我国棉花品种区域试验重复次数和试点数量的设计

农作物区域试验重复次数和试点数量设置直接影响试验的遗传力和品种选择效率。本研究以2000-2014年期间长江流域、黄河流域和西北内陆棉区国家棉花区试数据为资料,依据各棉区的试验发展现状和试验遗传力随着试点数量的变化,分析重复次数和试点数量设置的合理性,提出各棉区试点数量的设置方案。结果表明: (1)我国棉花品种区域试验采用3次重复是保证试验效率的充分条件;(2)长江流域和黄河流域国家棉花区试现行的试点数量设置已经可以充分满足试验的遗传力要求,西北内陆棉区的试点数也符合遗传力达到0.75的基本要求;(3)由于棉花区域试验对品种的推荐审定和应用十分重要,试验过程中也可能会因田间管理、自然灾害或其他异常情况导致试验报废,为充分保证试验的可靠性,长江流域棉区可保持当前20个左右的试点数量,遗传力即可达到0.90的水平;黄河流域和西北内陆棉区可以分别将试点数量增加到27个和19个左右,遗传力达到0.90和0.85的水平。该结果为国家棉花区域试验的优化配置提供理论依据,也为其他作物区域试验布局提供参考。     

棉花品种区域试验适宜试验点数量的抽样估计

 基于长江流域国家棉花区域试验的对照品种泗棉3号、湘杂棉2号、湘杂棉8号和鄂杂棉10号在2000－2011年期间84～270次试验中早熟性、农艺性状、产量性状和纤维品质性状表现,构建了对照品种抽样总体,采用随机抽样方法估计了在不同精确度水平下鉴别棉花品种主要性状表现所需要的试验点数量,旨在为长江流域棉区国家棉花区域试验的试验点数量设置提供理论依据,并为其它棉区乃至其它作物区域试验中适宜试验点数量的估计提供参考方法。研究结果表明：试验点数量的需求与目的性状选择及变异度密切相关,皮棉产量的表型标准差最高,在同等精确度水平下需要的试点数量也最多。目前,长江流域棉花区域试验设置18个试点,对皮棉产量的估计精确度为90%;增加16个试点,估计精确度将提高到93%;而随后再增加试点数量对提高估计精确度收效甚微。     

新疆棉花品种存在的若干问题与对策

目前,全国棉花种植依据其不同的生态类型划为三大棉区,即西北内陆棉区、长江流域棉区、黄河流域棉区.新疆录属西北边陲,西北内陆棉区主要就是指新疆棉区.而在这三大棉区中,西北内陆棉区所占比重正在逐年增加.据农业部2000年统计,长江流域、黄河流域和西北内陆棉区的植棉面积分别占全国的30%、43%和26%,总产量分别占全国的27%、38%和34%.由上述数据可看出,新疆棉花的产量较高,但综合品质经农业部纤维测试中心检验却在全国的末位.     

2005年国家棉花品种区试纤维品质测试与分析

通过在黄河流域棉区、长江流域棉区、西北内陆棉区和北部特早熟棉区不同生态环境的布点试验，正确评价棉花参试品种的纤维品质及在不同生长条件下纤维品质的差异．为综合评价参试品种、品种审定和推广提供科学依据。     

国家小麦区域试验精确度和品种比较精确度分析

应用误差变异系数(CVe)和相对最小显著差数(RLSDα),对2004-2006两年度国家小麦区试精确度和品种比较试验精确度进行分析.结果表明:所有试验的CVe小于10%,95.2%的试验CVe小于5%;97.6%的试验RLSDα小于10%,61.9%的试验RLSDα小于5%.表明国家小麦区域试验质量较高,符合区域试验质量要求.     

北方稻区国家水稻品种区域试验精确度分析

以1999—2008年北方稻区国家水稻品种区域试验(共计463个点次) 10年数据为依据,在一年一点和一年多点两个层次上对北方稻区国家水稻品种区域试验的精确度进行了研究。结果表明: (1)一年一点试验层面上,所有试点平均试验误差变异系数(CV)为4.3%,平均相对最小显著差数(RLSD)为7.4%,绝大多数试点的CV和RLSD控制得较好,试验精确度和品种比较精确度均较高。(2)一年多点试验层面上,绝大多数组别的CV在5%以内,RLSD在3%以内,试验精确度较高,品种比较精确度能够满足国家品种审定的要求。(3)在现有试验方案下,降低试验误差是提高一年一点试验精确度的主要途径;除降低试验误差外,适当增加试点数是提高一年多点试验精确度的有效选择。     

西北内陆棉区将增设国家早熟机采棉区试

正全国农技中心在广西壮族自治区南宁市组织召开了2017年国家棉花品种区试总结年会,全面总结了2017年国家棉花品种区试工作,安排部署了2018年国家棉花品种区试及展示示范等任务。2017年,国家棉花品种区试工作在黄河流域、长江流域和西北内陆3大棉区进行,65个单位承担田间区试任务,安排区域试验10组,完成试验品种87个(不含对照);47个单位承担了田间生产试验任务,安排生产试验4组,完成试验程序品种7个。     

基于HA-GGE双标图的长江流域棉花区域试验环境评价

采用遗传力校正的GGE (HA-GGE)双标图方法对2000-2010年间27个独立的长江流域棉花品种区域试验的15个试验环境(试验点)在皮棉产量选择上的鉴别力、代表性、理想指数和离优度指数进行分析和综合评价。结果表明,湖北黄冈、江苏南京和湖北荆州是最理想的试验环境,对以长江流域为目标环境的广适性新品种选育和作为区域试验点鉴别理想品种的效率最高,而四川射洪、四川简阳、湖北襄阳和河南南阳不适宜作为针对长江流域的新品种选择与推荐环境。理想试验环境都位于长江流域除南襄盆地以外的中下游棉区,而不理想试验环境中的四川射洪和四川简阳位于长江流域棉区最西边的品种熟期较早且种植密度较高的四川盆地棉区,河南南阳和湖北襄阳位于长江流域棉区最北边, 与黄河流域棉区接壤, 霜期较早且晚秋降温快的南襄盆地棉区。本研究充分展示了HA-GGE双标图在区域试验环境评价方面的应用效果,也为长江流域棉花品种生态区划分和国家棉花区试方案的决策提供了理论依据。     

1978—2007年中国陆地棉品种主要特性变化趋势

为了研究中国陆地棉品种的遗传性状在不同年代间的变化规律,利用黄河流域、长江流域和西北内陆三大棉区在1978—2007年审定推广的836份陆地棉品种数据库,对陆地棉品种的14个主要农艺经济性状的变化趋势进行分析。结果表明,三大棉区品种的单铃重、皮棉产量和比强度三个性状随着年代变迁,呈明显升高趋势,比强度尤为突出;长江和黄河流域棉区的种植密度随着年代变迁在逐渐降低,而西北内陆棉区的种植密度在增加;叶色、第一果枝节位、铃形、马克隆值和枯、黄萎病抗性在不同年份间波动较大;生育期、衣分、纤维长度在年代间变化平稳,株高20世纪90年代以后变化趋势也较平稳。研究得出1978年以来中国棉花审定推广品种的农艺性状稳定一致且表现良好,产量和纤维品质性状（尤其纤维比强度）有明显改良,在马克隆值和枯、黄萎病抗性方面还有待进一步提高。     

棉花品种区域试验的精确度探讨

以１９８５￣１９９４年黄河流域棉花区域试验中春棉５轮和夏棉４轮（共计３３１次单年单点试验）的小区霜前皮棉产量为资料,在单点单年、单点两年和多点两年三个层次上研究棉花区域试验的精确度问题,获得如下主要结果：①品种区域试验应同时采用两项指标来反映其精确度,一为误差项变异系数（ＣＥＶ）,说明试验精确度,另一为品种均值的相对最小显著差数（ＲＬＳＤα）,说明品种比较精确度,②ＲＬＳＤα和ＣＥＶ在不同层次上关     

Major Gene Plus Polygene Genetic Analysis of Lint Percent in Upland Cotton

[Objective] Lint percentage is a critical factor in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield; however, there is limited genetic researches available to dissect the genetic characteristics of cotton lint percentage or for illustrating the mechanism of how lint percentage contributes to yield formation.【Methods】This study used the major gene plus polygene genetic model to perform a comprehensive study on genetic variation among lint percentage characteristics. In total, a 250-recombinant inbred line population was constructed for cultivar CCRI 70, a national high-quality cotton, and this population and the cultivar’s parental lines were phenotyped in nine environments in the Yellow River Valley, the Yangtze River Valley and Northwest Inland Region. 【Results】The lint percentage of the female parent sGK Zhong 156 was greater than that of the male parent 901-001 when grown in the nine environments. The lint percentage range of the recombinant inbred lines was 33.91%–40.18%, with an average of 38.01%, and the average was lower than that of the parental values. Thus, the performance was heterotic. The absolute values of skewness and kurtosis were less than 1.0, indicating a normal distribution, and the coefficients of variation ranged from 5.36% to 8.17%. Lint percentage showed the following geographical trend: Northwest Inland Region＞the Yellow River Valley＞the Yangtze River Valley. The genetic model is as follows: in different environments, lint percentage is controlled by two to four pairs of main genes or two pairs of major genes plus polygenes. The heritability of major genes ranged from 1.26% to 83.13%, the multiple gene heritability ranged from 27.35% to 90.83%, and the heritability of major genes plus multiple gene ranged from 92.00% to 99.35%. In the current study, lint percentage was mainly controlled by the major genes model having two major genes plus polygenes and the major gene model having two to four major genes. Among 2015 in Anyang, Henan, 2016 in Anyang, Henan and 2016 in Linqing, Shandong, only the former had four pairs of major genes. 【Conclusion】When the main gene plus polygenic benefits on lint traits is greater than 90%, then a high quality cotton is produced. The results are helpful in elucidating the genetic rules regulating the yield components of CCRI 70, and they provide a theoretical basis for improving cotton yield.     

远缘杂交棉花新品种石远321综合分析

利用棉花远缘杂交技术,用海岛棉（G.barbadense）、野生瑟伯氏棉(G.thurberi)、陆地棉(G.hirsutum)进行杂交,对杂交铃喷(滴)GA3(50ppm)、NAA（40ppm）、杂种胚离体培养,试管内染色体加倍,对获得的种间杂种进行回交较育,南繁北育,异地鉴定选育而成棉花新品种“石远321”。1993~1994年国家黄河流域棉花品种区域试验,亩产子棉、皮棉、霜前皮棉均居八个参试品种第一位,其中霜前皮棉产量885 kg/hm2,比对照增产19.7%,是1982~2000年19年间国家黄河流域棉花品种区域试验中霜前皮棉增产幅度最大的一个品种。     

远缘杂交棉花新品种石远321的综合分析

利用棉花远缘杂交技术,用海岛棉(G.barbadense)、野生瑟伯氏棉(G.thurberi)、陆地棉(G.hir-sutum)进行杂交,对杂交铃喷(滴)GA3(50ppm)、NAA(40ppm)、杂种胚离体培养,试管内染色体加倍,对获得的种间杂种进行回交较育,南繁北育,异地鉴定选育而成棉花新品种“石远321”。1993—1994年国家黄河流域棉花品种区域试验,亩产子棉、皮棉、霜前皮棉均居八个参试品种第一位,其中霜前皮棉产量885kg/hm2,比对照增产19.7%,是1982—2000年19年间国家黄河流域棉花品种区域试验中霜前皮棉增产幅度最大的一个品种。     

长江流域棉花纤维比强度选择的理想试验环境筛选

采用GGE双标图方法对2000-2010年期间27组独立的长江流域棉花品种区域试验中的15个试点在纤维比强度选择上的鉴别力、代表性、理想指数和离优度指数进行了全面分析和综合评价.结果表明:南京、黄冈、常德、岳阳和南阳是以长江流域为目标环境的广适性纤维比强度选育和作为区域试验点鉴别理想品种的最理想试验环境,而江浙沿海棉区的试验环境(南通、盐城和慈溪)和四川盆地棉区试验环境(简阳和射洪)不适宜作为针对长江流域的纤维比强度选择与推荐环境.本研究充分展示了GGE双标图在区域试验环境评价方面的应用效果,也为长江流域棉花品种生态区划分和国家棉花区试方案的决策提供理论依据.     

Analysis on Competitive Heterosis of Hybrid F1 and F2 between Transgenic Bt Varieties of Upland Cotton

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to supply basis for selecting strong heterosis hybrid and the feasibility of F₂ utilization, by evaluating yield heterosis and fiber quality traits of hybrid F₁ and F₂ generated by transgenic Bt varieties in upland cotton. [Method] Ten upland cotton varieties (lines) with good comprehensive characteristics were selected to produce 10 crosses, and four of them with better competitive heterosis (CH) in yield were screened out to analyze the lint yield and fiber traits of F₁ and F₂. [Result] The results indicated there was a strong CH in yield of F₁, but the yearly variation was large. Hybrids performed better in the poor production year. The CH in yield decreased obviously in most of the F₂ combinations. Further analysis showed that the decrease of boll weight was the main cause of drop of yield CH in F₂. The fiber quality index in F₂ showed a downward trend compared with F₁, and the coefficient of range and variation(CV) increased. The coefficient of variation of quality traits was much lower than that of yield components, with a trend of F₁ < SCRC 28 (CK) and F₂ > F₁. The CH of lint yield and fiber traits changed between F₁ and F₂ in different combinations. We screened out a combination with higher CH of yield in both F₁ and F₂, and with less decreased yield CH, fine fiber quality and light separation in F₂. [Conclusion] The hybrids generated by transgenic Bt varieties in upland cotton characterized by strong adversity resistance and yield stability. Fine fiber quality and light separation in F₂ came from crosses with the parents of fine fiber quality and small differences. So, it is possible for breedersto select valuable F₂ combinations in production.     

The Effectiveness of HA-GGE Biplot Application in Analyzing the Data from the National Cotton Cultivar Regional Trial in the Yangtze River Valley

A large number of regional crop trials have demonstrated the ubiquitous existence of genotype × environment interactions (G×E), which make it complicated to select superior cultivars and identify the ideal testing sites. The GGE (genotype main effect plus genotype × environment interaction) biplot is the most powerful statistical and graphical displaying tool available for regional crop trial dataset analysis. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the biplot in evaluating the high and stable yields of candidate cultivars simultaneously, and in delineating the most adaptive planting region, analyzing trial location discrimination ability and representativeness, and identifying the ideal cultivar and trial locations. The lint cotton yield dataset with nine experimental genotypes and 17 test locations (three replicates in each) was collected from the national cotton regional trial in the Yangtze River Valley (YaRV) in 2012. The results showed that: (1) the effects of genotype (G), environment (E), and genotype × environment interaction (G×E) were significant (P < 0.01) for lint cotton yield. Differences among environments accounted for 78.7% of the treatment total variation in the sum of squares, whereas the genotype main effect accounted for 8.7%, and the genotype × environment interaction accounted for 12.6%. (2) The “ideal cultivar” and “ideal location” view of the HA-GGE biplot identified Zhongcj408 (G2) and Nannon12 (G9) as the best ideal genotypes; Cixi in Zhejiang Province and Jiangling in Hubei Province were the most ideal locations.(3) The “which-won-where” view of the biplot outlined the adaptive planting region for each experimental cultivar. (4) The “similarity among locations” view clustered the trial locations into four groups, among of which the two outlier locations, Shehong (SH) and Chengdu (QBJ), located in Shichuan Basin in the upper reaches of YaRV, were clustered in one group, whereas the Nanyang (NY) of Henan Province at the northern edge of YaRV was singled out as a sole group. Such location clustering results implied an apparent association with the geographical environment.