南方草业发展必须解决的几个关键问题

南方草业发展必须解决的几个关键问题李正民，舒惠玲（江西省畜牧技术推广站）南方有６．７千万ｈｍ２红黄壤荒山丘陵，且光、热、雨水资源丰富，草业发展潜力巨大，大有前途，但为什么南方草业发展如此迟缓与落后呢？这一方面与南方有长久的轻视草、瞧不起草、更轻视种草...     

发展有南方农区特色的草业

我国南方农区有草山、草坡、草洲约０．８６亿ｈａ，可利用的宜牧面积０．４亿ｈａ，立地条件好，牧草资源丰富，发展草业的潜力巨大。可以开发草山、草坡以草养畜，利用闲隙地种草，果草结合发展立体生产，开发利用秸秆和草粉资源，推进种植业向三元结构转化和发展草坪业，路子极为广阔。同时指出了发展南方草业需要解决的几个实际问题。     

南方草业发展的前景

南方草业发展的前景李正民，舒惠玲（江西省畜牧技术推广站）前言南方有宜牧荒山、荒坡与丘陵０．７亿多ｈｍ２，且光、热、雨水资源丰富，种草养畜潜力巨大，前景美好。有人估算地球上绿色植物固定的太阳能每年可生产生物量为１１５×１０９ｔ，其中陆地上的草就可生产２...     

南方草业发展必须科学规范化和产业化

南方草业现在蓬勃发展并有光明的前途，它对畜牧业的发展、防治水土流失、减灾防灾、净化空气、优化环境、提高人们的健康水平和生活质量及促进经济发展意义重大。南方种草要形成产业，必须尽快建立完善管理机构和科研机构，要有大量从事草业的人才，促使行业科学规范化，推进种草产业化。草业只有形成产业，才能发挥其经济、生态、社会效益，挖掘基蕴藏的巨大潜力。     

南方草业发展必须科学规范化和产业化

南方草业现在蓬勃发展并有光明的前途，它对畜牧业的发展、防治水土流失、减灾防灾、净化空气、优化环境、提高人们的健康水平和生活质量及促进经济发展意义重大。南方种草要形成产业，必须尽快建立完善管理机构和科研机构，要有大量从事草业的人才，促使行业科学规范化，推进种草产业化。草业只有形成产业，才能发挥其经济、生态、社会效益，挖掘其蕴藏的巨大潜力。     

要正确对待西部种草

西部种草需要正确对待几个问题：良种不是绝对的，与环境协调发展的就是好草种；种草的效益不是单方面的，不是追求单方面的效益；人工草地是现代农业的必要组分，同时不要忽视天然草原；种草不要忽视灌木，清除灌木要慎重；种草要有必要农业投入，应该用好地种草；要以发展动物生产和饲料工业为重点，完善草地农业系统；管理是草业的命脉，应尽早达到草业生产数字化。     

草业论坛对广东草业起落的探索与再创辉煌的建议

广东是改革开放后我国热带、南亚热带草业兴起的先驱和推动南方草业发展的典范之一.广东创立的果草结合(果-草-畜禽鱼)循环发展模式,农闲田种草(草-早稻-晚稻)循环发展模式和以优质牧草替代部分饲料粮养殖猪禽鱼以及种草治理水土流失试点的经验,对全国草产业发展做出创新贡献.然而,从20世纪90年代中叶起,广东草业却由兴盛走向衰落.笔者就亲身经历,探讨这一兴衰的缘由,并对广东再创草业辉煌提出建议.     

新疆草业优先发展区域选择及其战略规划

在简要分析新疆草业发展现状的基础上，依据草业优先发展有关理论，提出整合资源，选择优势区域实现草业跨越发展的思路与战略实施重点。新疆草业最具扩张实力的地域首先应是天山北坡经济带铁路沿线从阜康市至乌苏市之间的区域．其次为水热资源组合优势显著、有深度开发潜力的伊犁谷地区域县市，这两类地区应得到优先发展。战略实施重点依次为：按照这两类地区各自的资源集合优势进行布局，确立其发展方向；以市场为导向，培植龙头企业，快速完成草产业化组装；明确草业在发达农区的作用，推进农区种草养畜及草畜产品加工转化，建立持续稳定的新型土地利用制度。     

浅谈武隆县草地资源特点及其开发利用

武隆县草地资源丰富，可利用面积１１５７５７公顷，适宜发展草地畜牧业。本文对全县草地资源特点进行了分析，建议畜牧业向发展草地畜牧业倾斜，以草业生态系统理论指导开发利用草地资源，据其特点提出固定草地管理使用权、草地改良、人工种草、合理利用草地及草地资源区域开发利用意见。     

四川草业发展及产业化的分析研究(三)

（接上期）规划养殖小区，为养殖区进行基础设施建设。用优惠政策鼓励大中城市的养殖大户迁居到饲草成片的草场、草业开发区。科学利用资源，丰富种草内涵。充分利用粮、经、草种植时间差和光温资源种草，如稻草稻、稻草麦、果草间作、玉（米）草轮作和零星闲地种草养畜，增加土壤肥力，实现种植业的多种经营，增加农民收入。改善种草立业条件，创造良好发展环境。各级政府和省的有关部门对草业产业化要从资金、技术、土地、税收等政策上制订优惠和扶持措施，千方百计地支持龙头企业，为他们减负、减税、减障碍。让“放横炮”的部门和个人让…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein