影响猪场猪只生长性能自动测定设备数据正确性的因素及数据维护的意义

猪场猪只生长性能自动测定设备现今在我国许多规模猪场已得到了广泛的应用,但其数据的正确性会受到多种因素的影响。如果不能保障生长性能测定数据的正确性,不仅会影响育种工作的效率,甚至会对育种工作产生误导。分析了影响猪场猪只生长性能测定数据正确性的3个根本因素:系统误差、设备运行过程中的随机影响因素和动物的行为干扰因素。并指出出错数据主要表现在4个方面:数据链中断、饲料中断、设备粘连、动物异常行为。需做好两方面的工作:加强管理以减少设备运行过程中影响数据正确性的因素,并对出错数据根据具体情况进行分析与维护,才能获得正确性高的数据。数据维护是自动设备的数据质量管理系统中的重要工作之一。只有进行分析与合理维护的测定数据,才能最大限度地展现测定动物的最真实的行为,体现测定数据的正确意义,让测定数据具有评估、应用和交流的实际意义。     

Safeguarding herds from the animal hygiene point of view

One of the most important concepts for the protection of herd health is the implementation of structural and organisational measures to prevent infective agents and other adverse compounds from entering the farm. Safeguarding health, well-being and production efficiency is part of the overall management concept of hygiene in animal production systems. This paper presents an overview of the most important rules and recommendations to protect livestock production facilities from the intrusion of infectious pathogens, beginning with the right choice of the site for the farm and the animal housing ("safe distances" to neighbouring farm animal houses), solid fencing and control and disinfecting places at the entrance gate. The traffic of vehicles and people transporting animals, feedstuff, equipment and slurry or manure to and from the facility should be reduced to a minimum. Fallen animals should be stored in separate and safe containers until removed by specialised companies. Regular control of rodents, insects and wild birds is crucial to avoid the transfer of infectious agents from farm to farm and between herds within a farm. Equally important factors are the health status of personnel to avoid transmission of zoonotic diseases, the application of the all-in-all-out system and a strict cleaning and disinfecting regime. The internal and external organisational measures for preventing the spread of infections in animal production will gain increasing importance in the future because the farm animal producer bears the responsibility for the production of safe and healthy food at the primary segment of the food chain. Increasing restrictions on the use of veterinary drugs for food delivering animals will increase the importance of prophylaxis, prevention and protection of production units as the keys for safeguarding health, well-being and efficiency of farm animals. Only the application of strict hygiene principles in animal production will make it possible to meet the consumer demand for safe and high quality food of animal origin.     

定西西泰养殖有限公司猪的人工授精技术

对定西西泰养殖有限公司猪的人工授精操作过程所用的方法、设施设备、操作技术等问题进行分析。手握法是对公猪采精的最简单方便的方法,目前本公司建立三元杂交繁育体系生产商品肉猪,既提高了制种效率,也充分发挥了公母猪的生产潜力,对原精液精子数为2亿/mL的精子作1:1或1:0.8稀释,连续输精三次,间隔8h每次输精80mL,同时准确而有效的做好发情鉴定工作,对于提高受胎率将有很大的作用;特别是应用繁殖节律的调控技术对工厂化养猪实行"全进全出",对提高猪场经济效益有很大的帮助。     

Advances in diagnostic ultrasonography

A wide variety of ultrasonographic equipment currently is available for use in equine practice, but no one machine is optimal for every type of imaging. Image quality is the most important factor in equipment selection once the needs of the practitioner are ascertained. The transducer frequencies available, transducer footprints, depth of field displayed, frame rate, gray scale, simultaneous electrocardiography, Doppler, and functions to modify the image are all important considerations. The ability to make measurements off of videocassette recorder playback and future upgradability should be evaluated. Linear array and sector technology are the backbone of equine ultrasonography today. Linear array technology is most useful for a high-volume broodmare practice, whereas sector technology is ideal for a more general equine practice. The curved or convex linear scanner has more applications than the standard linear array and is equipped with the linear array rectal probe, which provides the equine practitioner with a more versatile unit for equine ultrasonographic evaluations. The annular array and phased array systems have improved image quality, but each has its own limitations. The new sector scanners still provide the most versatile affordable equipment for equine general practice.     

Physical examination of swine.

Swine may be examined to evaluate a disease state or a lowered economic performance or as a herd health consultation. As much of the examination as possible should be performed without handling the animal. A thorough history, evaluation of herd records, environmental examination, and herd examination should be performed prior to the evaluation of an individual animal. All necessary equipment should be available when starting the individual examination. The animals is then restrained and examined, and necessary samples are taken. Post-mortem examinations or slaughter house evaluations are a very frequent part of a health examination on swine. All samples taken should be in accordance with the standards of the laboratory that you use. You should work closely with the laboratory to obtain the best results. Physical examination of swine can be rewarding for the veterinarian as well as the producer. The most important aspect to remember is to have enough information and the proper equipment available to handle the animals for the minimal amount of time to gain the maximum benefits. Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs are similar to domestic swine in terms of their diseases and health but are dissimilar in management; pot-bellied pigs are frequently brought to the veterinarian for individual examinations. History is the most valuable part of the examination, followed by observation. Pot-bellied pigs prefer to be held securely with a hand under the chin and rump. The examination is conducted similarly to the examination of any companion animal. Chemical restraint often is necessary for sampling or minor surgical procedures. Owners should be consulted prior to the use of any restraint. This will help win their approval and confidence when working on their pets. While performing the physical examination, look at the pig's overall health as well as specific breed characteristics. Try to stay abreast of swine vaccination recommendations; you may be consulted in this regard. Most importantly, never forget even though they are pigs, pot-bellied pigs are companion animals and should be handled as such.     

以复杂性科学观念指导奶牛疾病防治与中西兽医药学结合

面对当前奶牛疾病防治的日益困难,虽然不乏众多新进展与新成果,而其临床防治却依旧是步履维艰；在用复杂性科学理论对其进行分析的基础上认为,其主要原因是传统科学“单因素线性分析”的简单化认识观念与方法不能适应临床疾病的复杂多变性特点,而转变科学观念,以复杂性科学理论为指导,加强其临床疾病复杂多变性特点和规律的认识与把握,也许才是突破其发展瓶颈的关键所在.其次,要实现奶牛疾病防治的复杂性科学转变,离不了中兽医药学辨证施治(状态分析与处理)在认识方法上的支撑与帮助；而奶牛疾病防治,有可能成为中西兽医药学结合发展的最重要用武之地之一.     

畜禽遗传资源保护的国际法律法规体系研究

随着科技和现代生物技术的迅猛发展,国际竞争会越来越激烈.包括畜禽在内的生物遗传资源已成为一个国家可持续发展的重要战略资源,资源的拥有国对该资源具有国家主权.国际社会对生物资源也十分重视,有关生物遗传资源的许多国际公约、条约等法律法规相继签署生效,促进了全球畜禽遗传资源的管理、保存和利用.本文对联合国(UN)、世界贸易组织(WTO)以及世界知识产权组织(WIPO)等国际组织相关的畜禽遗传资源管理方面的法律法规进行了研究,通过分析各项法律法规的宗旨、目标、应用条件和适用范围以及国际立法新的方向,为更有效地保护我国畜禽遗传资源,以及进行全面管理、利用和国际交流提供法律方面的参考.     

Ischemic bandage injuries: a case series and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE:To determine the prognosis and distribution of ischemic injuries caused by inappropriate bandaging of the lower limb in dogs and cats. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. ANIMAL POPULATION: Eleven client-owned animals, including 9 dogs and 2 cats with a history of injuries consistent with incorrect application of a bandage. METHODS: Medical records for dogs and cats referred to the Queen's Veterinary School Hospital with limb wounds between 1995 and 1999 were reviewed for clinical history and referring veterinary surgeons' reports, indicating that the injury was directly related to the application of a bandage to the limb. RESULTS: The indications for bandage application included 2 postoperative cruciate ligament ruptures, 2 lacerations, 3 internal fixations, an onychectomy, a shoulder dislocation, a dog bite, and a tendon strain. None of the patients had other body systems involved or underlying or concurrent diseases. Five different types of bandage were described (support, Robert Jones, pressure, splint, and Velpeau), and no particular age or breed was overrepresented. Of the 11 animals, 5 required full-thickness skin grafts, 3 had to have digits amputated, and 2 required limb amputations. Nine animals survived, but only 4 became fully functional on the affected limb. CONCLUSIONS: Bandage-related injuries are potentially serious sequelae to a routine procedure. A guarded prognosis should be given when there is loss of deeper structures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A review of bandaging principles is presented. Method of application, choice of materials, and close monitoring of the bandage are important factors in preventing iatrogenic injury.     

Voluntary testing procedures of farm animal housing equipment according to the Animal Welfare Act of 1998]

Before its broad application in practice, housing equipment should be tested, in particular with regard to animal welfare. The differing positions of the German Federal Council (Bundesrat) and the German Federal Parliament (Bundestag), whether such testing should be mandatory or voluntary, have been conciliated in the amended animal welfare act by empowering the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (BML) to fix official standards for voluntary testing procedures by regulation. On request of the BML, a report as scientific basis for a draft regulation is currently prepared by the scientific animal welfare committee of the German Agricultural Society (DLG). The scientific animal welfare committee has been appointed by the DLG in order to provide support in the effort to strengthen animal welfare aspects in the DLG-utility testing procedure of housing equipment, which is in place since 1953. The committee elaborates standards concerning testing methods, assessment criteria and the necessary size of investigations. As required, the scientific animal welfare committee may support the DLG-testing bodies in the implementation of the animal welfare part of the testing procedure. It will, moreover, be involved in the welfare assessment based on the testing results. The amendments of the already established testing procedure will help to fulfill the general requirements on an acceptable animal welfare testing procedure. While keeping in mind that there are certain limits in what can be achieved by a voluntary testing procedure, the enhanced consideration of animal welfare aspects within the DLG-utility testing procedure has the advantage to be relatively unbureaucratic and in line with EU legislation, and is, therefore, an appropriate tool for a contibrution to improved animal welfare in livestock housing.     

Instrumentation for external fixation.

External skeletal fixation is a very useful technique for managing many orthopedic problems in veterinary practice. The Kirschner apparatus has been the most widely used fixator for many years in veterinary orthopedics because of its versatility, simplicity, and economy in use. The medium-sized device has the widest indications and is easiest to begin with. The small size can be acquired later for use on cats and small dogs. The new "raised thread" fixation pin designs improve bone-pin integrity and can be used in combination with nonthreaded pins to decrease the incidence of postoperative complications and for economy. Acrylic-pin external fixators are particularly useful for treatment of mandibular fractures and transarticular application since they allow nonlinear placement of fixation pins in highly contoured bones. A commercial system, currently being developed, will have all the equipment and materials necessary for their application in a convenient kit. Circular fixators (Ilizarov design) use thin K wires placed under tension to replace rigid fixation pins. Their unique adjustability characteristics make them useful in the treatment of limb deformity and shortening. Many other human fixators can be used for veterinary application if the basic principles of fixators are followed. Instrumentation required for external fixator application include a pin driver, pin cutter, and wrenches. Although surgical versions of these materials are available, less expensive alternatives are available using gas sterilization instead of autoclaving. The use of selected orthopedic instrumentation such as a periosteal elevator, bone clamps, and curets will facilitate fracture management.     

Current controversies in equine antimicrobial therapy

Controversies exist regarding the use, misuse and potential overuse of antimicrobial treatments in foals and adults. When antimicrobials are required for treatment of infectious diseases, veterinarians should follow a logical approach and not simply reach for the newest drug. Targeted, single drug therapy is probably best, and culture and sensitivity testing should be undertaken. The most likely infectious agent, potential drug toxicities, and age‐appropriate dose and route should be considered. The development of an increasing number of different multiple drug resistant pathogens requires that veterinarians use antimicrobial drugs responsibly to protect veterinary patients and the public at large.     

Guide to Venomous Reptiles in Veterinary Practice

Venomous reptiles are common in zoo, research, and private collections. These animals will require veterinary care at some time during their captivity, and treating venomous reptiles can be both challenging and rewarding. Extensive training and experience in handling venomous reptiles, particularly snakes, is required before making the important decision on whether to add these patients to one’s practice. Veterinarians who have a desire to treat venomous reptiles should be familiar with proper equipment, handling techniques, and special considerations required for these species. Veterinarians should also be prepared in the event of an emergency and aware of specific medical conditions affecting these species.     

Lameness originating from the proximal metacarpus/tarsus: A review of local analgesic techniques and clinical diagnostic findings

Accurate diagnosis of conditions of the equine proximal metacarpus and metatarsus presents a clinical challenge. Diagnostic analgesia of this region is nonspecific, which may lead to incorrect interpretation of blocking patterns, potentiating incorrect diagnoses and treatment. Results of local analgesia should be examined carefully during clinical lameness evaluations due to the possibility of diffusion of local anaesthetic solution and inadvertent intrasynovial injection. Supplementary diagnostic analgesia of surrounding anatomic regions and advanced diagnostic imaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging, are recommended for most accurate diagnosis of lameness. Failure in response to therapy in cases where supplementary diagnostic analgesia and advanced diagnostic imaging have not been performed should prompt the clinician to broaden the approach to better characterise the site of pain.     

我国生猪产业链智能化技术与装备的研究及应用进展

智能化技术与装备是未来规模化生猪养殖场的必备工具,也是未来生猪产业链发展的主要方向.随着我国畜牧业科研能力和创新能力的不断提升,相关科研单位以及企业逐步开始将智能化设备应用到生产中,提高了整个产业链的生产技术水平.本文就我国生猪产业链智能化技术与装备的研究及应用进展进行综述,以期为其发展提供参考.     

Obtaining samples for the laboratory

Mislabeling, incomplete or incorrect requisition forms, and in-vitro hemolysis are the most common problems related to specimen handling. Postprandial lipemia, administration of corticosteroids, and use of excess EDTA in the collecting tube may interfere with test results. Specimens for coagulation profiles should be collected in tubes containing EDTA or citrate. Most urinalysis errors result from improper sample collection, inappropriate storage, and delayed analysis.     

Intentional misuse of veterinary medications in human suicide

Many veterinary medications can be lethal in human overdose. This review aims to educate practicing veterinarians about the most common medications used by humans in intentional overdose. Strategies to mitigate the risk posed by these medications are discussed, and the risk factors that predispose a person to suicide are reviewed. Synthesis of the published cases will allow veterinarians to easily identify high‐risk medications and to take steps to prevent their misuse by at‐risk patients or staff.     

Public health and policy

Antimicrobial agent usage data are essential for focusing efforts to reduce misuse and overuse of antimicrobial agents in food producing animals because these practices may select for resistance in bacteria of animals. Transfer of resistant bacteria from animals to humans can lead to human infection caused by resistant pathogens. Resistant infections can lead to treatment failures, resulting in prolonged or more severe illness. Multiple World Health Organization (WHO) reports have concluded that both antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial usage should be monitored on the national level. The system for collecting antimicrobial usage data should be clear and transparent to facilitate trend analysis and comparison within and among countries. Therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promotion use should be recorded, along with route of administration and animal species and/or production class treated. The usage data should be compared to resistance data, and the comparison should be made available in a timely manner. In the United States, surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne bacteria is performed by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) for enteric bacteria, however, the United States still lacks a mechanism for collecting antimicrobial usage data. Combined with antimicrobial resistance information from NARMS, antimicrobial usage data will help to direct education efforts and policy decisions, minimizing the risk that people will develop antimicrobial resistant infections as a result of eating food of animal origin. Ultimately mitigation strategies guided by usage data will be more effective in maintaining antimicrobial drugs for appropriate veterinary use and in protecting human health.     

美国濒危物种保护制度及其对我国的启示

美国的濒危物种保护法律制度是极有特色和卓有成效的，其主要内容包括：立法目的和政策、法律实施机构、列名单制度、危险制度、夺取违法制度、栖息地保护方案制度和公民诉讼制度等。而重视对栖息地的保护、政府机构对濒危物种保护负有法定义务以及重视公众参与和司法实施则是对我国物种保护法制建设的重要启示。     

Complications of fractures repaired with plates and screws

The complications associated with bone plates and screws often are related to undersized or oversized implant selection, improper number of implants, inadequate or improper screw fixation, malpositioned plates or screws, poor plate contouring, and failure to use cancellous bone grafts when a gap is present at the fracture site. A thorough understanding of the principles of plate and screw application helps to avoid most problems. The surgeon must use an implant that will stabilize the fracture adequately during the healing process. The patient's activity levels must not exceed the mechanical limits of the implant. Methods to promote bone healing, such as using cancellous bone grafts when a deficit is present, help to protect the implant from fatiguing before the fracture is healed. Proper positioning and contouring of the implants are important to the successful application of plates and screws. It must be realized that even if all of these things are done, some complications still will occur. When that happens, the complication should be dealt within a manner that will allow the objectives of fracture treatment (a healed bone and normal limb function) to be achieved.     

AVMA guide for veterinary medical waste management

Lawmakers have enacted a variety of laws and regulations to ensure proper disposal of certain potentially infectious or otherwise objectionable waste. The veterinary medical profession supports scientifically based regulations that benefit public health. In 1988, Congress passed the Medical Waste Tracking Act, a federal program that mandates tracking certain regulated waste. Several types of waste generated in the typical clinical veterinary medical practice are considered regulated veterinary medical waste. Discarded needles, syringes, and other sharps; vaccines and vials that contained certain live or attenuated vaccines; cultures and stocks of infectious agents and culture plates; research animals that were exposed to agents that are infectious to human beings and their associated waste; and other animal waste that is known to be potentially harmful to human beings should be handled as regulated veterinary medical waste. Regulated veterinary medical waste should be handled with care. It should be decontaminated prior to disposal. The most popular, effective methods of decontamination are steam sterilization (autoclaving) and incineration. Chemical decontamination is appropriate for certain liquid waste. Waste should be packaged so that it does not spill. Sharps require rigid puncture- and leak-resistant containers that can be permanently sealed. Regulated veterinary medical waste that has not been decontaminated should be labeled with the universal biohazard symbol. Generators retain liability for waste throughout the entire disposal process. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that waste transporters and disposal facilities comply with state and federal requirements. Veterinary practices should maintain a written waste management program and accurate records of regulated veterinary medical waste disposal. Contingency planning and staff training are other important elements of a veterinary medical waste management program. The guide includes a model veterinary medical waste management program; however, it does not address all the variations in state and local regulations. Veterinarians should obtain copies of state and local laws and regulations and modify AVMA's model plan to create an individualized practice plan that complies with federal, state, and local laws and regulations. State and local veterinary medical organizations should monitor state and local regulation to influence decisions that affect veterinarians and to keep their members informed of changing requirements. Veterinarians and veterinary medical organizations must stay involved so that regulations do not unfairly burden the veterinary medical profession.