根瘤菌存在下土壤胶体和矿物对镉的吸附

Experiments were conducted to study the adsorption of Cd on two soil collids(red soil and yellowbrown soil) and three variable-charge minerals (goethite,noncrystalline Fe oxide and kaolin) in the absence and presence of rhizobia.The tested strain Rhizobium fredii C6,tolerant to 0.8 mmol L^-1 Cd,was selected from 30 rhizobial strains.Results showed that the isotherms for the adsorption of Cd by examined soil colloids and minerals in the presence of rhizobia could be described by Langmuir equation.Within the range of the numbers of rhizobial cells studied,the amount of Cd adsorbed by each system increased with increasing rhizobial cells,Greater increases for the adsorption of Cd were found in red soil and kaolin systems.Rhizobia influence on the adsorption of Cd by examined soil colloids and minerals was different from that on the adsorption of Cu.The presence of rhizobia increased the adsorption affinity of soil colloids and minerals for Cd,particularly for the goethite and kaolin systems.The discrepancies in the influence of rhizobia on the adsorbability and affinity of selected soil colloids and minerals for Cd suggesed the different interactions of rhizobia with various soil components.It is assumed that bacterial biomass plays an important role in controlling the mobility and bioavailability of Cd in soils with kaolinite and goethite as the major colloidal compnents,such as in variable-charge soil.     

高岭石,蒙脱石和针铁矿对泥炭腐殖酸的吸附和分离

Sorption of humic acid (HA) on mineral surfaces has a profound interest regarding the fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) and carbon sequestration in soils. The objective of our study is to determine the fractionation behavior of HA upon sorption on mineral surfaces with varying surface properties. HA was coated sequentially on kaolinite (1:1 clay), montmorillonite (2:1 clay), and goethite (iron oxide) for four times. The unadsorbed HA fractions were characterized by elemental analysis, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), and solid state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The mineral-HA complexes were characterized by DRIFT. Polarity index [(N+O)/C] revealed higher polarity of the unadsorbed HA fractions after coating on kaolinite, reflecting that relatively higher polarity fractions of HA remain unadsorbed. Sorption of aliphatic alcohol fraction along with carbohydrate was prominent on kaolinite surface. DRIFT results of the unadsorbed HA fractions indicated more sorption of aliphatic moieties on both kaolinite and montmorillonite. DRIFT results of the unadsorbed HA fractions after sorption on kaolinite and goethite showed the sorption of the proteinaceous fractions of HA. The HA fractions obtained after coating on goethite showed significant sorption of carboxylic moieties. The results mentioned above comply reasonably well with the DRIFT spectra of the mineral-HA complexes. ¹³C NMR results showed higher sorption of anomeric C on kaolinite surface. Higher sorption of paraffinic fraction was observed on montmorillonite. NMR data inferred the sorption of carboxylic moieties on goethite surface. Overall, this study showed that aliphatic moieties of HA preferentially sorbed on kaolinite and montmorillonite, while carboxylic functional groups play a significant role in sorption of HA on goethite. The sorbed fractions of HA may modify the mineral surface properties, and thus, the interaction with organic contaminants.     

A review of cadmium sorption mechanisms on soil mineral surfaces revealed from synchrotron-based X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy: Implications for soil remediation

The sorption of cadmium(Cd) is one of the most important chemical processes in soil, affecting its fate and mobility in both soil and water and ultimately controlling its bioavailability. In order to fundamentally understand the sorption/desorption of Cd in soil systems, X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy(XAFS) has been applied in numerous studies to provide molecular-level information that can be used to characterize the surface adsorption and precipitation reactions that Cd can undergo. This information greatly improves our current knowledge of the possible chemical reactions of Cd in soil. This paper critically reviews the mechanisms of Cd sorption/desorption at the mineral-water interface based on XAFS studies performed over the past twenty years. An introduction to the basic concepts of sorption processes is provided, followed by a detailed interpretation of XAFS theory and experimental data collection and processing,ending finally with a discussion of the atomic/molecular-scale Cd sorption mechanisms that occur at the soil mineral-water interface. Particular emphasis is placed on literature that discusses Cd adsorption and speciation when associated with iron, manganese, and aluminum oxides and aluminosilicate minerals.Multiple sorption mechanisms by which Cd is sorbed by these minerals have been found, spanning from outer-sphere to inner-sphere to surface precipitation,depending on mineral type, surface loading, and pH. In addition, the application of complementary techniques(e.g.,113 Cd nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and molecular dynamics simulation) for probing Cd sorption mechanisms is discussed. This review can help to develop appropriate strategies for the environmental remediation of Cd-contaminated soils.     

有机酸对高岭石, 针铁矿和水铝英石吸附镉的影响

Effects of organic acids （oxalic, acetic, and citric） on adsorption characteristics of Cadmium （Cd） on soil clay minerals （kaolinite, goethite, and bayerite） were studied under different concentrations and different pH values. Although the types of organic acids and minerals were different, the effects of the organic acids on the adsorption of Cd on the minerals were similar, i.e., the amount of adsorbed Cd with an initial solution pH of 5.0 and initial Cd concentration of 35 mg L^-1 increased with increasing concentration of the organic acid in solution at lower concentrations, and decreased at higher concentrations. The percentage of Cd adsorbed on the minerals in the presence of the organic acids increased considerably with increasing pH of the solution. Meanwhile, different Cd adsorption in the presence of the organic acids, due to different properties on both organic acids and clay minerals, on kaolinite, goethite, or bayerite for different pHs or organic acid concentrations was found.     

施入粉煤灰和污泥对酸性淋溶土镉和铅吸附的影响

The safe recycling of fly ash (FA) and sewage sludge (SS) in the agricultural processes comprises an important environmental technology on waste management. Soils amended with FA and SS may change their ability to adsorb heavy metals due to either increase of soil pH or decomposition of sludge-borne organic matter. Thus, Cd and Pb sorption was investigated by 1-month incubation under soil moisture content at field capacity and room temperature with an acidic Typic Haploxeroalf from central Greece amended with varying amounts of FA and SS. Batch experiments were conducted by equilibrating the soil samples with CaCl₂ solutions containing 0-400 mg Pb L^-1 or 0-100 mg Cd L^-1. The results showed that the Freundlich equation described well the Cd and Pb sorption. Distribution coefficient (K_d) values of Pb were higher than those of Cd in all the treatments of this study. Application of FA increased K_d values for Cd and Pb to 8.2 and 2.3 times more than the controls, respectively. Simultaneous applications of FA and SS caused a K_d increase of 3.8 and 2.1 times compared to the treatments that received only SS for Cd and Pb, respectively. Treatment of SS alone did not significantly change Cd and Pb sorption compared to the controls. The sorption reactions seemed to be mainly affected by soil pH, which was revealed by the significant correlations of Cd and Pb sorption with soil pH. These suggested that fly ash was very useful as a low-cost adsorbent for Cd and Pb and could be used as an ameliorant for biosolid-amended acidic soils.     

Adsorption Kineties of Pb(2+) and Cu(2+) on Variable Charge Soils andMinerals V .Effects of Temperature and Ionic Strength

The study results of the effects of temperature and ionic strength on the adsorption kinetics of Pb2+ and Cu2+ by latosol, red soil and kaolinite coated with Mn oxide showed that Pbr" and Cur" adsorption by all samples, as a whole, increased with raising temperature. Temperature also increased both values of Xm (the amount of ion adsorbed at equilibrium) and k (kinetics constant) of Pb2+ and Cu2+ The activation energies of Pb2+ adsorption were kaolin-Mn>red soil>goethite and those of Cu2+ were latosol>red soil>kaolin-Mn>goethite. For a given single sample the activation energy of Cu2+ was greater than that of Pb2+. Raising ionic strength decreased the adsorption of Pb2+ and Cu2+ by latosol, red soil and kaolinite coated with Mn oxide but increased Pb2+ and Cu2+ adsorption by goethite. The contrary results could be explained by the different changes in ion forms of Pb2+ or Cu2+ and in surface charge characteristics of latosol, red soil, kaolin-Mn and goethite. Increasiclg supporting electrolyte concentration in-creased Xm and k in goethite systems but decreased and k in kaolin-Mn systems. All the timedependent data fitted the surface secondorder equation very well.]     

基于冠层多光谱数据预测水稻氮素营养状况

A soil batch experiment was conducted to investigate both separate and compound effects of three types of surfactants： anionic dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid sodiumsalt （DBSS）, cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide （CTAB）, and nonionic nonyl phenol polyethyleneoxy ether （TX-100）, as well as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid （EDTA） on cadmium solubility, sorption kinetics, and sorption-desorption behavior in purple soil. The results indicated that both individual application of the three types of surfactants and surfactants combined with EDTA could stimulate Cd extraction from the soil with a general effectiveness ranking of EDTA/TX-100 〉 EDTA/DBSS 〉 EDTA/CTAB 〉 EDTA 〉 TX-100 〉 DBSS 〉 CTAB. Further study showed that the compound application of surfactants and EDTA had stronger （P 〈 0.05） effects on Cd solubility than those added individually. The application of surfactants and EDTA to purple soil （P 〈 0.05） decreased the proportion of Cd sorbed, while their effectiveness ranking was similar to that of enhanced solubilization. The sorption kinetics of Cd in purple soil was best described by the double-constant equation, while the Freundlich equation gave an excellent fit to the sorption isotherm curves. Therefore, surfactant-enhanced remediation of Cd contaminated soil is feasible and further research should be conducted.     

pH对针铁矿表面磷酸盐吸附的化学形态的影响

Chemical forms of the phosphate adsorbed on goethite surfaces and characteristics of the coordinate groups which exchange with P on goethite surfaces in solutions with different pll values were investigated.Results showed that the chemical forms of P on goethite surfaces changed from the dominance of monodentate corrdination to that of bidentate one with increasing pH of the solution.By influencing types of phosphate ions in solutions,pH affected the chemical forms of P on goethite surfaces,The amount of OH^- displaced by phosphae on goethite surfaces was the most at pH 7.0,the second at pH 9.0,and the least at pH 4.5.     

生物碳可以防止土壤活性有机质矿化吗？

Biochar could help to stabilize soil organic(SOM) matter, thus sequestering carbon(C) into the soil. The aim of this work was to determine an easy method i) to estimate the effects of the addition of biochar and nutrients on the organic matter(SOM)mineralization in an artificial soil, proposed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD), amended with glucose and ii) to measure the amount of labile organic matter(glucose) that can be sorbed and thus be partially protected in the same soil, amended or not amended with biochar. A factorial experiment was designed to check the effects of three single factors(biochar, nutrients, and glucose) and their interactions on whole SOM mineralization. Soil samples were inoculated with a microbial inoculum and preincubated to ensure that their biological activities were not limited by a small amount of microbial biomass, and then they were incubated in the dark at 21℃ for 619 d. Periodical measurements of C mineralized to carbon dioxide(CO_2) were carried out throughout the 619-d incubation to allow the mineralization of both active and slow organic matter pools. The amount of sorbed glucose was calculated as the difference between the total and remaining amounts of glucose added in a soil extract. Two different models, the Freundlich and Langmuir models, were selected to assess the equilibrium isotherms of glucose sorption. The CO_2-C release strongly depended on the presence of nutrients only when no biochar was added to the soil. The mineralization of organic matter in the soil amended with both biochar and glucose was equal to the sum of the mineralization of the two C sources separately. Furthermore, a significant amount of glucose can be sorbed on the biochar-amended soil, suggesting the involvement of physico-chemical mechanisms in labile organic matter protection.     

土壤对养分离子吸附特性初步研究

针对土壤本身对养分离子具有吸附固定特性降低了养分的有效性,运用土壤养分状况系统研究法通过吸附试验研究新疆两种土壤对养分离子的吸附固定能力。研究结果表明:棕漠土对P、Zn、Cu的吸附固定能力比潮土强,两种土壤对K、B和Mn吸附固定差异不显著,棕漠土的养分限制因子是N>P>Mn>B,潮土的养分限制因子是N>Mn>P>K,因此施肥时考虑到土壤对养分离子的吸附固定能力确定合理的施肥量。     

基于ZigBee的精准农业模式研究

针对传统农业的局限性,探讨了传统农业生产模式转变为以信息网络为中心的精准农业的生产模式,阐述了ZigBee技术在精准农业中的应用,对系统的硬件进行了设计,并给出了软件流程。运用该系统可有效地降低成本,提高农作物产量。     

基于IHA-RVA法的生态治理对径流演变情势的影响评估

研究流域径流演变情势及其对生态治理的响应,可为流域水资源合理利用和水生态治理提供重要指导。该文依据北洛河上游1964—2014年逐日平均流量和年降水量资料,采用双累积曲线法、双滑动平均法(MASH)和Mann-Kendall趋势检验法对径流过程变化进行了分析研究,采用水文指标变化范围法(IHA-RVA)对5组30个径流指标及其改变度进行了评估,对径流演变成因做了初步分析。结果表明：研究期内年径流呈现减少趋势,且以1979年和2002年为界可划分为基准期、水土保持治理期和生态恢复影响期;汛期流量下降较非汛期明显,减少幅度为35.6%;生态治理影响下径流指标整体水文改变度为74.35%,属于高度改变;5组30个径流指标中发生高度改变的指标占比增加,其中年极端流量组变化度最大,为94.77%。人类活动使得流域河川径流显著减少且波动性减弱,而水土保持、退耕还林(草)措施是核心驱动力。     

基于InVEST模型评估土地整治对生境质量的影响

土地整治通过对土地资源及其利用方式再组织和再优化影响生境斑块之间物质流、能量流的循环过程,从而改变区域生境质量和分布格局。该文以大安市土地整治重大项目为例,采用InVEST模型分析了土地整治对生境质量的影响。研究表明:1)土地整治前(2008年)、整治中(2011年)、整治后(2014年),耕地、草地和盐碱地均为项目区的主要土地利用类型;2)土地整治后,大量的盐碱地和草地转变为耕地,耕地面积由整治前的14.43%上升到71.19%;3)土地整治中,项目区的生境质量得分由整治前的0.194下降到0.189,整治后又上升到0.214;4)土地整治工程改善了项目区的生境质量,但整治完成后生境质量改善效果经历了先下降后上升的过程,在整治完成3~4 a时,生境质量仅比整治前提高了0.06左右,整治完成4 a之后,生境质量开始逐渐好转。研究结果可为土地整治工作中的生境及生物多样性保护工作提供科学依据。     

黄土沟壑丘陵区退耕对土壤侵蚀影响的模拟研究

随着在黄土沟壑丘陵区退耕政策的实施,退耕必将对该地区的水土流失特征产生重大影响。对退耕的水土保持效益进行模拟研究,可为退耕政策的合理实施提供理论依据。选定位于黄土沟壑丘陵区的安塞研究区,在RS和GIS支持下,采用USLE,模拟研究了不同退耕方案对土壤侵蚀的影响。在2001年土地利用的遥感解译图和GIS计算分析基础上设计了8种不同的退耕方案,模拟结果显示,各种退耕方案对土壤侵蚀的减少主要发生在强度及强度以上侵蚀区,退耕后研究区已没有发生剧烈侵蚀的区域,强度和极强度侵蚀明显减少;土壤侵蚀量的减少主要发生在≥25°退耕和≥15°退耕,≥25°退耕还草和还林分别使土壤侵蚀总量减少了19.9%和23.2%,≥15°退耕还草和还林分别使土壤侵蚀总量减少了36.6%和42.6%。≥8°退耕方案和全部退耕方案与≥15°退耕方案相比,水保效益并没有显著差别。     

农膜污染的防治对策

论述了我国残膜污染的原因、现状及残膜给环境和农业带来的危害 ,并针对目前存在的问题提出了治理对策。     

陆面过程中的水文模式研究

陆面水文过程模拟是解决全球环境恶化与气候异常的最好方法，是当前学术界关注的热点。对陆面过程的涵义、模式的发展、陆面过程中水文参数的描述进行了总结，提出了在陆面水文过程研究中存在的尺度匹配误差、数据共享矛盾、参数不确定性等不足及今后的研究方向。     

不同基因型大豆氮效率的研究

通过对不同基因型大豆新大豆1号和黑农40的试验研究,结果表明,施氮对新大豆1号的增产作用不明显,但对黑农40有较好的增产作用;花期黑农40和新大豆1号上、中、下层叶片氮含量都随着施氮量的增加而增加,黑农40叶片氮含量与施氮量的相关系数都达到极显著相关,但新大豆1号没有达到显著水平;施氮对新大豆1号的生物固氮抑制程度高于黑农40,使新大豆1号生物固氮降低36. 3% ~85. 2%。     

黄土高原坡耕地小麦根系分布特征研究

小麦是黄土高原陕西区坡耕地上的主要农作物,为了研究小麦根系整个生长期内在坡耕地上随土层和坡度的分布规律,以陕西杨凌农耕地种植的小麦根系为研究对象,在小麦5个生长期,采用挖土块法调查研究了5个坡度的坡耕地上0—20 cm层内冬小麦根系的分布特征。结果表明:（1）小麦根系各生长期的根重密度、根长密度、根径与坡耕地土层深度和坡度变化都有一定的关系。（2）小麦的根重密度在0—5 cm层最大,随土层深度减小。根重密度随生长期逐渐增大,成熟期达到最大值。当坡度为10°时,生物量最大。（3）根长密度在0—5 cm的最大,随土层深度增加而减小;拔节期达到最大值,随后逐渐减小。根长密度随坡度增加而增加,当坡度为15°时达到最大值。（4）小麦平均根径随土层深度增加而逐渐减少,拔节期达到最大值,随生长期逐渐减小。当坡度为10°时,根系平均直径达到最大值。（5）SPSS处理结果显示根重密度、根长密度、根径与土层深度有线性相关的关系。各根系指标与坡度和生长期也有线性回归关系。     

稀土铽对辣根的生态毒性

研究了稀土铽(Tb)对辣根生理毒性的影响。结果表明,Tb在低浓度范围内,可以诱导叶绿素的合成,高浓度时对其产生破坏作用;对于辣根过氧化物酶,酶活性先升后降;质膜透性、丙二醛含量则呈现先减后增的变化趋势。TbCl3浓度为3mg/kg时各指标达到最值;辣根中毒阈限为10mg/kg左右。通过分析,辣根过氧化物酶对Tb反应敏感,这表明过氧化物酶可能成为研究稀土毒理的生物监测手段。