陆地棉染色体片段代换系及F1皮棉产量与产量构成因素的相关和通径分析

探讨棉花染色体片段代换系皮棉产量与产量构成因素之间的相关关系,明确其产量育种的主攻方向,以1套陆地棉染色体片段代换系及F1为材料,采用相关与通径分析的方法,对5种环境条件下代换系亲本及F1的皮棉产量与产量构成因素进行分析。结果表明,产量构成因素的变异系数以铃数最大,铃重次之,衣分最小,且F1产量构成因素的变异系数在所有环境下均比代换系亲本要小。铃数、衣分及铃重与皮棉产量均呈正相关,除个别环境外均达到显著性水平,其与皮棉产量的相关和偏相关系数在代换系亲本中以铃数最大,而F1中则以衣分最大。衣分,铃数与皮棉产量的相关程度受环境影响小,而铃重受环境影响较大。除1种环境外,代换系亲本的直接通径系数以铃数最大,衣分次之,铃重最小,而F1中则以衣分最大,铃数次之,铃重最小;代换系亲本中各因素的间接通径系数均为正值,而F1中铃数与铃重相互之间的间接通径系数均为负值。材料类型和环境条件不同,其产量构成因素与皮棉产量的相关程度及贡献大小也存在较大差异。代换系亲本产量育种的主攻目标前期应该重在衣分,后期重在铃数,而F1则始终以提高衣分为主。     

棉花亲本与杂种优势试验

对杂交棉优势组合与亲代间优势关系进行分析,揭示F1变化趋势。F1与两亲本相比,生育期与早熟亲本一致,株高、果枝数超过高值亲本,果枝始节位、第1果枝高度接近两亲本均值;抗病能力超过感病亲本,但低于抗病亲本;铃重极显著高于双亲,子、皮棉产量均表现出明显的正向中亲优势和超亲优势;纤维长度和成熟度指数与高值亲本P2相同,其余性状数值都接近于中亲值。本研究强调了种质创新、选择在杂优利用中的重要作用。     

杂交棉中棉所70后代分离群体产量品质的表型变异分析

中熟转基因抗虫杂交棉中棉所70具有高产优质特点,由高产且综合性状优良的抗虫棉SGK 156与品质优异的渐渗系材料901-001为亲本配制。本文对该杂交种F1及其自交后代F2、F2:3、F2:4和F2:5共4个分离世代材料的皮棉产量和品质性状进行了详细调查和相关性分析。结果表明,杂种F1纤维品质表现突出,上半部平均长度平均为33.00 mm,断裂比强度为33.3 c N·tex-1。在分离群体中,各性状均存在大量的超亲变异,衣分与纤维长度及强度为极显著负相关,与马克隆值为极显著正相关,说明棉花产量与品质间的同步改良仍存在困难。此外,从F2:5株系中挑选出11个优异品系,其中4个材料的皮棉产量超对照,上半部平均长度均高于31.80 mm,断裂比强度在31.0 c N·tex-1以上,铃重均大于6.26 g,衣分最高为38.64%,这表明通过高代自交是可以筛选出具有优异产量及品质性状的品系。本研究为棉花数量性状遗传、基因功能分析、基因聚合育种改良等研究储备了大量的基础材料。     

陆地棉重组自交系群体纤维品质及产量性状遗传变异分析

以陆地棉优质品系0-153和大面积推广的双价转基因抗虫棉品系sGK9708为亲本构建了含有196个F6:8家系的重组自交系群体。在4个环境中,纤维长度、纤维强度、麦克隆值、伸长率、整齐度指数、单株结铃数、铃重、衣分、子指、单株子棉产量及单株皮棉产量等性状均呈正态分布,且存在双向超亲分离。多环境下变异分析表明,各性状家系间及环境间存在极显著差异。除纤维伸长率外,其余各纤维品质及产量性状都具有较高的遗传力,在0.75以上。共有6个家系在纤维长度、细度和强度性状上均超过高亲,可作为优质纤维种质。相关分析显示,有些家系可能打破了纤维品质和产量性状间的负相关。通过聚类分析得出,该群体各系分在了不同的组,表明存在着一定的遗传差异。该群体是进行优异纤维品质相关基础研究的良好材料。     

转Bt抗虫棉与常规棉品种间配合力分析及杂种优势研究

 利用6个抗虫棉品种作母本,4个常规品种作父本,按NCⅡ设计,对24个组合的杂种F₁进行了分析。结果表明,杂种F₁具有明显的优势,所研究的13个性状全部具有中亲优势,9个性状具有高亲优势,11个性状具有竞争优势。配合力分析的10个性状中单株铃数、铃重、纤维长度、纤维伸长率和麦克隆值主要受基因的加性效应控制,而子棉产量和皮棉产量主要受基因的非加性效应影响。鲁棉研17是优良的抗虫棉亲本,而冀棉12 是良好的非抗虫棉亲本,组合鲁棉研17×中棉所12在重要农艺性状上优势明显,相对而言纤维品质的改良较难。     

彩色棉与常规棉种质间F1杂种优势分析

本文对彩色棉与常规棉种质间的杂交优势进行研究。结果表明：以常规棉为母本，彩色棉为父本的组合，其产量性状籽棉、皮棉产量均有显著的中亲优势；铃重、籽值和单株铃数的中亲优势明显；衣分的竞争优势明显；在纤维品质性状中．2．5％跨长、比强度和马克隆值表现出了较高的中亲优势和竞争优势。     

陆地棉F_2纤维品质性状杂种优势的遗传分析

本研究根据加性─显性与环境互作的遗传模型，分析了陆地棉１０个杂交亲本和２０个Ｆ１五个纤维品质性状的两年试验资料，估算各项遗传方差分量和成对性状间各项遗传效应的相关，预测了不同年份Ｆ２杂种优势的遗传表现。各纤维品质性状主要受加性效应的影响。其中纤维长度、纤维强度和麦克隆值３个性状还受到基因型×环境互作效应的影响。基因型×环境互作效应对纤维整齐度和纤维伸长率两个性状影响均不显著。遗传相关分析表明，杂交后代皮棉产量与纤维长度、纤维整齐度、纤维伸长率和纤维细度间可进行同步改良，皮棉产量与纤维强度同步改良较为困难。杂种早代皮棉产量高的组合其纤维强度也较好。Ｆ２纤维品质性状杂种优势的均值一般较小。此外还分析了组合纤维长度、纤维强度和麦克隆值杂种优势在不同环境中的表现。     

光子陆地棉种质资源主要性状的遗传评价

以102份光子陆地棉材料为母本,分别与遗传标准系TM-1杂交,获得102个F₁群体。采用随机区组设计,设置3个重复,对光子陆地棉材料主要性状进行遗传评价。结果表明,调查的11个性状表型差异均较大,材料间产量性状(株高、果枝数、铃数、铃重、衣分和子指)差异大于纤维品质性状(纤维长度、纤维强度、马克隆值、整齐度和伸长率),特别是衣分、铃数等性状差异更明显; 除果枝数、马克隆值、伸长率以外,光子亲本群体其他性状的平均值都小于F₁群体。而亲本群体所有性状的变异系数均大于F₁,不同光子材料的杂种优势有很大差别,中亲优势和超亲优势也有很大的差别,有些种质某些性状的中亲、超亲优势为负值,其后代性状表现劣势; 纤维品质性状的中亲、超亲优势与毛子程度均呈负相关,而产量性状的中亲、超亲优势与毛子程度均呈正相关,说明可利用光子材料杂种优势改良纤维品质,而其后代产量性状的杂种优势利用受到限制; SSR分子标记遗传相似系数与各个性状的中亲、超亲优势的相关都不显著,说明在光子材料的育种中,杂种优势是不能通过亲本之间的遗传背景相似程度来预测的。     

棉花BC_5F_2代换系的产量及品质相关性状表型分析及QTL定位

本研究利用生产上推广的优良早熟陆地棉栽培品种中棉所36为受体亲本,海岛棉海1为供体亲本,选择培育了一套由303个单株组成的BC5F2代换系。从已构建的BC1F1遗传图谱上以5~10cM为标准挑选391对多态性标记进行分子检测,多数单株含有海岛棉代换片段数为2~10个。对该群体的单株产量、品质性状进行了表型鉴定,存在大量具有优良品质的单株,纤维强度最高的能达到37.8cN/tex,铃重、衣分、纤维长度、整齐度、马克隆值、伸长率及纤维强度超轮回亲本分别为17.82%、44.55%、46.86%、33.33%、74.92%、41.58%、42.57%。采用性状-标记间的单向方差分析,共定位了20个与产量性状和33个与纤维品质性状有关的QTL,其中qUN-14-2、qBW-2-20、qFL-2-20和qMV-1-38这4个QTL存在一定的遗传稳定性。鉴定的QTL大多是微效基因,解释表型变异为3.01%~9.69%,该研究为染色体单片段代换系的精细的分子研究奠定了基础。     

早熟陆地棉主要性状配合力效应及遗传参数分析

选用12份不同来源的陆地棉为亲本材料,按照NCⅡ不完全双列杂交设计配置32 (4×8)份杂交组合,对亲本及F1代的13个主要农艺性状和品质性状的遗传效应、配合力和杂种优势进行统计分析。结果表明,陆地棉杂交组合间存在显著的遗传差异。籽棉产量、皮棉产量、铃重、衣分、纤维长度、比强度、马克隆值、伸长率同时受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同影响,单株铃数以基因加性效应为主,株高、始果节位、始果节高、整齐度以基因非加性效应为主;W1 (LZD)为大铃丰产亲本,L2 (辽棉43)为高衣分丰产亲本,W6 (19-ZHGC)、W7 (中91)为优质亲本,L2 (辽棉43)和W2 (新石K28)为各性状均表现较好的优良亲本;组合W1×L1 (LZD×辽棉38)、W5×L3 (惠远720×辽棉27)具有较大的育成品种的潜力;多数性状杂种优势明显,其中以皮棉产量和籽棉产量的竞争优势最大,分别达到15.5%和10.5%,纤维长度和断裂比强度平均竞争优势分别为5.7%、5.3%。由此表明,杂种优势利用可以有效提高棉花产量、改进纤维品质。     

Identification and Analysis of Fiber Quality and Yield Related Traits of Interspecific (Gossypium hirsutum L. × G. barbadense L.) Hybrids

[Objective] The aim of this study is to study the hereditary of heterosis of fiber quality and yield-related traits in the upland-island interspecific hybrids, and breed new interspecific hybrid varieties with high yield and fine fiber quality. [Method] In this study, 12 upland cotton materials and 5 sea-island cotton materials were selected to determine the fiber quality and yield traits of their parents and F₁ in Lin’an, Zhejiang and Sanya, Hainan. [Result] It was found that fiber length and fiber strength of F₁ (Gossypium hirsutum × G. barbadense) generally had significant mid-parent heterosis (MPH), some hybrid combinations showed strong over-parent heterosis (OPH), fiber length had a small coefficient of variation between the two places and could be stably inherited. And in terms of yield, seed cotton weight, lint weight, and lint percentage of some upland-island hybrids had MPH, but they were still significantly lower than those of upland cotton parents. [Conclusion] Two long-staple cotton hybrid combinations T035 and T044 with 5A grade high-quality were obtained, and an excellent material of G. barbadense Ta10-280 was screened. This study provides valuable data for the genetic law of fiber quality heterosis of upland-island hybrid cotton.     

Analysis on Competitive Heterosis of Hybrid F1 and F2 between Transgenic Bt Varieties of Upland Cotton

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to supply basis for selecting strong heterosis hybrid and the feasibility of F₂ utilization, by evaluating yield heterosis and fiber quality traits of hybrid F₁ and F₂ generated by transgenic Bt varieties in upland cotton. [Method] Ten upland cotton varieties (lines) with good comprehensive characteristics were selected to produce 10 crosses, and four of them with better competitive heterosis (CH) in yield were screened out to analyze the lint yield and fiber traits of F₁ and F₂. [Result] The results indicated there was a strong CH in yield of F₁, but the yearly variation was large. Hybrids performed better in the poor production year. The CH in yield decreased obviously in most of the F₂ combinations. Further analysis showed that the decrease of boll weight was the main cause of drop of yield CH in F₂. The fiber quality index in F₂ showed a downward trend compared with F₁, and the coefficient of range and variation(CV) increased. The coefficient of variation of quality traits was much lower than that of yield components, with a trend of F₁ < SCRC 28 (CK) and F₂ > F₁. The CH of lint yield and fiber traits changed between F₁ and F₂ in different combinations. We screened out a combination with higher CH of yield in both F₁ and F₂, and with less decreased yield CH, fine fiber quality and light separation in F₂. [Conclusion] The hybrids generated by transgenic Bt varieties in upland cotton characterized by strong adversity resistance and yield stability. Fine fiber quality and light separation in F₂ came from crosses with the parents of fine fiber quality and small differences. So, it is possible for breedersto select valuable F₂ combinations in production.     

Mapping QTL of Fiber Yield and Quality Traits in F2 Populations of Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines from Gossypium hirsutum × Gossypium barbadense

In this study, F₂ populations from two chromosome segment substitution lines MBI7455 and MBI7358, were quantified using SSR to evaluate the parents' genotype and detect QTL related to fiber quality plus yield traits of cotton. Results show that the recurrent parent (CCRI45) hosted 96.70% and 95.60% of chromosome segment substitution in MBI7455 with 12 chromosome segments and in MBI7358 with 16 chromosome substitution segments of Gossypium barbadense, respectively. In the F₂ population, the average rate of chromosome substitution of the recurrent parent (CCRI45) was 96.44%, and the average segments of chromosome substitution of Gossypium barbadense was 13.42, with an average segments of homozygous donor chromosome value of 3.90. Analysis showed 19 fiber quality-related QTL with a phenotypic variance of between 2.52%-13.11% and seven yield traits-related QTL with a range of 2.93%-11.40% phenotypic variance, resulting in a total of 26 QTL. The CSSLs could be used to detect QTL for fiber yield and quality traits, which offer an important foundation for the cotton molecular-assisted breeding.     

海岛棉CSSLs分子评价及纤维品质、产量性状QTL定位

本课题组前期以陆地棉中棉所8号(CCRI8)为轮回亲本, 海岛棉Pima 90-53为供体亲本培育了一套陆地棉中棉所8号为背景的海岛棉染色体片段置换系(CSSLs), 本研究利用SSR标记对该置换系群体BC₃F₅进行基因型检测, 在3个不同环境下(河北保定、青县和新疆轮台)鉴定其纤维品质和产量相关性状并进行QTL定位。该置换系群体包含182个家系, 置换片段数在1~15个之间, 平均为6.6个; 导入片段长度在0.7~83.2 cM之间, 平均长度为16.8 cM; 置换片段总长度20 249.6 cM; 背景回复率在92.3%~99.6%之间, 平均为96.2%。共检测出59个相关的QTL, 其中与纤维品质性状相关的41个, 单个QTL的贡献率为1.27%~26.66%; 与产量性状相关的18个, 单个QTL的贡献率为2.03%~19.38%; 检测到14个稳定的QTL, 其中4个马克隆值和2个纤维伸长率相关的稳定QTL增效基因均来自高值亲本海岛棉Pima 90-53, 2个铃重相关的稳定QTL增效基因来自高值亲本陆地棉中棉所8号。研究结果为深入开展纤维品质和产量性状的QTL精细定位、QTL间互作和分子育种提供了理论依据。     

Heterosis,combining ability and genetic effect,and relationship with genetic distance based on a diallel of hybrids from five diverse <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium barbadense</Emphasis> cotton genotypes

The cultivated tetraploid Gossypium barbadense L. cotton produces superior natural fibers for the textile industry in the world. However, the possibility in utilization of heterosis to further increase its lint yield has not been extensively explored. In this study, two commercial US Pima cotton cultivars and three exotic G. barbadense lines, together with all of their possible hybrids in F₁ and F₂ progeny without reciprocals, were tested for lint yield, yield components, and fiber quality traits in four environments in 2005–2007. With a few exceptions, genotype (G), environment (E), and G × E were all significant or highly significant for all the traits studied. General combining ability (GCA) variances for all the traits in both F₁ and F₂ were also significant, while specific combining ability (SCA) variances were detected only for lint yield, fiber length, and micronaire in both generations and boll weight in F₁. GCA × E was also detected for lint percent, seed index, and fiber length in both F₁ and F₂, and boll weight in F₁, but none of the traits had significant SCA × E. As a group, F₁ and F₂ out-yielded the parent group by 20–40% and 6–10%, respectively. Mid-parent heterosis (MPH) for lint yield in F₁ was generally positive, ranging from ?4.7 to 116.4% with an average of 21.2–48.7%, while lint yield MPH in F₂ ranged from ?23.3 to 69.4% with an average of 6.4–12.4%. However, useful heterosis in lint yield was only detected in the hybrid between the two US commercial cultivars Pima S-7 and DP 340. MPH for other traits was low or not detected. MPH in F₂ was lower than that in F₁ but they were generally positively correlated. The genetic distances (GD) of the parents (based on 467 polymorphic RAPD and AFLP markers) between the five parents was not consistently correlated with MPH and SCA of their hybrids and dominant effects for lint yield and other traits. However, significant and positive correlations between GD of parents and the performance of their hybrids were detected for lint yield, lint percentage, and lint index in both F₁ and F₂ in most of the tests. GD of parents was also correlated with their GCA and additive effects in lint yield, lint percent, lint index, micronaire, plant height, and elongation. The results suggest that the close correlation between GD and hybrid performance per se was mainly due to the existence of GCA and additive effects from parents.     

基于两个陆地棉低世代群体定位纤维品质相关QTL

【目的】定位棉花纤维品质性状相关的数量性状位点(Quantitative trait locus,QTL)。【方法】以陆地棉高强纤维品系中棉所679和纤维品质一般的农垦5号为亲本构建包含200个单株的F2群体及对应的F2:3家系群体,对2个群体的纤维长度、断裂比强度等5个纤维品质性状进行检测。用6 688对简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeat, SSR)引物在双亲间筛选,得到149对多态性引物,以F2为作图群体,使用QTL IciMapping软件进行连锁图谱构建,并对F2及F2:3群体进行QTL定位。【结果】根据F2群体基因型信息构建了1张包含119个标记、28个连锁群、总长为1 173.5 cM(centiMorgan)的遗传连锁图谱。分别在F_2、F2:3群体中检测到9个和11个与纤维品质性状相关的QTLs,这些QTLs分布在11个连锁群上。其中F2群体的qFL-D11-1、q BT-D11-1与F2:3群体的qFL-D11-1、q MIC-D11-1均定位在标记DPL0062与HAU0423之间,推测这些位点可能是控制纤维品质性状的重要QTL。【结论】利用多个群体进行QTL定位有益于发现稳定的QTL位点,控制纤维品质性状的基因可能成簇存在,为挖掘纤维品质性状相关基因及分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。     

EPSPS外源基因对陆地棉农艺性状和纤维品质的影响

以G6-1至G6-19等19个转基因抗草甘膦除草剂棉花种质为材料,以其非转基因背景亲本中棉所49为对照,研究EPSPS外源基因导入对陆地棉农艺性状和纤维品质的影响,结果表明外源基因的导入对棉花纤维上半部平均长度、马克隆值、断裂伸长率和断裂比强度等品质性状有显著影响;对于棉花衣分和铃重等农艺性状亦有显著的影响,衣分变异范围为30.5%~42.7%,T1和T2相关性分析表明衣分的变异为可遗传性变异,铃重最高为6.5 g,最低为4.6 g,两者相差40%。因此,转基因棉花育种研究不仅要注重目标性状的转育,还要注重非目标性状的筛选。     

陆地棉主要农艺与纤维品质性状的双列杂交分 析简

 本文利用加性-显性与环境互作的遗传模型（ADE模型）,分析8个陆地棉亲本及其F1在不同环境下的农艺和纤维品质性状,在估算遗传方差分量、遗传效应的基础上,分析各类性状间的遗传相关性,并预测F1和F2的杂种优势,为棉花杂种优势利用和新品种选育提供了较有价值的信息。研究表明,农艺与纤维品质性状的遗传主要受加性、显性和加性与环境互作效应控制。遗传相关分析表明,皮棉产量与纤维品质性状的显性相关系数值较大,利用杂种优势在早期世代可以得到协同改良,纤维品质性状间易实现协同改良。杂种优势分析表明,F₁和F₂的皮棉产量均具有显著的超亲优势,纤维品质性状的杂种优势不明显。