覆盖免耕对棉田土壤物理性质及棉花生理特性的影响

采用裂区设计,研究了秸秆覆盖及免耕对土壤温度、容重及棉花功能叶SPAD值、光合特性、生育性状等的影响。结果表明：免耕降低土壤温度、容重以及棉花的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率,但功能叶SPAD值为免耕>翻耕;秸秆覆盖降低土壤温度,提高土壤含水量;免耕下秸秆覆盖较地膜覆盖和露地提高土壤容重及棉花的气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率,翻耕时结果与此相反;翻耕处理棉花长势强于免耕,但单株结铃数差异不显著;秸秆覆盖较露地能显著提高棉花铃数、铃重和衣分;秸秆覆盖量越大,功能叶SPAD值越小,但产量越高。秸秆覆盖免耕下棉花光合能力和产量表现均差于翻耕,但产量与露地及地膜覆盖处理间的差异不显著。     

黄萎病胁迫影响棉花幼苗光合及叶绿素荧光特性的机理

【目的】研究黄萎病对棉花幼苗光合特性和叶绿素荧光特性的影响,为苗期黄萎病抗性鉴定及制定黄萎病防治技术提供依据。【方法】以中植棉2号(抗黄萎病品种,ZZM-2)和冀棉11号(感黄萎病品种,JM-11)为试验材料,于2叶1心期接种大丽轮枝菌,6 d后测定主茎倒1叶的光合和荧光参数等。【结果】(1)黄萎病胁迫下,棉花幼苗单株叶面积、叶水势、光合色素含量、净光合速率(P_n)等皆呈下降趋势,ZZM-2的降幅均小于JM-11。(2)2个品种胞间CO_2浓度下降、气孔限制值升高,说明P_n的降低主要是由气孔限制因素引起的;且ZZM-2叶绿素a的降幅小于叶绿素b,JM-11则相反。(3)ZZM-2的光、CO_2响应曲线特征参数分别呈增强、减弱的趋势,JM-11均呈减弱趋势。ZZM-2潜在最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、调节性能量耗散的量子产量(Y_(NPQ))和非调节性能量耗散的量子产量(Y_(NO))稍增大,实际光化学效率(Y_Ⅱ)稍降低,但差异皆不显著,可变荧光产量(Fv)下降显著。JM-11的Fv、F_v/F_m、Y_Ⅱ及Y_(NPQ)显著下降,Y_(NO)大幅上升。(4)F_v/F_m在病叶病斑部位下降,而在非病斑部位未降低甚至略增大。【结论】选择光同化能力和碳同化能力较高、抗黄萎病性强的品种,可以减小黄萎病对棉叶光合特性的影响,降低棉花产量和品质的损失。     

氮素对花铃期短期渍水棉花根系生长的影响

于2005—2006年在江苏南京农业大学卫岗试验站进行盆栽试验,设置正常灌水(土壤含水量为田间持水量的75%左右)和棉花花铃期土壤短期渍水处理(将正常灌水的棉花增加灌水至盆内有可见明水,持续8 d,然后用导管排除表面水层,使盆内土壤含水量逐渐恢复到田间持水量的75%左右),每个水分处理设置3个氮素水平(0、3.73、7.46 g N pot^-1,分别相当于大田0、240、480 kg N hm^-2),研究氮素对花铃期短期渍水棉花根系生长的影响。结果表明,在渍水处理结束时,与正常灌水处理相比,根干重和根冠比(R∶S)均降低;根系可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低,过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高;棉花根系活力和单株光合速率(CAP)显著降低。增加施氮可降低渍水棉花根系SOD活性,提高POD和CAT活性,以3.73 g N pot^-1(240 kg N hm^-2)施氮水平下的棉花根干物重最大,根系MDA含量最低,根系活力最强,单株光合速率(CAP)最高,相应籽棉产量最高。渍水停止15 d后,渍水棉花根系抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量与正常灌水处理的差异较小;施氮仍可提高棉花根系POD与CAT活性,降低MDA含量,增强根系活力,提高CAP。     

氮素对花铃期短期渍水棉花根系生长的影响

于2005—2006年在江苏南京农业大学卫岗试验站进行盆栽试验,设置正常灌水(土壤含水量为田间持水量的75%左右)和棉花花铃期土壤短期渍水处理(将正常灌水的棉花增加灌水至盆内有可见明水,持续8 d,然后用导管排除表面水层,使盆内土壤含水量逐渐恢复到田间持水量的75%左右),每个水分处理设置3个氮素水平(0、3.73、7.46 g N pot^-1,分别相当于大田0、240、480 kg N hm^-2),研究氮素对花铃期短期渍水棉花根系生长的影响。结果表明,在渍水处理结束时,与正常灌水处理相比,根干重和根冠比(R∶S)均降低;根系可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低,过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高;棉花根系活力和单株光合速率(CAP)显著降低。增加施氮可降低渍水棉花根系SOD活性,提高POD和CAT活性,以3.73 g N pot^-1(240 kg N hm^-2)施氮水平下的棉花根干物重最大,根系MDA含量最低,根系活力最强,单株光合速率(CAP)最高,相应籽棉产量最高。渍水停止15 d后,渍水棉花根系抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量与正常灌水处理的差异较小;施氮仍可提高棉花根系POD与CAT活性,降低MDA含量,增强根系活力,提高CAP。     

脱叶剂对棉花叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数的影响

利用叶绿素荧光动力学测定技术,对脱叶剂的不同喷施时间条件下棉花叶片光能吸收、传递、转换特性及棉花产量进行了研究。结果表明喷施脱叶剂降低了棉花叶片的光合功能,降低了最大光化学效率(Maximum photochemical efficiency,Fv/Fm)及PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,使初始荧光(Minimal fluorescence,Fo)上升、光合电子传递速率(Electron transport rate,ETR)和PSⅡ总的光化学量子产量(Photosynthetic quantum yield,Yield)降低,提高了非光化学猝灭系数(Non-radiant energy,NPQ),说明脱叶剂胁迫下棉花叶片发生了光抑制,PSⅡ复合体受到损伤伴随着光合电子传递受阻。吐絮率10%时喷施脱叶剂使棉花铃重、衣分、皮棉产量显著低于对照。吐絮率50%时喷施脱吐隆300 g·hm~(-2)+40%乙烯利1200 m L·hm~(-2),第25天棉花脱叶率为90.1%,吐絮率为99.87%,对棉花铃重、衣分及皮棉产量影响最小且更有利于促进叶片脱落和棉铃成熟。     

白菜型冬油菜叶片结构和光合特性对冬前低温的响应

为明确白菜型冬油菜在冬前低温下叶片结构特征、光合作用特性及其抗寒性,本研究在0℃和–7.6℃自然低温条件下,选用白菜型冬油菜品种陇油7号(超强抗寒)和天油4号(弱抗寒),测定并比较其叶片气孔性状、解剖结构和光合、荧光参数的日变化等指标。结果表明,随着冬前温度下降,2个白菜型冬油菜叶片气孔密度、气孔面积、气孔周长、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度均变小,细胞间隙变大,叶片变薄;P_n日变化呈"单峰"型曲线,无光合"午休"现象;叶片的P_n、G_s、T_r和CE均降低,而C_i均升高,说明是非气孔限制引起P_n降低。白菜型冬油菜在冬前低温条件下发生了光抑制现象,表现为F_m和F_v/F_m下降,F_o上升。与超强抗寒品种陇油7号相比,弱抗寒品种天油4号叶片气孔密度和气孔面积均较大,气孔总周长较长,叶片较厚,P_n、F_m和F_v/F_m均较高,说明冬前低温条件下,天油4号光合能力较强,光抑制程度较弱。白菜型冬油菜在冬前低温条件下的叶片气孔密度越大、气孔面积越大、气孔周长越长、叶片及栅栏组织和海绵组织越厚,光合能力越强,地上部生长越旺盛,品种抗寒性越差。本研究为冬油菜抗寒种质创新和育种提供了部分理论支撑。     

氮肥施用前移对遮荫下棉花光合特性及产量的影响

为探讨新疆南疆地区果棉间作下棉花适宜的氮肥追施模式,设置不施氮肥(N0)、氮肥追施至初花期结束(N1)、氮肥追施至盛花期结束(N2)和正常追肥(N3)。结果表明:遮荫下氮肥追施至盛花期结束(N2)提高了棉花盛花期后主茎功能叶潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光化学猝灭系数(q P),有利于光合色素将捕获的光能以较快的效率及速度转化成化学能,为碳同化提供更加充足的能量;同时增加棉花花铃期PSII开放程度和光合电子传递速率(ETR),促进实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)和净光合速率的提高,降低了初花期非辐射能的耗散,可将捕获的光能更充分地进行光合生产,提高了花铃后期非辐射能的耗散,可为棉铃输送较多的光合产物,增加了单株铃数和铃重,提高了产量。     

CO_2加富对温室辣椒幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

为明确北方地区普通日光温室辣椒栽培时CO_2适宜浓度,以"朝研牛角椒"为材料,探究CO_2加富[350±50μL/L(CK)、600±50μL/L(C1)、800±50μL/L(C2)、1000±50μL/L(C3)]对辣椒幼苗生长、叶片SPAD值、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)以及蒸腾速率(T_r)的影响。结果表明:CO_2加富使辣椒幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、叶片SPAD值显著提高;同时也显著提高辣椒幼苗P_n、C_i,一定程度上降低叶片G_s和T_r;且CO_2浓度为(800±50)μL/L时效果最明显。     

枣棉间作条件下棉花密度对棉花光合特性及产量影响

在枣棉间作条件下,通过设置不同的棉花种植密度(13.5万、18.0万和22.5万株·hm-2),研究了密度对棉花光合作用及产量的影响。结果表明,间作棉花形态、荧光参数和光合特性受到枣树的显著不利影响,表现出明显的边行负效应。随着枣棉间距离的增加,不利影响减小,SPAD值、光系统II的实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)和净光合速率(Pn)显著增加;随着密度增加,间作棉花LAI和干物质质量显著增加。密度为18万株·hm-2的间作棉花的光系统II的实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和产量显著高于13.5万株·hm-2和22.5万株·hm-2。在枣棉间作复合系统中,适当增加枣棉间距可以减轻枣树对棉花的不利影响,而较高的棉花密度也有利于棉花高产。     

花后渍水高温交互效应对冬小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

渍水和高温是长江中下游麦区冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)生育中后期的主要气象灾害因子。2009—2011年连续2个生长季盆栽烟农19,在籽粒形成期(花后5~8 d)和乳熟期(花后15~18 d)分别设渍水(土表水层1 cm)、高温[昼(35±2)℃/夜(25±2)℃]和渍水+高温处理,探讨了渍水和高温双重胁迫对小麦开花后光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,花后渍水、高温、渍水+高温逆境均显著降低旗叶净光合速率(P_n)、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r),增加胞间CO₂浓度(C_i);同时降低穗粒数、千粒重及产量,但对成穗数影响不显著。渍水和高温胁迫对旗叶光合作用的主要限制因素是非气孔因素。从产量平均相对受害率看,其影响为渍水+高温逆境(37.7%)>渍水逆境(21.1%)>高温逆境(17.6%),而胁迫时期的影响为籽粒形成期(30.8%)>乳熟期(20.1%)。渍水和高温的交互效应显著,且籽粒形成期逆境不良效应显著大于乳熟期。     

基于叶绿素荧光参数的滴灌棉花氮素营养估测模型

【目的】建立基于叶绿素荧光参数的棉花叶片氮素营养监测模型,为棉花高效施氮及植株生长状况的无损监测提供方法。【方法】在水肥一体化滴灌条件下,以新陆早58号为试验材料,设置4个施氮水平,测定了棉花生长关键时期顶2(从顶部数起)至顶5叶的叶绿素荧光参数和氮素含量,分析了棉花叶片氮素含量与荧光参数的关系。【结果】(1)棉花出苗70 d后,叶片氮素含量以及光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)潜在光化学活性(Fv/F0)、PSⅡ潜在最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv’/Fm’)均随着棉花生长呈逐渐下降趋势。(2)不同氮素处理下,各叶片氮素含量以及叶绿素荧光参数Fv/F0、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和Fv’/Fm’均随施氮量的增加而上升,其中N2(240 kg·hm-2)处理下各荧光参数值最大。(3)叶片氮含量与Fv、Fv/F0、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ都呈现极显著正相关关系,与荧光参数ΦPSⅡ、Fv’/Fm’间呈现较好的指数函数关系,与荧光参数Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0呈现良好的线性函数关系。顶5叶可变荧光(Fv)与叶片氮素含量建立的关系模型(y=0.0022x+1.6243)的模拟效果最好,决定系数达到0.928,相关系数达到0.963,呈极显著正相关。【结论】适量施氮(240 kg·hm-2)能够提高PSⅡ的活性及PSⅡ反应中心开放部分的比例,进而改善棉花叶片光合能力。顶5叶氮素含量与叶绿素荧光参数Fv构建的模型精确度和拟合效果较其他荧光参数好,因此可以选用荧光参数Fv来监测棉花叶片氮素含量,进而监测植株的氮素营养状况。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对低温胁迫下玉米幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

为探究外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸（ALA）对低温胁迫下玉米幼苗生长及光合特性的调控效应,以绥玉13（低温敏感型）和郑单958（耐低温型）为试验材料,于三叶一心期叶面喷施20mg/L ALA,在昼/夜温度为14℃/5℃的低温条件下培养48h,恢复常温48h后取样,分析外源ALA对玉米幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、光合作用参数及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明：低温胁迫显著抑制两个玉米品种幼苗的株高、叶面积、鲜重和干重。低温处理导致幼苗SPAD值下降,叶片净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、最大荧光（F_m）、最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、潜在光化学效率（F_v/F_o）及光化学猝灭系数（q_P）水平降低,初始荧光（F_o）和非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）升高。外源ALA能够促进低温胁迫下玉米幼苗形态建成与物质积累,叶片SPAD值增加。外源ALA能够缓解由低温胁迫导致的叶片P_n、T_r、G_s和C_i下降,提高F_m、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o及q_P水平,降低F_o和NPQ水平。由此可见,外源ALA能够促进叶片光合作用,提高PSⅡ反应活性,促进物质积累,增强玉米苗期的抗低温能力,且对低温敏感型玉米品种的缓解低温伤害效果更好。     

氮肥对大麦灌浆期叶片光合性能的影响及其相关性分析

为探究氮肥对春大麦叶片光合性能的影响,以蒙啤3号和蒙啤5号两个品种为材料,研究不同施氮水平下内蒙古东部灌区春大麦灌浆期间叶片叶绿素（Chl）含量,叶绿素荧光参数（最大荧光F_m、最大光化学效率F_v/F_m、光化学猝灭系数q_P）,光合参数（净光合速率P_n、气孔导度G_s、蒸腾速率T_r）的动态变化及其相关性。结果表明:随着灌浆时间延长,不同氮肥处理两品种大麦叶片Chl含量、F_m、F_v/F_m、q_P均呈先升高后降低的趋势,P_n、G_s、T_r均呈下降趋势;随着施氮水平升高,叶片Chl含量、F_m、F_v/F_m、q_P、P_n、G_s、T_r均逐渐升高。相关分析结果显示,叶片Chl含量、F_m、F_v/F_m、q_P、P_n、G_s、T_r间均呈极显著正相关关系。显示增施氮肥可促进大麦灌浆期间叶片光合性能。本研究为优质高产大麦生产实践提供理论依据。     

脱落酸对低温胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

脱落酸（ABA）是作物生产中广泛应用的一种植物激素。探究ABA对低温胁迫下玉米幼苗光合特性的影响,为阐明低温胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片光合结构的防御保护机制提供理论依据。以玉米品种“久龙5号”为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,探讨了低温胁迫0、2、4、6、8d下不同浓度脱落酸对玉米幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫显著抑制玉米幼苗的正常生长,导致SPAD值下降,叶片净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）、PSⅡ光化学最大效率（F_v/F_m）和潜在光化学效率（F_v/F_o）水平下降,初始荧光（F_o）显著升高。外源喷施适当浓度的ABA能够显著缓解由低温胁迫导致的玉米叶片P_n、T_r和G_s下降幅度,提高F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o,降低F_o水平。由此可见,外源施加适当浓度的ABA能提高幼苗叶片的光合能力,提高PSⅡ反应中心活性,促进物质积累,提高玉米幼苗的耐冷性。同时,外源施加ABA存在一定的浓度效应,即“低促高抑”。本研究所设计浓度范围中15mg/L ABA浓度对光合抑制缓解效果最显著。     

Effect of Defoliants Application on Physiological Characters of Cotton Leaf without Defoliants

[Objective]The aim of this study is to elucidate the physiological mechanism of cotton leaf without defoliant response to thidiazuron (TDZ). [Method] A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of defoliants on the photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant enzyme activity, and endogenous hormone contents of cotton leaf without defoliant at 1 d, 3 d, 6 d and 10 d after the application of TDZ. Cultivar CCRI-50 was used for this experiment. [Result] TDZ rapidly induced cotton leaf abscission, however, no abscission was detected to the cotton leaf without defoliants. The net photosynthetic rate (P_n) of cotton leaf without defoliants was reduced by 1 d, 3 d and 6 d after TDZ applied, but rise to the control treated with water level by 10 d. TDZ also caused a significant decline in the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F_v/F_m), the quantum yield of electron transport (Φ_PSII), the electron transport rate (R_et) and the photochemical quenching coefficient (q_P), but an increase in the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qNP). However, with the same changes as P_n, the chlorophyll fluorescence characters got to the control by 10 d. TDZ application significantly increased the superoxide dismutase activity, did not affect the peroxidase activity, decease the malondialdehyde content. Abscisic acid contents in the cotton leaf without defoliant were lower than control by 3 d and 6 d after the applied of TDZ, but have the same level with control at 10 d, and the auxin had a little changes compared with control during the whole period of experimental time. [Conclusion] TDZ application significantly affect the photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, antioxidant enzyme activity, and endogenous hormone contents of cotton leaf without defoliant. When the leaf with defoliant drop off, the physiological characters of cotton leaf without of defoliants recovered to control level, and no abscission were detected.     

Mechanism of Verticillium Wilt Stress Affecting Photosynthetic Characteristics and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics of Cotton Seedlings

[Objective] The goal of this experiment was to study the effects of Verticillium wilt on photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of cotton seedlings, and to provide a theoretical basis for the identification of cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt at the seedling stage and the establishment of Verticillium wilt control techniques. [Method] Zhongzhimian 2 (Verticillium wilt resistant cultivar, ZZM-2) and Jimian 11 (Verticillium wilt susceptible cultivar, JM-11) were selected. Verticillium dahliae was inoculated at the two true leaves stage. The photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the last fully expanded young leaves were measured at 6 d after inoculation. [Result] (1) Under the stress of Verticillium wilt, the leaf area per plant, leaf water potential, photosynthetic pigment content and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of cotton seedlings decreased, and the decreases in ZZM-2 were smaller than those in JM-11. (2) The decreased intercellular CO2 concentration and increased stomatal limitation value in the two test materials indicated that the decrease in Pn was mainly caused by stomatal limitation, and the decrease in chlorophyll a in ZZM-2 was smaller than the decrease in chlorophyll b, whereas the opposite trend was observed in JM-11. (3) The light response curve parameters of ZZM-2 were increased and theCO₂ response curve parameters of ZZM-2 were decreased, but all parameters in JM-11 were decreased. For ZZM-2, the potential photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m), the quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation (Y_NPQ) and the quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation (Y_NO) were increased slightly and the actual photochemical efficiency (Y_II) was decreased slightly, but the differences in these four indexes between diseased plants and healthy plants was not significant; however, the variable fluorescence yield (F_v) was significantly decreased. For JM-11, F_v, Fv/F_m, Y_II and Y_NPQ were significantly decreased, and Y_NO was significantly increased. (4) F_v/F_m in leaf lesion sites decreased, but that in non-lesion sites did not decline or even showed a slight increase. [Conclusion] Verticillium wilt resistant cultivars with higher photosynthetic capacity and carbon assimilation ability could reduce the effects of Verticillium wilt on photosynthetic characteristics and reduce the impacts on cotton yield and quality.     

盐胁迫对2个不同盐敏感性水稻品种（系）叶片光合特性与产量的影响

研究盐胁迫对不同盐敏感性水稻品种（系）叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数及产量的影响,为耐盐品种选育和盐碱地有效开发利用提供理论参考。以武运粳30（盐敏感性品种）和振稻23309（耐盐性品系）为材料,比较研究不同盐分梯度（0%、0.07%、0.14%、0.21%、0.28%、0.35%）对水稻产量和抽穗期水稻叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,随盐浓度的提高,两个品种（系）产量呈现递减趋势,且武运粳30的降幅更大。在盐胁迫条件下,武运粳30的穗数、穗粒数、结实率显著降低且降幅显著大于振稻23309,两个品种（系）千粒重变化都不明显。与对照相比,在低盐胁迫（0.07%）下,振稻23309的叶片净光合速率（P_n）、叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、水分利用效率（WUE）、表观叶肉导度（AMC）、荧光参数（潜在活性F_v/F_o、最大光化学效率F_v/F_m、实际光化学效率Φ_PSⅡ、光化学猝灭系数q_p、非光化学猝灭系数q_N）均显著上升;0.14%盐浓度处理下,两个基因型水稻除q_N显著提高外,其余各参数均呈下降趋势,且振稻23309的降幅要小于武运粳30;盐浓度大于0.14%时,两个基因型水稻各参数均显著降低,且武运粳30的降幅更大。由此可见,盐胁迫对水稻产量和叶片光合特性的影响不仅与盐浓度有关,且存在显著的基因型差异;水稻叶片叶绿素含量高、光合作用的气孔限制向非气孔限制转变慢、植株水分利用率高、光合系统Ⅱ非辐射能耗散增加、光保护能力强等因素是耐盐品系振稻23309表现出较强耐盐性的内在原因。     

Analysis on Competitive Heterosis of Hybrid F1 and F2 between Transgenic Bt Varieties of Upland Cotton

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to supply basis for selecting strong heterosis hybrid and the feasibility of F₂ utilization, by evaluating yield heterosis and fiber quality traits of hybrid F₁ and F₂ generated by transgenic Bt varieties in upland cotton. [Method] Ten upland cotton varieties (lines) with good comprehensive characteristics were selected to produce 10 crosses, and four of them with better competitive heterosis (CH) in yield were screened out to analyze the lint yield and fiber traits of F₁ and F₂. [Result] The results indicated there was a strong CH in yield of F₁, but the yearly variation was large. Hybrids performed better in the poor production year. The CH in yield decreased obviously in most of the F₂ combinations. Further analysis showed that the decrease of boll weight was the main cause of drop of yield CH in F₂. The fiber quality index in F₂ showed a downward trend compared with F₁, and the coefficient of range and variation(CV) increased. The coefficient of variation of quality traits was much lower than that of yield components, with a trend of F₁ < SCRC 28 (CK) and F₂ > F₁. The CH of lint yield and fiber traits changed between F₁ and F₂ in different combinations. We screened out a combination with higher CH of yield in both F₁ and F₂, and with less decreased yield CH, fine fiber quality and light separation in F₂. [Conclusion] The hybrids generated by transgenic Bt varieties in upland cotton characterized by strong adversity resistance and yield stability. Fine fiber quality and light separation in F₂ came from crosses with the parents of fine fiber quality and small differences. So, it is possible for breedersto select valuable F₂ combinations in production.     

多环境下陆地棉染色体片段代换系及F_1皮棉产量与纤维品质的表型分析

以1套陆地棉染色体片段代换系为亲本材料,采用株系间随机成对杂交组配F1,在5个环境下鉴定片段代换系亲本及F1的皮棉产量与纤维品质性状表现。结果表明,与轮回亲本(中棉所36)相比,F1在铃重与皮棉产量性状上具有一定的对照优势,亲本与F1的纤维长度与比强度均表现出明显的对照优势,且环境间表现一致。F1铃重、衣分与皮棉产量在各个环境下的中亲优势均值全部为正,且相对较大。除个别环境外,纤维长度、马克隆值与比强度的中亲优势均值也全部为正,但数值相对较小。片段代换系及F1的遗传变异丰富,部分亲本与F1在多个环境下的综合表现优异,其皮棉产量与纤维品质得到同步提高,群体材料的遗传改良与杂种优势利用具有广阔前景。     

利用主基因+多基因混合遗传分析解析陆地棉铃重与铃壳率杂种优势的遗传基础

为明确棉花杂种F1铃重超亲优势的遗传基础,利用数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传P1、P2、F1和F2群体联合分析方法,分析了铃重有超亲优势的3个组合L178×L029(Ⅰ)、L178×L057(Ⅱ)与L029×GP72(Ⅲ)的铃重与铃壳率。结果表明:3个组合F1铃重的超亲优势和铃壳率的负向中亲优势表现稳定。组合Ⅰ和ⅡF2群体的铃重与铃壳率呈极显著负相关。铃重和铃壳率均呈2对主基因+多基因遗传,但主基因作用方式在组合间有所不同。铃重超亲优势主要来自多基因显性效应,而组合Ⅲ的主基因显性×显性互作对铃重的超亲优势也有很大作用。组合Ⅰ和Ⅲ铃壳率的负向中亲优势主要来自于主基因显性效应,组合Ⅱ铃壳率的负向优势主要来自于多基因显性效应。因此,改良铃重和铃壳率时可通过轮回选择或修饰回交聚集增效基因来实现。