。中国林业发展面临着：巨大的人口压力、经济运行体制和变革、现行林业政策体系不健全,以及土地资源相对不足、水资源总量少、生态环境形势依然严峻的现实。林业发展目标取向的现实差异,要求政府建立起活当的协调机制,在保障森林经营者、部门,乃至全体公民合法权益的基础上,实现林业可持续发展社会、经济、生态环境目标的协调。关于林业可持续发展实践,一是要明显特定区域对林业的需求结构和自然基础;二是建立相应的社会、经济、生态环境目标和森林目标;三是构筑起配套的技术体系;四是完美政策保障体系。中国自然资源结构、地理特征和社会经济发展进程中,对于林产     

周口地区平原农区现代林业建设探讨

在分析林业资源、土地、交通等优势的基础上，阐述了平原农区现代林业建设的必要性和可行性，提出了平原农区现代林业建设的基本框架与内容。     

关于黑龙江吉林两省国有林区就业问题的调查报告

我国是世界上人口最多的国家,就业问题已成为影响我国现代化建设和社会稳定的一个重要因素。如何深入挖掘林业行业的就业潜力,扩大社会就业途径,有效地实现构建和谐社会的目标?文章以我国重点国有林区的黑龙江、吉林两省为典型,全面总结当前国有林区职工实现就业再就业的有效措施,分析了当前国有林区就业工作中存在的困难与问题,并针对进一步解决国有林区实施天然林保护工程后的就业难题提出了政策建议。     

Research needs for restoring tropical forests in Southeast Asia for wildlife conservation: framework species selection and seed propagation

Some governments in Southeast Asia, such as those of Thailand and Vietnam have clear policies to restore large areas of degraded land to native forest. However, knowledge needed for the success of these ambitious programmes is still inadequate, and considerable further research is required. Furthermore, very little literature is available to conservation practitioners about the restoration of tropical forests for biodiversity conservation. This paper introduces the framework species method of forest restoration, which is being developed to restore forests in Thailand. The paper examines the potential for adoption of this technique in different forest types across the Southeast Asia region, and identifies priorities for future research needed before the method can be widely implemented. These include the identification of forest types, the selection of candidate framework species, maintenance of genetic diversity, and development of methods of seed collection and germination.     

森林资源型经济转型中的社会福利损失:特征、内容及出路

森林资源型经济转型是在国有林业经济领域应对中国全面深化改革要求的深刻实践,而转型期间产生的社会福利损失则是资源型经济“改革之殇”的具体体现,具有政策性、周期性和阶段性、广泛性、相对性等本质特征。经济转型中的福利损失包括传统森工企业承受的生存困境及不断弱化的企业贡献力（经济贡献力、资源管护力、生态服务力）、林业职工生计的每况愈下、林区福利体系的碎裂化及其应对国家生态战略需求的妥协性和政策依赖性、国有林区社会认同危机以及国有森工企业的群体价值威胁等。只有通过转变观念,加深认识,以包容性增长理念统筹兼顾经济转型与社会福利建设,才能在分别实现以产业多元化破解资源型经济转型、以供给与保障多元化减小社会福利损失的前提下确保森林资源型经济转型和林区社会福利体系建设的协调与统一。     

我国重点国有林区隐性失业成因与影响分析

生态保护政策的实施以及政企分开体制改革促使我国重点国有林区发生转型。在此背景下,文中运用微观经济学供需理论,对我国重点国有林区隐性失业的成因进行分析,重点讨论了森工集团以及职工家庭隐性失业的形成机制。研究认为,由于林业产业结构与林业就业结构发展不协调致使森工集团产生过剩劳动力,形成森工集团内部的隐性失业;在重点国有林区转型过程中,林区职工家庭的工作时间未能充分利用被迫产生闲暇,即形成了职工家庭的隐性失业;重点国有林区产生的隐性失业问题会增加森工集团企业成本,降低森工集团经营效率,减少林区职工家庭福利。     

转型期我国东北国有林区职工家庭脆弱性的理论探讨

国有林区职工家庭是林区复合系统中最微观的主体,国有林区的转型发展影响着林区职工家庭,职工家庭的生计态势也影响着国有林区的顺利转型和发展。因此,在国有林区转型发展的新时期,关注林区职工家庭的发展态势具有一定的现实意义。文中将国有林区职工家庭脆弱性界定为林区职工在面对突发或是长期的外在压力、冲击或风险时的抵御能力,或是面临外在环境变化时适应能力不足、不安全或是易受灾的程度;并依据生计理论,从物质资本、人力资本和社会资本分析东北国有林区职工家庭脆弱性具体表现维度;应用压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型分析东北国有林区职工家庭脆弱性的形成演化机理。结果表明,东北国有林区职工家庭脆弱性的形成是职工家庭内外部环境因子的压力与职工家庭自身对因子响应能力共同决定的结果;长期来看,林区职工家庭的脆弱性有向威胁森林资源安全、抑制林区经济发展、破坏林区社会稳定3个方向演化扩散的趋势。     

中国国有林业改革进程中的林区社会福利变迁

发展国有林业和国有林区改革是中国林业改革发展的应有之义和必经之路,也是国有林区全面停伐及生态建设转型背景下寻求林区社会福利即民生福祉最大化的必然选择。文中通过构建国有林业改革与国有林区社会福利变迁的时间框架,以国有林业体制机制重大调整作为林区福利变迁的研究视角,提出1949年至20世纪80年代中期国有林区处于剩余型福利阶段,20世纪80年代中期至1998年处于采伐限额下的工业成就型福利阶段,1998-2014年处于生态建设转型中的制度型福利阶段,2014年至今处于全面深化改革下从制度型福利向发展型福利转变阶段;阐述了各个阶段林区不同福利类型的基本布局和给付特征。伴随国有林区改革深化,建议政府充分发挥主导作用,建立林区社会支出与经济增长包容性并存的发展型福利给付机制。     

林业政策事件的金融市场影响分析——以我国国有林场改革为例

林业政策事件对林业行业发展改革具有直接推动作用。我国国有林场改革作为林业发展中的典型政策事件,兼具了林业发展的公益性和经济性,在林业政策中具有较好的代表性,而金融市场的变化情况能够很好地反映林业行业的发展前景。文中选取我国国有林场改革这一典型的林业政策事件,通过事件研究法,采用市场模型测算国有林场改革对相关林业股的市场影响。结果显示,国有林场改革政策的颁布显著提高了相关林业股的股价,表明国有林场改革对林业行业是利好信号,得到了投资者的积极回应。不同时期国有林场改革对金融市场的影响均十分显著,但是效果不同。鉴于政策发布的时间和内容的差异对资本市场的不同影响,建议注重政策颁布的时点并加强对政策的解读,使更多投资者关注林业资本市场,促进林业行业发展。     

我国喀斯特石漠化地区林下经济种植模式及问题分析

由于我国喀斯特石漠化地区人地矛盾突出、林地与土地利用率低、森林生态系统破坏严重,改善喀斯特地区森林生态系统的经济功能、防控石漠化恶性演替仍是当下亟需解决的艰巨任务。林下种植是一种经典的立体复合林业生产经营方式,能够实现林地资源最大利用化、缓解人多地少的矛盾、推动区域经济循环可持续发展、保障林农经济效益稳步增长,最终达到林业经济、农业发展和生态建设同步优化的目标。文中主要分析了喀斯特石漠化地区8种代表性林下种植模式的特征、效益及不足,并提出各林下种植模式关于结构优化升级、调整改善方面的核心对策,以期为喀斯特地区石漠化治理与林业发展提供理论支持与借鉴,确保生态、经济、社会效益的同步优化。     

国有林场森林旅游在促进减贫中的作用与途径

在我国全面停止天然林商业性采伐、国有林场深化改革、推进林业产业结构转型等背景下,森林旅游正在成为国有林场发展的支柱产业之一。将国有林场森林旅游发展与产业减贫及乡村振兴紧密结合,有利于实现国有林场多重效益和乡村振兴。文中分析国有林场森林旅游在减贫中的作用和机制,并总结国有林场森林旅游在促进减贫过程中存在的问题,包括国有林场森林旅游自身发展薄弱、可能抑制社区发展、农户管理参与度低、森林资源产权纠纷严重等。在此基础上,提出了应树立保护重于开发的意识、重视解决国有林场改革遗留问题、注重森林旅游与乡村产业振兴相融合、培养森林旅游专业经营管理人才、拓宽森林旅游金融支持渠道、积极处理林地纠纷等建议,以期推动国有林场森林旅游发展获得新动能,促进周边区域乡村振兴取得新进展。     

Conserving Forests in Privatized Commons: Trends and Management Options in an Ifugao Village,Philippines

This study addresses the question, ‘How can remaining forests be conserved when these are already individually privatized, and when the people prefer landuses other than forestry?’ These changes in landuse and forest ownership are demonstrated through a case study of a village in Ifugao, Philippines. A rapid and continued conversion of forest into agricultural land is observed, particularly for vegetable farming. Traditionally, most of the village total land area was under communal land ownership, but now almost half is under de facto private ownership. This transition in land (including forest) ownership is generally attributed to increased demand for land which is further attributed to changes in peoples’ values towards wealth accumulation rather than redistribution, greater integration to the market economy and a shift towards commercial agriculture. Past forest policies have been ineffective in regulating the landuse largely because they have not reflected local reality, and this appears to be true with the present national forest management strategy of community-based forest management. It is argued that the granting of land titles will improve forest conservation because it will improve the enforcement of forest laws and related contractual agreements. Based on the reality of private land ownership, it is further argued that forest policy in IP land should include private (individual, family or household) forest management. Given the possibility that indigenous people may prefer landuses other than forestry or may sell their property for various reasons, policies should regulate landuse as well as make it legal for IPs to transfer rights of ownership to ‘outsiders’. There is scope to improve the implementation of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act in the Philippines.     

重构国有林区林业微观主体的研究

以木材生产为核心的国有林区现行的林业微观建制已成为国有林区及国有林业可持续发展的主要制度性障碍 ,因此重构国有林区林业微观主体便成为我国国有林区能否尽快实现良性运转的关键。首先研究国有林区林业微观主体重构的现实基础和经济可行性 ,新的微观主体构建符合市场经济理念 ,可以节约交易费用 ,实现专业化分工 ,提高资源配置效率 ;其次研究国有林区林业微观主体重构的内涵与特征 ;第三 ,研究重构后国有林区林业微观主体的基本类型 ,分别界定了基础性林业企业和商业性林业企业的目标、特征和经营内容 ;第四 ,研究由现行的国有森工企业向新的林业微观主体过渡的主体路径 ,指出打破现行国有森工企业格局的深刻内涵和经济本质 ;随后对国有林区基本的运行主体在实际运行中的关系进行研究 ,指出其间可能出现的各种“一体化”的关系 ,从而也拓宽了国有林区林业微观主体的存在形态。