新疆塔城盆地甜菜含糖率降低原因及对策

塔城盆地是新疆重要甜菜生产基地,1995～1997年甜菜年总产量13.6～29.9万吨,平均单产32.9～38.7t/hm2,含糖率17.1%～17.9%。1998～2000年甜菜年总产量15.6～38.3万吨,平均单产44.6～49.2t/hm2,含糖率降至14.9%～15.3%,由于含糖率降低,生产成本增高,制糖企业连续两年亏损,针对含糖率大幅降低这一突出问题,本文主要从品种布局、合理密植、科学施肥等栽培措施论述了造成含糖率降低的原因及对策。     

广西积极推动糖业高质量发展取得成效

一是建设“双高”基地降低种植成本。目前,广西500万亩“双高”基地累计完成土地整治462万亩,综合机械化率达61.1%,种植良种率达100%。通过“双高”基地建设,每亩甘蔗可降低生产成本120元左右,带动广西糖料蔗入榨量从2016/2017年榨季的4303万吨增加到2018/2019年榨季的5466万吨。     

两系超级杂交水稻新组合Y两优1号优质高产制种技术

2005年在湖南绥宁县武阳制种基地试制两系超级杂交水稻Y两优1号(Y58S/9311)0.78 hm2,平均单产2.97 t/hm2,最高单产3.46 t/hm2,种子纯度在99%以上。初步掌握了其双亲的特征特性,提出了优质保纯高产制种的相应技术措施。     

两系超级杂交稻Y两优1号母本直播制种技术

2008和2009年连续2a在湖南绥宁县武阳制种基地进行两系超级杂交水稻Y两优1号(Y58S/9311)母本直播制种14hm2,平均单产2.93t/hm2,最高单产4.2t/hm2,种子纯度99%以上。提出了该组合母本直播制种优质高产的配套技术。     

纸筒甜菜多杈根高青顶的形成原因及解决办法

黑龙江省九三垦区纸筒育苗移栽甜菜比直播甜菜单产提高26%左右,增糖0.4度,纸筒育苗移栽甜菜面积逐年增加。仅2001年全垦区种植甜菜面积8667hm2,其中纸筒育苗移栽面积5227hm2,占总播种面积60.31%。总收购量达21.56万t,其中多杈根甜菜4.1万t,高青顶甜菜2.8万t,分别占总收购量的19     

扎兰屯地区甜菜低产原因分析及对策

甜菜是我国东北地区主要的制糖原料,是农民致富的重要经济作物。自扎兰屯地区种植甜菜以来,通常采用直播方法的甜菜单产仅15t/hm2左右,严重影响了农民种植甜菜的积极性。1甜菜低产原因1.1自然因素1.1.1气候。扎兰屯地区春季10年9旱、风大,甜菜播种后正值春旱,致使出苗不全,出苗     

土默川地区甜菜高产高糖栽培技术

介绍了内蒙古土默川地区通过选用甜菜优良品种,调节群体结构,推广纸筒育苗移栽和地膜覆盖栽培技术,施用甜菜专用肥,以及保护甜菜功能叶片等技术措施获得大面积甜菜高产高糖的经验。该地区使用国外甜菜遗传单芽型品种(RIMA、KWS0149)种植纸筒育苗移栽甜菜750hm2,平均产量48.0t/hm2,含糖率16%,纯度84%以上;种植地膜覆盖栽培甜菜1414.4hm2,平均产量39.91t/hm2,含糖率18.22%,纯度85%以上。     

准两优527在桂南高产保纯制种技术研究

经2003年的小面积试制后,2004年两系杂交稻新组合准两优527在广西武鸣县制种80 hm2,平均单产2.91 t/hm2,最高单产4.81 t/hm2;经海南种植鉴定,所产种子纯度平均为99.2%.总结了准两优527制种亲本的特征特性和在武鸣高产保纯制种的主要技术.     

新疆甜菜丸粒化单粒种高密高产高糖栽培模式

在新疆适宜种植甜菜的生态区,通过选择甜菜丸粒化单粒种,在高密度种植条件下,依据不同栽培管理阶段特点采用合理的管理措施,以实现甜菜单产97.5～105.0t/hm2、含糖率15%以上的目标,从而构建甜菜丸粒化单粒种高密高产高糖栽培模式。     

两系杂交中籼稻徽两优6号母本抛秧高产制种技术

2009年在安徽巢湖制种基地进行两系杂交水稻徽两优6号(1892S/扬稻6号变异株)母本抛秧制种20hm2,平均单产2.96 t/hm2,最高单产3.65 t/hm2,种子纯度99%以上.提出了该组合母本抛秧制种优质高产的配套技术.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.