基因型和环境对陆地棉棉籽中主要成分含量影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究基因型和环境及两者互作对棉籽中主要成分含量的影响。【方法】以11个陆地棉品种在长江中下游流域部分棉区10个试点的样品为研究材料,测定棉籽中蛋白质、油分、棉酚、植酸、α-生育酚和γ-生育酚6种主要成分的含量,并分析其基因型、环境及其互作效应。【结果】结果表明,基因型、环境,以及两者互作对棉籽中蛋白质和油分含量均有极显著的影响;环境对棉籽中棉酚和植酸含量有极显著影响,基因型对棉籽中棉酚含量有极显著影响、对植酸含量有显著影响,但二者对棉酚和植酸含量互作效应不显著。α-生育酚和γ-生育酚的基因型效应不显著,但环境效应显著,地区间的生育酚含量差异达到极显著水平。此外,蛋白质含量与油分含量呈极显著负相关,二者之和稳定在75%左右。【结论】在棉籽品质育种中不仅要依据品种的差异,还要考虑环境以及品种与环境的互作。棉籽主要成分含量的表现是基因型和生态环境共同作用的结果。     

NaCl胁迫下棉花幼苗的离子平衡

采用水培法 ,研究了 Na Cl胁迫对耐盐性不同的两个棉花 (Gossypium hirsutum L .)品种 (枝棉 3号 ,耐盐性较强 ;泗棉 2号 ,耐盐性较弱 )幼苗叶片及根系 Ca、K、Mg、P、Mn、Cu、Fe、Zn等矿质元素含量的影响。用 ICP- AES法测定结果表明 ,经 1 0 0和 2 0 0 mmol· L- 1Na Cl分别处理 1 4d后 ,两品种棉花幼苗叶片及根系 Ca、K、Mg、P、Mn等元素含量均明显下降 ,其中尤其以 Mn、Ca、K元素含量下降最为显著。而 Fe、Zn、Cu等三种微量元素含量却有不同程度增加。随盐处理浓度增加 ,根系 Na+增加量趋于饱和 ,而叶片 Na+仍持续大量积累 ,导致植株体内阳离子含量显著增加 ,破坏了植株体内的离子平衡。耐盐性不同的两个棉花品种 ,叶片及根系 Ca、K、Mg、Mn、Zn等元素含量变化均无明显差异 ,而在叶片 Cu、Fe元素及根系P元素含量变化方面存在差异     

紫茎泽兰生殖生长期叶片矿质营养元素动态变化研究

系统分析了紫茎泽兰叶片中N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Al,Mn共7种矿质营养元素在生殖生长时期含量的动态变化及其相关性。结果表明,紫茎泽兰在花芽分化期叶片中N,Mg,Al含量呈明显下降趋势,K,Mn含量呈上升趋势,P,Ca含量无明显变化;蕾期阶段和花期阶段,叶片中N,K含量呈下降趋势,Mg,Al,Mn含量呈上升趋势,P,Ca含量无明显变化;结实期阶段,叶片中N,P,Mg,Mn含量呈下降趋势,Al含量呈上升趋势,K,Ca含量无明显变化。元素Ca与P的含量变化呈显著正相关关系,而其他矿质元素之间的相关性均不显著。     

3个苹果品种叶片矿质营养变化及其相关性研究

为了解矿质营养在苹果树体发育过程中变化的特点、进一步阐明苹果树矿质营养积累机制,以‘望山红’等3个苹果品种叶片为试材,测定分析了其发育过程中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、B矿质营养成分含量变化及其相关性。结果表明,叶片发育过程中,N、P和B呈"降—升—降"的趋势,K和Mn呈"升—降—升"的趋势,Ca、Mg、Zn和Cu呈"升—降"的趋势,Fe一直呈下降的趋势。相关性分析表明,N与P之间呈极显著正相关,P与Mn之间、Ca与Cu之间都呈显著正相关,Mn与B之间呈极显著负相关,K与Mg之间、Ca与Fe之间都呈显著负相关。说明苹果树叶片发育中10种矿质营养积累机制不同,部分矿质营养积累过程存在协助和拮抗作用。     

不同氮素粒肥水平下精米蒸煮食味品质变化及其与矿质元素含量相关性分析

为研究不同氮素粒肥水平下水稻精米矿质元素含量及蒸煮食味品质的变化,明确蛋白质及蒸煮食味品质与矿质元素间的相关性,以扬稻6号和南粳9108为供试材料,设置3个氮素粒肥水平,分别为对照（N1,0kg/hm ²）、中氮素粒肥（N2,90kg/hm ²）和高氮素粒肥（N3,150kg/hm ²）,并对精米中矿质元素含量和稻米蒸煮食味品质进行了测定分析。结果表明,随着氮素粒肥水平的提高,精米中含氮量提高,大量元素P、K含量和中量元素Ca、Mg含量显著降低,微量元素Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu含量显著增加,Mg/K和Mg/（N·AC·K）表现为降低趋势,蛋白质含量显著增多,直链淀粉含量有所减少,RVA谱特征值中最高粘度、热浆粘度和崩解值逐渐降低,回复值和消减值则呈现出上升的趋势,食味值显著变差。相关分析发现,蛋白质含量与微量元素含量间呈显著或极显著正相关,与大、中量元素含量和食味值呈显著或极显著负相关;Mg/K和Mg/（N·AC·K）与RVA谱特征值关系密切,有利于蒸煮食味品质的改善。由此可见,生产中应因地制宜地控制后期氮肥在适宜范围内,以提高稻米矿质营养元素含量和蒸煮食味品质。     

腐植酸对甘薯吸收利用矿质元素的影响

为探讨腐植酸对甘薯吸收利用矿质元素的影响,并为研究甘薯植株及土壤中矿质元素含量的变化情况,在大田生产条件下施用腐植酸。结果表明：施用腐植酸以后,甘薯对各矿质营养元素的吸收积累量均显著增加,增幅为12.87%~29.84%;矿质元素吸收积累量增加与腐植酸提高了不同生长时期甘薯对矿质元素的吸收速率有关,生长后期的吸收速率增幅最大。同时,施用腐植酸提高了收获期土壤中有效P、Ca、Mg和K元素的含量;使N、K、Ca、S、B和Cu的块根生产效率显著提高。施用腐植酸可以改善甘薯的矿质营养条件、提高部分矿质元素的块根生产效率。     

微咸水灌溉方式对不同生育期设施番茄矿质元素含量的影响

为合理、安全利用微咸水,促进番茄高效可持续生产,以京番301为试验材料,采用沙土槽培、单因素完全随机区组试验,以微咸水(EC=3 m S/cm)直接灌溉为对照,研究了微咸水不同灌溉方式对坐果期、盛果期、盛果后期番茄植株根、茎、叶及不同生育期果实中矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明:(1)番茄植株根、茎、叶及果实中的10种矿质元素含量在生育期内呈规律性的变化,根、茎、叶中6种大量矿质元素含量均为N、K、Ca大于P、Mg、Na,4种微量元素含量以Fe、Mn较高,Zn次之,Cu最低;除K外,幼果期果实中5种大量矿质元素含量最高,K在成熟期果实中含量最高,果实中微量元素含量以Fe、Zn较高,Cu和Mn较低。果实中K含量与其余9种矿质元素含量存在一定的增效作用,而Mg与Zn、Cu、P 3种元素,Na、Mn与Fe、Zn、Cu、P 4种元素间存在一定的拮抗作用。(2)微咸水参与灌溉提高了番茄植株各部位及品质形成期果实中全Na的含量,以微咸水直接灌溉提高幅度最大。与淡水灌溉相比,微咸水直接灌溉植株各部位全N含量也有所提高,但不利于果实对N、P和4种微量元素的吸收与积累。淡水灌溉有利于提高植株各部位全效P、K及Zn的含量,进而促进果实对N、P、K及Fe、Zn的吸收与积累。微咸水淡水按生育期轮灌可提高植株各部位Ca、Mg、Fe的含量,微咸水淡水按次轮灌和按生育期轮灌下幼果期、成熟期果实中Ca、Mg含量也较高。混合水灌溉和按次轮灌植株各部位Cu和Mn含量较高,因此品质形成期混合水灌溉下果实中Cu含量、按次轮灌下果实中Mn含量也较高。综上,短期微咸水灌溉或降低微咸水的矿化度灌溉(轮灌、混合水灌溉)不仅能够节约淡水资源,而且可以有效避免微咸水直接灌溉对植株生长的不利影响,并补充植物所需的N、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu等营养元素。     

外源N、P、K肥对扁桃叶片矿质营养元素含量的影响

为探明N、P、K肥对扁桃叶片中各矿质营养元素含量的影响,给新疆扁桃营养诊断平衡施肥技术提供理论参考依, 2009—2010连续2年在结果期扁桃园内萌芽前分别土施不同浓度梯度的N、P、K肥,在扁桃果实膨大期采集叶片,通过对其中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu 10种矿质营养元素含量的测定分析。结果表明：土施N、P、K肥能分别提高叶片中相应元素的含量,其中N还促进P、B、Fe、Zn、Cu的吸收,但与K、Ca、Mn发生拮抗;P促进了N、K、Mg、Mn的吸收,但与Zn、Fe发生拮抗;K促进了B、Fe、Zn的吸收,但与N、P、Ca、Mg发生拮抗。土施不同浓度梯度N、P、K肥能显著或极显著提高扁桃叶片中N、P、K含量,且施用量和叶片吸收的元素含量间存在线性关系,而N、P、K肥对扁桃叶片中其他9种矿质元素含量分别形成促进和拮抗双重关系。     

不同基因型烤烟生长期间叶片矿质元素的差异分析

为了进一步探讨基因型对烤烟营养元素吸收和利用的影响,筛选评价营养协调、质量较好的烤烟品种。采用品种对比试验,研究了延边烟区吉烟9号、NC89、中烟98、中烟100、云烟87、9407生长期间叶片中10种矿质元素含量的差异。结果表明,不同基因型烤烟对P素的吸收差异明显,其中以移栽后50 d时基因型间差异最大,70 d时差异最小,各时期均以吉烟9号、云烟87含量最高,中烟100和NC89最低;不同基因型间K含量的差异在移栽后70~90d未达到显著水平,Ca、Na、Zn在移栽后60~90 d未达到显著水平;移栽后50 d不同基因型Mg含量的差异最大,之后逐渐减小;B、Mn、Cu移栽后50~90 d不同基因型间差异性较大,均以吉烟9号和9407含量最高。云烟87和吉烟9号在延边生态条件下,对矿质元素吸收能力较强,矿质营养协调,适宜推广种植。     

梅乐葡萄叶片和果实矿质元素变化规律及相关性分析

分析蓬莱产区梅乐葡萄盛花期、转色期、成熟期的叶片、花/果实中矿质变化规律及其相关性,为梅乐葡萄的营养诊断及科学施肥提供理论依据.2018-2020年连续以蓬莱产区16个固定配方施肥条件下的梅乐葡萄为研究对象,每个配方肥选择4个果园,共计192个梅乐葡萄园,比较不同生育期叶片、花/果实矿质元素含量差异,应用相关分析法筛选影响果实矿质营养含量的主要叶片养分因子.叶片Fe、B和花/果实N、P、K、Mg、Fe、B含量在各生育期均表现为盛花期>转色期>成熟期,且不同生育期间差异显著.叶片Mn、Cu和果实Cu含量均表现为转色期>成熟期>盛花期,且各生育期间差异显著.除盛花期N、Ca、Mg、成熟期Cu、全生育期Mn外,其他叶片与花/果实矿质元素呈显著或极显著差异.N、Ca、Mo含量在各生育期均表现为叶片>果实.Fe、Mn、Zn、B含量在各生育期均表现为果实>叶片.P、K含量在盛花期和转色期均表现为果实>叶片,在成熟期均表现为叶片>果实.Mg、Cu含量在盛花期均表现为果实>叶片,在转色期、成熟期均表现为叶片>果实.梅乐葡萄叶片和果实矿质元素变化规律存在相似性和特异性,可能是由叶片和果实各矿质元素之间存在不同程度协同或拮抗作用造成的.相关分析表明,叶片和果实各元素含量在不同生育期间呈现不同程度的相关性.P、K、Fe、Zn、Cu、B是梅乐葡萄花发育过程中不可或缺的元素.盛花期-转色期梅乐葡萄叶片和果实中Ca、Mn、Cu含量均显著提高.在梅乐葡萄果实成熟期,叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mo极显著高于果实,其中Ca、N、K含量较高,说明在果实生长发育过程中对Ca、N、K的需求量高于其他矿质元素.综上,可以通过调控花前叶片中P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、B、Mo水平调控花中P、K、Fe、Cu、B含量;由于叶片中的Ca不易有效转运至果实中供其利用,因此Ca应有针对性地直接施用于幼果上.转色期,可通过提升叶片中Mn、Cu水平调控果实中Mn、Cu含量.成熟期,可通过提升叶片N、K、Ca水平调控果实中P、K、Zn、Mn含量.     

Effects of Genotype and Environment on the Main Components in Cottonseed of Upland Cotton

[Objective] The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of cotton genotypes, growth environment, and their interaction on major components in cottonseeds. [Method] Eleven upland cotton cultivars were planted in 10 different locations in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River region as research materials. Cottonseeds were collected to determine the contents of six main components including protein content (PC), oil content (OC), gossypol, phytic acid (PA), α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol, then the genotypes, environment, and their interaction effects were analyzed accordingly. [Result] The results showed that the genotypes, environment, and their interaction had extremely significant effect on the protein and oil content in cottonseeds. The environment had extremely significant effect on the gossypol and phytic acid content in cottonseed. The genotypes had extremely significant effect on the gossypol content and had significant effect on the phytic acid content in cottonseed, but their interaction was insignificant. The genotype effects of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol were not significant, but the environmental effects were significant. The differences of tocopherols between different regions reached the extremely significant level. In addition, protein content and oil content were significantly negatively correlated and the sum of the protein and oil contents remained stably at 75%. [Conclusion] In cotton seed quality breeding, not only the differences in varieties, but also the environment and the interaction between varieties and environment should be considered. The expression of the main components of cottonseed is the result of a combination of genotype and ecological environment.     

Mineral element concentrations in grains of Chinese wheat cultivars

Investigations on concentration of mineral elements including Fe and Zn in wheat grains are important for human health. Two hundreds and sixty-five cultivars and advanced lines were collected and sown at Anyang experimental station of the Institute of Crop Science of the Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences in season 2005–2006 to evaluate the genetic variation of major mineral element concentrations in wheat grain. Twenty-four selected cultivars were also planted at seven representative locations in seasons 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 to evaluate the effects of genotype, environment, and genotype by environment interaction on mineral element concentrations. The 265 genotypes displayed a large variation for all mineral elements investigated including Fe and Zn, ranging from 28.0 to 65.4 mg kg⁻¹ and 21.4 to 58.2 mg kg⁻¹ for Fe and Zn, with mean values of 39.2 and 32.3 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Jimai 26, Henong 326, and Jingdong 8 displayed high Fe and Zn concentrations, and Jimai 26 and Henong 326 also displayed high concentrations of Cu, Mg, K, P, and protein content. Jingdong 8 is the most promising leading cultivar for increasing Fe and Zn concentrations. All mineral element concentrations including Fe and Zn were largely influenced by environment effects. Production of high Fe concentration can be best secured at Jiaozuo and Jinan, and high Zn concentration can be best secured at Jinan and Xuzhou, since samples from these locations in the two seasons are characterized by high Fe or Zn concentration, compared with the other locations. High and significant genotype by environment interaction effects on all mineral element concentrations were also observed, with ratios of genotype by environment to genotype variances all larger than 1.20. Grain Fe concentration was highly significant and positively correlated with that of Zn, indicating a high possibility to combine high Fe and Zn traits in wheat breeding. It also indicated strong positive correlations between concentrations of Fe, Zn, and protein content.     

‘纸皮’扁桃果实中矿质元素浓度动态变化

[目的]为探明扁桃果实发育过程中矿质元素的变化规律,[方法]以新疆主栽品种扁桃‘纸皮’为试材, 对果实生长发育期成熟过程中10种矿质元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu)的浓度进行检测分析,[结果]结果表明：扁桃果实中的N、P、B、Mg、Zn、Fe、Cu元素浓度随果实生长呈下降趋势,而Ca、K元素浓度则随时间推移不断升高;4月5日—6月1日幼果发育期间矿物质元素浓度变化剧烈,6月1日—7月1日果实硬核期各元素浓度相对较为稳定,7月1日—8月1日果实成熟期,各元素浓度有小幅度波动;经过相关性分析表明元素间存在拮抗或促进的相互关系,N与Zn、Mg与P、B、Ca间呈极显著正相关关系,Ca与K呈显著正相关关系,N与Ca、Mn与Cu则呈显著负相关关系,[结论]在扁桃发育前期的4—5月是补充营养合理施肥的关键时期。     

施氮量对豫北冬小麦产量及子粒主要矿质元素含量的影响

以兰考矮早8、豫麦49-198和平安8号为材料,设置5个氮素水平（0、120、180、240、360kg/hm ²）,研究不同施氮量对豫北冬小麦子粒产量及其N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B等矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明：子粒中N与B（r=0.879）、N与Mg（r=0.858）、Mg与Zn（r=0.871）、Mg与B（r=0.877）含量间相关系数较高。施氮显著提高了子粒N、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、B含量,K、Mg含量受施氮量影响较小,但P和Mn含量明显下降。兰考矮早8子粒中各种矿质元素（除B外）含量明显高于平安8号,豫麦49-198介于二者之间。施氮在提高小麦子粒产量的同时降低了P/Ca、P/Mg、P/Fe和P/Zn的值,增强了Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn的生物有效性。此外,研究发现施氮量达到180kg/hm ²后,继续增施氮肥小麦产量难以提升。可见,合理的氮肥管理可以提高豫北地区冬小麦产量及子粒中微量元素的含量;过量施氮不仅难以提高子粒产量,还会降低子粒P和Mn的含量。     

Contribution to the improvement of olive tree somatic embryogenesis by mineral and organic analysis of zygotic embryos

Summary In the last decade, little research has been done to introduce biotechnology methods for the propagation of this species, and especially through somatic embryogenesis. In fact, this technique has proved to be a very efficient tool for both multiplication and breeding.For some refractory species, somatic embryogenesis was possible only after the determination of the composition of the zygotic embryos at different development stages. This may also be possible for the olive tree because of the recalcitrance of different types of olive tree tissues for embryogenesis. In this study, we aimed to determine the content of macro, microelements (Mg, K, P, Ca, N, Na, Mn and Fe) and some organic compounds (sucrose and proteins) during three stages of seeds development: just in the beginning of their growth (April), at their differentiation stage (July) and at their maturation stage (October) and this for two local cultivars Chemlali of Sfax and Meski.Our results revealed that in the beginning of the embryo development of the two cultivars, all mineral elements are at their highest levels exceptionally for P and Na. Besides, the differentiation stage is characterised by a marked decrease notably in K, N, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe levels and an increase in Na element. The maturation stage shows also low levels of macro and micronutrients except P and Na whose levels were relatively higher.On the other hand, the analysis of the protein levels of Chemlali and Meski showed that the maximum concentrations were obtained in July.As for the sucrose contents, the highest levels were observed in the beginning for both Chemlali and Meski and showed a marked decrease at the maturation phase.     

Genetic Variability for Mineral Concentration in the Forage of Jerusalem Artichoke Cultivars

Summary One of the potential uses of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is as a forage crop. Information on inherent differences in forage nutritional quality is essential if the quality of the forage is to be improved through breeding. The objectives of this study were to determine the genotypic variability among and within forage of Jerusalem artichoke cultivars for the concentration of N, P, Ca, Mg, K and the Ca/P ratio at flowering, to determine if selection among and within cultivars is feasible, to estimate the magnitude of the genotype × environment interaction, and to examine the relationships among mineral concentrations in the forage. Ten cultivated Jerusalem artichoke cultivars grown in an irrigated field nursery at Bushland, TX were evaluated for N, P, Ca, Mg, K, and the Ca/P ratio in the forage at flowering over a 2-yr period. Cultivars, cultivar × year, and error variances were estimated to calculate the phenotypic variance. Estimates of the within-population variances were also determined. The adequacy of Jerusalem artichoke forage at flowering for maintenance of a ruminant animal was classified as follows: N, Ca, Mg, K as adequate, P inadequate, and the Ca/P ratio as excessive. There were genotypic differences among the ten cultivars for N, P, Ca, Mg, K, and the Ca/P ratio for both years and averaged across years. The magnitude of the genotypic variance components indicated that a substantial proportion of the total variation for these elements was due to cultivar, indicating the possibility of improving these elements. However, further studies on heritability and response to selection will be required before conclusions can be reached concerning the likelihood of successfully breeding for these traits.     

Genetic effects of embryo and endosperm for four malting quality traits of barley

Seed of seven cultivars of two-rowed barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) and F2 seed from a half-diallel set of crosses among the cultivars were malted in two years to obtain data on diastatic power (DP), alpha-amylase activity (αAA), beta- amylase activity (βAA) and malt nitrogen (N) content. Embryo and endosperm genetic effects on the traits were studied by using a genetic model including genotype × environment interaction for malting quality characters. Variation of the four malting quality traits was affected by gentic effects and environmental interaction. Performance of DP and βAA was mainly controlled not only by endosperm dominance effects but also by embryo genotype × environment interaction and endosperm dominance × environment interaction. Variation of αAA and malt N content was controlled by both embryo and endosperm genetic effects, but the embryo dominance and endosperm additive effects contributed a major part to the total genetic effects. Significant interaction variances (embryo additive × environment and dominance × environment and endosperm dominance × environment) were also observed for αAA and malt N content. Diastatic power was related positively to βAA. Malt N content was associated positively with DP, largely because of the relationship between malt N and βAA. No obvious phenotype association between DP and αAA was found. General narrow-sense heritabilities of αAA and malt N content were 26.1% and 27.8%, respectively. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.