黑龙潭树木园引种美国黄松生长调查

对榆林黑龙潭山地树木园引种的美国黄松生长状况做了调查,并和油松进行了比较.结果表明,美国黄松和油松的树高、胸径、材积生长量有差异,但未达到显著水平;其冠幅小于油松.针叶长度远大于油松,二者差异显著.树高、胸径和材积3个生长指标,美国黄松具有很好的相关性,相关系数均在0.9以上;而油松的树高与胸径相关系数仅为0.583.对于榆林黑龙潭山地树木园而言,油松和美国黄松都是外来树种.引入该地后成活率高,生长量大.适应性强.具有较高的推广价值.     

The Effects of Shaking on Extension Growth of Pinus contorta Douglas

Subjecting young plants of P. contorta to continuous shakingoutdoors caused a 20 per cent reduction in the extension ofleading and lateral shoots, and a 10 per cent reduction in theextension of needles. The ratio of the final length of the lateralsto that of the leaders (‘apical control’) was unaffectedby shaking as was the radial growth of the stems. Shaking foronly 24 minutes per day had almost the same effect as shakingcontinuously. Shaking in 1978 had no effect on fascicles producedin 1979 or on the response to shaking in 1979. The effect ofshaking could not be attributed to an induced water stress.To see whether the shaking treatment affected cell divisionor cell expansion an examination was made of the pith parenchyma.The shorter stems from the shaken treatment contained fewercells than the controls, though cell size was not much affected.The results of the shaking experiment were very similar to theresults of the wind tunnel experiment described in the previouspaper.     

美国黄松与油松生长特性的比较研究

以陕西榆林黑龙潭树木园引种的美国黄松和油松为研究对象,结合延安树木园的一些情况,对2个树种进行了比较,研究了生长进程和生长性状的相关性,并对其适应性进行了阐述。研究结果表明,18年生美国黄松与油松在生长量上有差异,但未达到显著水平。2个树种的高生长进程表现为一致,第7年进入速生阶段,年生长量达到40 cm以上。在树高、胸径和材积3个生长指标上,美国黄松具有很好的相关性,相关系数均在0.9以上;而油松的树高与胸径相关系数仅为0.583。对于黑龙潭山地树木园而言,油松和美国黄松都是外来树种。18年引种结果表明,2个树种引入该地后成活率高、生长量大、适应性强,具有较高的引种推广价值。     

Pinus contorta growth in northern Sweden as affected by soil scarification

The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of different soil scarification methods on tree growth. Soil scarification influenced stem volume and stem biomass yield of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) in a 17-year-old field trial in boreal Sweden. Soil scarification (disc trenching, mounding and ploughing) resulted in an average stem volume yield of 3.1 and 34.2 m³ ha^–1 on the poor and intermediate sites, respectively, while corresponding values for no soil scarification were 0.9 and 16.7 m³ ha^–1. In comparison to no scarification, ploughing increased volume yields by 500% on the poor site and by 200% on the intermediate sites. The ranking according to stem volume yield was ploughing > disc trenching = mounding no soil scarification. Averaged over the two sites, the mean annual increment of stem biomass was 219% and 145% higher (in d.w., 0.26 kg and 0.34 kg per sample tree) after ploughing compared with no soil scarification, for the average and dominant sample trees, respectively. Although not significant, the increased growth rate after soil scarification decreased the average stem basic wood density of the sample trees with 1.6% and 5.3%, at the poor and intermediate sites, respectively. In conclusion, soil scarification significantly increased the 17-year stem volume yield compared with no scarification. The results also indicate that the difference in stem biomass yield between ploughing and the other methods, especially no soil scarification, will increase even more in the near future.     

The Effects of Wind on the Extension Growth of Pinus contorta Douglas

The effect of wind on the extension growth of young Pinus contortawas investigated using a controlled environment wind tunnel.Extension rates of leader and lateral shoots were reduced byabout 20 per cent by high wind speed. The ratio of the finallength of the laterals to that of the leaders (‘apicalcontrol’) was unaffected, as was the radial growth ofstems. Water potentials were slightly higher in plants subjectto high wind. In another experiment, rates of needle extensionwere reduced 30 per cent by wind. The experiments are discussedin relation to field observations by others and it is arguedthat wind is a potent ecological factor adversely affectingtree growth.     

Formation and growth of stem cankers caused by Gremmeniella abietina on young Pinus contorta

From 1990 to 1995, the formation and growth of stem cankers caused by Gremmeniella abietina on Pinus contorta var. latifolia was studied in three stands in northern Sweden. The stands were planted in 1976–80. The total number of cankers on 756 trees that were individually followed increased from 233 to 477 during the 5‐year period. With 42.0% of the cankers, the pathogen entered through or from the base of diseased branches, and 33.6% through visually undamaged bark. Most of the cankers were within 100 cm of the ground. In one of the three areas, the cankers were evenly distributed within 180 cm of the ground. The frequency of cankers facing north exceeded those facing south. The average vertical length of cankers had increased, 55.6% of cankers had increased their percentage coverage of the stem girth; 13.8% had fully girdled the stem. At two of the sites, there was a negative correlation between canker coverage of the stem circumference and tree height increment.     

Low soil temperatures increase carbon reserves in Picea mariana and Pinus contorta

? Context

Soil temperature can limit tree growth and function, but it is often unaddressed in understanding the successional status of trees.

? Aims

We tested how soil temperature affected carbon allocation strategies of two dominant co-occurring boreal conifer species, Pinus contorta and Picea mariana.

? Methods

We measured nonstructural carbon (NSC) concentrations, biomass, and photosynthesis of dormant and actively growing 2-year-old seedlings in response to three soil temperatures (5, 10, and 20 °C) under a common ambient air temperature.

? Results

For both species, variation in carbon reserves with soil temperature was more pronounced following seedling growth than during dormancy. For both species and all organ types (roots, needles, and stems), NSC concentrations were highest when seedlings were grown at 5 than 20 °C. Mass adjusted for NSC content was negatively correlated with NSC concentration for all organ types of both species. Soil temperature had a marginally significant effect on photosynthesis of pine; seedlings grown at 10 or 20 °C acquired more carbon than seedlings grown at 5 °C. Spruce seedlings photosynthesized more when grown at 20 °C than at 5 or 10 °C.

? Conclusion

Interspecific differences in allocation of carbon may underlie the responses of P. mariana and P. contorta to cold soils and consequently their successional status.     

黄松、班克松引种试验研究

从美国引进黄松、班克松种子，以油松为对照，分别进行多点育苗，并营造就对比验林。5年来对其生物生态学特性进行了详细的观测和对比分析。试验结果初步表明：黄松和班克松在我省陇南等地区适应性强、生长稳定。5年生黄松平均树高0．24m，平均地径为0．65cm；班克构平均高为0．42m，平均地径为0．71cm。班克松5年生当年高生长年平均为10．51cm，油松只有7．58cm，地径生长也与油松接近。     

Growth of Pinus contorta at Different Water-Table Levels in Deep Blanket Peat

In an experiment in which the water-table in peat was maintainedat levels ranging from 0 to 34 cm, the height growth of Lodgepolepine was linearly related both to depth of water-table and toair volume in the surface horizons. Stem volume, tree weight,and foliage area, however, increased exponentially in responseto drying of the peat. Foliar nitrogen and phosphorus levelswere broadly related to treatment but, together with potassiumlevels, declined with time and showed no improvement as a resultof the drying and increase in rooting volume that followed canopyclosure.     

Variable dormancy in seed of Pinus contorta

Seeds of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) collected southwest of Grande Praire, Alberta at three different times and altitudes between August 20, 1984 and August 15, 1985 showed variable responses to stratification. The responses were related to seed ripeness, as judged through evaluations of cone moisture contents, and with the length of time that the cones had remained on the trees. Unripe seeds started to lose germination in the third year after pollination when on the tree. Mature seeds which lost germination by late fall 1984 regained it by the next fall, while most unripe seeds did not. Immature seeds increased their need for stratification over time while mature seeds did not. Seeds should be left on the tree until the end of the third year to insure maximum viability because they do not reach maturity until then.     

Aboveground production and N and P use by Larix occidentalis and Pinus contorta in the Washington Cascades, USA

Aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and N and P use patterns were determined for western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.), a deciduous conifer, and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.), an evergreen conifer, in the Cascade Mountains of Washington, USA. Western larch and lodgepole pine retranslocated 87 and 66% of foliage N and 66 and 78% of foliage P, respectively. At the stand level, N use efficiency of western larch was greater than that of lodgepole pine, whereas P use efficiency of lodgepole pine was greater than that of western larch. Western larch and lodgepole pine were comparable in ANPP and production efficiency (ANPP/foliage mass) if needle longevity is considered. The similarity in ANPP of the evergreen lodgepole pine and the deciduous western larch may be related in part to the lower initial construction cost of the foliage, and the efficient use of nitrogen by western larch.     

小干松播种育苗技术

小干松具有适应性强、用途广泛的特性,在辽宁省引种表现良好,文章概述了小干松的种子处理、圃地准备、播种、田间管理、苗木移植、出圃等关键育苗技术,对小干松生产育苗具有指导作用。     

Cold acclimation of Pinus contorta and Pinus sylvestris assessed by chlorophyll fluorescence

Needle samples of six provenances each of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), originating from latitudes 55 to 68 degrees N in western Canada and northern Sweden, were collected during the autumn and subjected to freezing temperatures in the range of -8 to -29 degrees C on three occasions in September and October. Needle injury was assessed by two different methods: visual assessment and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Chlorophyll a fluorescence data showed a highly significant correlation with the visual assessments of injury, indicating that the technique can be used as a simple, non-destructive and objective measure for rapid detection of freezing injury and for ranking of needle materials with respect to development of cold acclimation. The analyses showed that, during the autumn, lodgepole pine needles were more hardy and acclimated to low temperatures earlier than Scots pine needles.     

恩施山地扭叶松的幼树期引种成效

用产于加拿大9个种源的扭叶松种子育苗,在湖北恩施的建始县国有高岩子林场的十字坪、姚家坡进行了扭叶松不同种源地、不同种源的植苗造林试验。其幼树期的试验结果表明:扭叶松能适应两地的环境条件,植苗造林成活率及保存率达91.3%~100%;对14年生的试验林进行高、径生长分析,扭叶松的树高生长和胸径生长受种源、造林地点的影响极显著;种源与造林地点对树高生长的交互作用极显著。进一步对树高进行单点分析,参试的9个种源,在十字坪试点,10577、26230、25730、27084、28476、14726、26153七个种源的树高生长极显著高于25801、25803两个种源,且7个种源两两间差异不显著;姚家坡试点10577种源的树高生长极显著高于其他种源,其下依次是28476、26153、26730、27084、14726五个种源。胸径生长在种源间的极显著差异缘于10577种源与25803、25801种源间的差异,其他任意两种源间的胸径生长差异不显著。     

RAPD variation in Gremmeniella abietina attacking Pinus sylvestris and Pinus contorta in northern Sweden

Genomic DNA from 81 isolates of Gremmeniella abietina collected from eleven plantations each of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus contorta in northern Sweden was studied using RAPD markers. The DNA variation between and within populations and the race and type distribution of G. abietina populations, causing symptoms similar to those of the North American race, were studied. The degree of genetic similarity was greater among G. abietina isolates from the same geographical areas than among isolates from different geographical areas, regardless of whether they were isolated from P. sylvestris or P. contorta. RAPD variation was greatest in the central parts of northern Sweden, suggesting that sexual reproduction has been somewhat more important there than further north or south. Only the RAPD fragments characteristic of the EU race of G. abietina were found in the material tested. The RAPD pattern described as characteristic of the northern type within the EU race was identified in 62% of the isolates. Divergence from the expected profile was due to differences in occurrence of fragments OPA12-1400 and 12-1500. This indicates that this part of the RAPD profile cannot be treated as diagnostic for the northern type. A conclusion of practical importance is that there is a considerable risk of G. abietina spreading from infected P. contorta plantations to adjacent areas with indigenous P. sylvestris regeneration, and vice versa, owing to the indicated lack of host-specificity of the pathogen. It is possible, however, that host-specific strains exist, but do not differ in their RAPD profiles.     

The Effect of Auxins on Pinus contorta Seedling Root Development

Primary lateral root production on Pinus contorta seedlingswas increased 5–10 fold by immersion in auxin solutions.Watering auxin solutions onto P. contorta seedlings growingin soil or compost induced the development of large numbersof primary lateral roots in the root collar region. The numberof primary lateral roots which developed depended mainly uponthe auxin used and its application rate, seedling age and toa lesser extent on the soil characteristics. Instability oftransplanted pines is partly due to their lack of primary lateralroots and their inability to regenerate new ones after plantingout; this instability may be overcome by using auxin treatedseedlings. Potential practical applications of this techniqueare discussed.     

小干松引种试验初报

黑龙江省伊春市小兴安岭植物园,近30年来,把引进国内外有价值树种,确定为工作重点。紧紧围绕伊春国有老林区,林业发展对新植物材料的需要,开展树木引种驯化及系列推广应用工作。小干松（Pinus contorta ssp.latifolia）做为第一批引进的国外树种,已获成功。实录了小干松引种试验过程,以供同行们参考、借鉴。     

Growth and carbon accumulation in root systems of Pinus taeda and Pinus ponderosa seedlings as affected by varying CO(2), temperature and nitrogen

It has been hypothesized that increasing atmospheric CO(2) concentration enhances accumulation of carbon in fine roots, thereby altering soil carbon dynamics and nutrient cycling. To evaluate possible changes to belowground pools of carbon and nitrogen in response to elevated CO(2), an early and a late successional species of pine (Pinus taeda L. and Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws, respectively) were grown from seed for 160 days in a 35 or 70 Pa CO(2) partial pressure at low or high temperature (30-year weekly mean and 30-year weekly mean + 5 degrees C) and a soil solution nitrogen concentration of 1 or 5 mM NH(4)NO(3) at the Duke University Phytotron. Seedlings were harvested at monthly intervals and growth parameters of the primary root, secondary root and tap root fractions evaluated. Total root biomass of P. ponderosa showed a positive CO(2) response (105% increase) (P = 0.0001) as a result of significant increases in all root fractions in the elevated CO(2) treatment, but all other main effects and interactions were insignificant. In P. taeda, there were significant interactions between CO(2) and temperature (P = 0.04) and CO(2) and nitrogen (P = 0.04) for total root biomass. An allometric analysis indicated that modulation of the secondary root fraction was the main response of the trees to altered environmental conditions. In P. ponderosa, there was an increase in the secondary root fraction relative to the primary and tap root fractions under conditions of low temperature. In P. taeda, there was a shift in carbon accumulation to the secondary roots relative to the primary roots under low temperature and low nitrogen. Neither species exhibited shifts in carbon accumulation in response to elevated CO(2). We conclude that both species have the potential to increase belowground biomass substantially in response to rising atmospheric CO(2) concentration, and this response is sensitive to temperature and nitrogen in P. taeda. Both species displayed small shifts in belowground carbon accumulation in response to altered temperature and nitrogen that may have substantial ecosystem consequences over time.     

美国黄松离体胚培养条件下不定芽的形成与根产生的研究

以美国黄松成熟胚为外植体在MS、GD、SH和N6 培养基上诱导不定芽 ,试验结果表明 ,基本培养基的种类对外植体不定芽的诱导起主要作用 ,GD最好 ,SH次之 ,MS和N6 最差。GD 0 5mg·L- 1 6 BA ,对外植体不定芽的诱导率达 5 5 % ,平均增殖率为 6 ,最大增殖率达 10 ;NAA不利于外植体不定芽的诱导 ;培养基中加入适量的活性炭有利于不定芽的形成和生长。对不定芽在GD、SH和 1 2SH培养基上进行生根诱导 ,试验结果表明 ,基本培养基的种类对不定芽形成根起主要作用 ,GD、SH不能诱导不定芽生根 ,1 2SH可以使不定芽生根 ,其对不定芽的诱导率为 2 2 % ,1 2SH NAA 0 5mg·L- 1 对不定芽生根的诱导率为 3 3% ;NAA对不定芽生根具有促进作用。在离体培养条件下 ,以美国黄松种胚为外植体获得了再生小植株