纳米纤维素/蒙脱土复合材料的制备及性能研究

以纳米纤维素(CNF)为原料,与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)改性的蒙脱土(MMT)进行插层复配制备复合材料CTAB@MMT-CNF.探讨了CTAB用量对CTAB@MMT-CNF结构性能的影响,表征并分析了CTAB@MMT-CNF的红外光谱、微观形貌和热稳定性,考察了复合材料及其用量、被处理对象亚甲基蓝(MB)浓度对...     

纳米纤维素增强木塑复合材料的性能研究

以杨木粉为原料制备出纳米纤维素(CNF),然后采用物理预处理法和聚氧化乙烯(PEO)分散剂法利用CNF增强木粉/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)复合材料,通过挤出成型的方式制备CNF/HDPE/木粉复合材料。以直接干混法制备的复合材料为对照样,比较了2种预处理方法对CNF的分散程度和对木塑复合材料的增强效果,并对样品的微观形貌和力学特性进行了分析与测定。结果表明:经酸碱处理和研磨处理可有效去除杨木中的半纤维素和木质素,并得到直径几百纳米的纤维素纤丝。SEM分析表明,2种预处理方式制备的CNF/HDPE/木粉复合材料都取得了较好的分散效果,纤维不再是以分散相填充在塑料中,而是以三维网状细丝结构穿刺于塑料和木粉颗粒中,复合材料由脆性断裂变为韧性断裂。力学性能测试结果表明,2种预处理方式制备的CNF/HDPE/木粉复合材料的抗弯强度和弹性模量都有了显著的提高,当CNF的添加量为20%时,利用物理预处理法和PEO分散剂法制备的复合材料的抗弯强度为43.3和38.7 MPa,相比于对照样(31.8 MPa),分别提高了36.2%和21.7%,弹性模量为3 342和3 008 MPa,相比于对照样(2 243 MPa),分别提高了48.9%和34.1%,均达到了预期的增强效果;且物理预处理法增强效果更好,是一种环保而有效的预处理方法。     

木材/无机纳米复合材料研究现状与展望

在纳米材料特征、制备方法、纳米复合材料等方面研究成果的基础上,国内外的学者对木材无机纳米复合材料进行了初步研究.研究表明,木材内部具有容纳纳米粒子的纳米空间,它存在于木材细胞壁上的微细纤维之间;并存在能与纳米粒子结合的活性基团;可用溶胶-凝胶法(sol-gel)、原位插层合成法、注入填充法等方法,形成木材/无机纳米复合材料;木材原有性能均能有不同程度的提高,甚至有可能产生全新的性能.基于木材的特点,以木材/无机纳米复合材料的工业化研究为目标,分析木材/无机纳米复合材料的制备、检测与分析表征的研究现状,提出研究建议与展望,主要包括无机纳米材料的筛选、表面改性和分散处理、纳米粒子与木材复合的途径和复合机理研究、木材/无机纳米复合材料的结构表征和性能分析及其应用研究等.     

茶皂素改性衍生物制备与应用研究进展

茶皂素是一种性能优良的天然非离子型表面活性剂,因其优良的物理性能、独特的化学结构及含有大量的活性基团,故能采用物理、化学方法对其进行改性处理,以制备茶皂素改性衍生物产品,这些产品可广泛应用于环境控制、表面活性剂、环保农药、阻燃剂等领域。为了拓宽茶皂素应用研究的新领域,文中简述了国内外对茶皂素单体结构的研究情况,介绍了几个利用茶皂素采用物理处理、化学改性等方法制备茶皂素改性衍生物的研究实例,阐述了茶皂素改性衍生产品的研究开发现状;并对以茶皂素为高产量林源生物质资源制备开发新型材料、功能产品的研究进行了初步的展望。     

酚醛树脂改性对铝木复合材料性能的影响

对采用聚乙酸乙烯酯乳液与偶联剂改性酚醛树脂制备铝木复合材料性能的影响进行研究.结果表明:改性酚醛树脂肢粘剂制备复合材料表面胶合强度大于酚醛树脂胶粘剂,胶合强度都超过1.0 MPa,以杨木单板为基材不同混合比例之间表面胶合强度差异性极显著,但以中密度纤维板为基材不同混合比例之间表面胶合强度差异性不显著,随着聚乙酸乙烯酯乳液比例的增加,浸渍剥离性能降低,聚乙酸乙烯酯乳液与酚醛树脂最佳混合比为1:2;偶联剂的添加提高了复合材料的表面胶合强度,两者差异极显著,但偶联剂的加入对静曲强度和弹性模量影响较小,影响不显著.     

纳米CaCO3对木纤维增强生物可降解复合材料力学性能的影响

为探索纳米CaCO₃对增强生物可降解复合材料力学性能的影响,采用混炼、注射成型工艺制备纳米CaCO₃改性木纤维/聚乳酸复合材料,研究了纳米粒子添加量（1wt%,2wt%,3wt%,4wt%）及粒子预处理（偶联剂,硬脂酸,偶联剂-硬脂酸）对材料拉伸性能与冲击性能的影响。随着CaCO₃添加量增加,复合材料力学强度先增大后减小,质量分数2%时材料拉伸强度和冲击强度分别提高8%与20%,粒子的增韧效果明显。预处理不仅能增强木纤维与聚乳酸的结合,也提高了纳米粒子分散性,增强材料整体力学性能。纳米粒子在聚合物基体中的分散性及其与聚合物界面结合是影响材料性能的关键。     

桐马酸酐甲酯改性杨木纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料性能研究

以桐马酸酐甲酯改性杨木纤维(MEMA-PWF)为增强体、双酚A缩水甘油醚型环氧树脂(E51)/甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐(MeTHPA)为基体树脂,经热压成型制备杨木纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料.通过接触角测量、扫描电镜(SEM)分析表征了复合材料表面及断裂面结构形貌,并测试了复合材料的冲击强度、弯曲强度.实验结果表明,改性后的杨木纤维表面疏水性及其与环氧树脂基体界面相容性得到明显提高;以MEMA-PWF/环氧树脂体系制备的复合材料力学性能提高,冲击强度、弯曲强度分别达到7.95 kJ/m2、55.42 MPa,并具有较好的疏水性.     

聚合物基纳米复合材料的制备方法及其性能评述

简单介绍聚合物基纳米复合材料的的分类,着重介绍聚合物纳米复合材料的制备方法、结构、性能和研究现状,并对纳米材料的发展进行展望。     

纳米改性大豆蛋白基复合材料研究进展

对近几年来纳米改性大豆蛋白在薄膜及胶黏剂领域的研究进展进行了综述。大豆蛋白基材料存在机械强度低、耐水性差、易生霉菌等缺陷,需加以改进利用。从机械增强、抗菌、提高胶合性能及材料的表面纳米构筑4个方面,总结了各种纳米材料对于大豆蛋白本体及表界面特性的影响,揭示了通过纳米材料的复合改性可以大大弥补大豆基复合材料的固有缺陷,为提升材料的产品档次、拓宽材料的应用提供理论与实践基础;并对大豆蛋白纳米复合材料毒性、功能化及界面相容性等研究方向进行了展望。     

木聚糖酶改性对竹粉/聚乳酸复合材料性能的影响

植物纤维与树脂基材料在复合过程中存在相容性差的问题。为拓宽生物酶在植物纤维增强聚合物方面的应用,探讨利用木聚糖酶进行生物改性对植物纤维产生的影响,以生物酶木聚糖酶为改性剂、聚乳酸(PLA)作为基质,利用热压成型-冷压脱模工艺制备了改性竹粉/聚乳酸复合材料。采用单因素试验,控制木聚糖酶的浓度,通过傅里叶转换红外光谱(FT-IR)、力学测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TG或TGA)等分析方法,研究了不同浓度木聚糖酶改性竹粉对复合材料性能的影响。结果表明:FT-IR显示,随着木聚糖酶浓度变大,半纤维素被逐渐降解,2.67 mg/L质量浓度时降解最佳;力学性能显示,当木聚糖酶的质量浓度为2.67 mg/L时,相比未处理组,复合材料的弯曲强度、拉伸强度分别提高15.0%和85.7%,但冲击强度降低5.2%,优于其他浓度;热重分析显示,当木聚糖酶的质量浓度为2.67 mg/L时,纤维最先被降解,热稳定性弱于其他组; SEM结果显示,竹粉经过木聚糖酶处理后,半纤维素被降解,纤维表面变得粗糙,与PLA结合强度变大,2.67 mg/L质量浓度时是复合材料性能最佳的水平。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.